Trees of the Northern United States / Their Study, Description and Determination

Sciadópitys verticillàta, S. and Z. (Umbrella-pine.) Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, 1/6 in. wide, linear, obtuse, smooth, persistent, sessile, entire, in whorls of 30 to 40 at the nodes and extremity of the branches. Cones 3 by 1½ in. Scales wedge-shaped, corrugated, overlapping, coriaceous, persistent; bracts adherent, broad, and smooth. A beautiful, tall, conical, slow-growing tree, with the branches whorled. Recently introduced; hardy in the New England States.

Genus 101. TAXÒDIUM.

Leaves deciduous, spreading, in 2 ranks. Flowers monœcious on the same branch, the staminate ones in spikes, and the pistillate ones in pairs below. Cones globular; the scales peltate, angular, thick, firmly closed till ripe, with 2 angular seeds under each.

Taxòdium dístichum, Richard. (Southern or Bald Cypress.) Leaves deciduous, flat, linear, ½ to ¾ in. long, in 2 rows on the slender branchlets, forming feather-like spray of a light green color. This whole spray usually falls off in the autumn as though a single leaf. Cones round, closed, hard, 1 in. in diameter. A fine, tall (100 to 125 ft. high), slender, spire-shaped tree with a large, spreading, rigid trunk, 6 to 9 ft. thick, and peculiar conical excrescences (called knees) growing up from the roots. Wild from Maryland south, and cultivated and hardy in the Middle and many of the Northern States.

Var. pendulum, with horizontal branches and drooping branchlets, has the leaves but slightly spreading from the stems, especially when young. Very beautiful; hardy as far north as Massachusetts.

Genus 102. SEQUÓIA.

Flowers monœcious, terminal, solitary, catkins nearly globular. Seeds winged, 3 to 5 under each scale.

1. Sequóia gigántea, Torr. (Big or Great Tree of California.) Leaves on the young shoots spreading, needle-shaped, sharp-pointed, scattered spirally around the branchlets; finally scale-shaped, overlapping, mostly appressed, with generally an acute apex, light green in color. Cones oval, 2 to 3 in. long, of about 25 scales. The largest tree known, 300 ft. high, with a trunk nearly 30 ft. through, found in California and occasionally planted east, though with no great success, as it is almost certain to die after a few years.

2. Sequóia sempérvirens, Endl. (Redwood.) Leaves from ½ to 1 in. long, linear, smooth, 2-ranked, flat, acute, dark shining green, glaucous beneath; branches numerous, horizontal, spreading. Cones 1 in. long, roundish, solitary, terminal; scales numerous, thick, rough, furnished with an obtuse point. A magnificent tree from California, where it grows 200 to 300 ft. high. In the East it can be kept alive but a few years even at Washington.

Genus 103. THÚYA. (Arbor-vitæ.)

Small, evergreen trees with flat, 2-ranked, fan-like spray and closely overlapping, small, appressed leaves of two shapes on different branchlets, one awl-shaped and acute, the other scale-like, usually blunt and close to the branch. Fertile catkins of few, overlapping scales fixed by the base; at maturity, dry and spreading. There are scores of named varieties of Arbor-vitae sold by the nurserymen under 3 different generic names, Thuya, Biota, and Thuyopsis. There are but slight differences in these groups, and they will in this work be placed together under Thuya. Some that in popular language might well be called Arbor-vitæ (the Retinosporas) will, because of the character of the fruit, be included in the next genus.

1. Thùya occidentàlis, L. (American Arbor-vitæ. White Cedar.) Leaves in 4 rows on the 2-edged branchlets, having a strong aromatic odor when bruised. Cones oblong, 1/3 in. long, with few (6 to 10) pointless scales. A small tree, 20 to 50 ft. high, or in cultivation 1 to 50 ft. high, with pale, shreddy bark, and light, soft, but very durable wood. Wild north, and extensively cultivated throughout under more than a score of named varieties. Their names—alba, aurea, glauca, conica, globosa, pyramidalis, pendula, etc.—will give some idea of the variations in color, form, etc.

2. Thùya gigantèa, Nutt. (Giant Arbor-vitæ.) Leaves scale-shaped, somewhat 4-sided, closely overlapping, sharp-pointed, slightly tuberculate on the back; cones more or less clustered and nearly ½ in. long. A very large and graceful tree, 200 ft. high, with white, soft wood; from the Pacific coast; introduced but not very successfully grown in the Atlantic States.

3. Thùya dolabràta, L. (Hatchet-leaved Arbor-vitæ.) Leaves large, sometimes ¼ in. long, very blunt, in 4 rows on the flattened spray. Cones quite small, ovate, sessile, with jagged edges; scales reflexed and wedge-form. A small conical tree with horizontal branches and drooping branchlets; which, because of its large leaves (for an Arbor-vitæ) and flexible branchlets, is quite unique and interesting. In shaded and moist places it has done quite well as far north as New York.

4. Thùya orientàlis, L. (Eastern or Chinese Arbor-vitæ.) Leaves small, in 4 opposite rows, appressed, acute, on the numerous 2-edged branchlets. Cones large, roundish, with thick leathery scales having recurving, horn-like tips. Of this species there are as many varieties sold as of number one, and nearly the same varietal names are used; but it is not so good a species for general cultivation in this country.

Var. flagelliformis, Jacq. (Weeping Arbor-vitæ), has very slender, elongated, weeping branches, curving gracefully to the ground. It is a beautiful variety, often cultivated (a single stem is shown in the figure).

Genus 104. CHAMÆCÝPARIS. (The Cypresses.)

Strong-scented, evergreen trees with very small, scale-like or somewhat awl-shaped, closely appressed (except in some cultivated varieties), overlapping leaves and 2-ranked branchlets, almost as in Thuya. Cones globular, with peltate, valvate scales, firmly closed till ripe; the scales thick and pointed at the center.

1. Chamæcýparis sphæroídea, Spach. (White Cedar.) Leaves very small, triangular, awl-shaped, regularly and closely appressed in 4 rows, of a light glaucous-green color, often with a small gland on the back. Cones very small, 1/3 in. in diameter, of about 6 scales, clustered. Tree 30 to 90 ft. high, wild in low grounds throughout; abundant in Middle States. With reddish-white wood and slender, spreading and drooping sprays; bark fibrous, shreddy; sometimes cultivated.

2. Chamæcýparis Nutkæ̀nsis, Lambert. (Nootka Sound Cypress.) Leaves only 1/8 in. long, sharp-pointed, and closely appressed, of a very dark, rich green color; very slightly glaucous, without tubercles on the back. Cones small, globular, solitary, with a fine, whitish bloom; scales 4, rough and terminating in a sharp straight point. Tree 100 ft. high in Alaska, and would make a fine cultivated tree for this region if it could stand our hot, dry summers.

3. Chamæcýparis Lawsoniàna, Park. (Lawson's Cypress.) Leaves small, deep green, with a whitish margin when young, forming with the twigs feathery-like, flat spray of a bluish-green color; leaves usually with a gland on the back. Cones scarcely ¼ in. in diameter, of 8 to 10 scales. A magnificent tree in California, and where it is hardy (in rather moist soil, New York and south) it forms one of our best cultivated evergreens. The leading shoot when young is pendulous.

4. Chamæcýparis (Retinóspora) obtùsa, Endl. (Japanese Arbor-vitæ.) Leaves scale-formed, obtuse, closely appressed and very persistent. Cones of 8 or 10 hard, light brown, wedge-shaped scales. Beautiful small trees or generally shrubs (in this country), of a score of named varieties of many colors and forms of plant and foliage.

There are probably a number of species of Japanese and Chinese Chamæcyparis (Retinospora), but till their size, hardiness, and origin have been more fully determined, it would be impossible to make an entirely satisfactory list for such a work as this. Figures are given of the common, so-called, species cultivated in this country; under each of these, several varieties are sold by the nurserymen. The three twigs of Retinospora squarrosa were all taken from a single branch; this shows how impossible it is to determine the varieties or species; the twig at the left represents the true squarrosa; the others, the partial return to the original. Most of the forms shown in the figures have purple, golden, silvery, and other colored varieties.

Genus 105. CRYPTOMÈRIA.

A genus of evergreens containing only the following species:

Cryptomèria Japónica, Don. (Japan Cedar.) Leaves about ½ in. long, not flattened, but about equally 4-sided, curved and tapering quite gradually from the tip to the large, sessile base; branches spreading, mostly horizontal, with numerous branchlets. Cones ½ to ¾ in. in diameter, globular, terminal, sessile, very persistent, with numerous, loose, not overlapping scales. A beautiful tree from Japan, 50 to 100 ft. high. Not very successfully grown in our climate. North of Washington, D. C., it needs a sheltered position, and should have a deep, but not very rich soil.

Genus 106. JUNÍPERUS.

Leaves evergreen, awl-shaped or scale-like, rigid, often of two shapes on the same plant. Spray not 2-ranked. Flowers usually diœcious. Fertile catkins rounded, of 3 to 6 fleshy, coalescent scales, forming in fruit a bluish-black berry with a whitish bloom, but found on only a portion of the plants.

1. Juníperus commùnis, L. (Common Juniper.) Leaves rather long, ½ in., linear, awl-shaped, in whorls of threes, prickly-pointed, upper surface glaucous-white, under surface bright green. Fruit globular, ¼ in. or more in diameter, dark purple when ripe, covered with light-colored bloom. A shrub or small tree with spreading or pendulous branches; common in dry, sterile soils. There are a great many varieties of this species in cultivation, but few of them grow tall enough to be considered trees.

Var. Hibernica (Irish Juniper) grows erect like a column. Var. Alpina is a low creeping plant. Var. hemispherica is almost like a half-sphere lying on the ground.

2. Juníperus Virginiàna, L. (Red Cedar.) Leaves very small and numerous, scale-like on the older branches, but awl-shaped and somewhat spreading on the young shoots; dark green. Fruit small, 1/5 in., abundant on the pistillate plants, dark purple and covered with fine, glaucous bloom. Trees from 20 to 80 ft. high (sometimes only shrubs), with mostly horizontal branches, thin, scaling bark, dense habit of growth, and dark foliage. Wood light, fine-grained, durable; the heart-wood of a handsome dark red color. Wild throughout; several varieties are found in cultivation. Many other species from China, Japan, California, etc., are occasionally cultivated, but few are large enough to be called trees, and those that are large enough are not of sufficient importance to need specific notice.

Genus 107. TÁXUS.

Leaves evergreen, flat, linear, mucronate, rigid, scattered, appearing more or less 2-ranked. Fertile flowers and the fruit solitary; the fruit, a nut-like seed in a cup-shaped, fleshy portion formed from a disk; red.

Táxus baccàta, L. (Common European Yew.) Leaves evergreen, 2-ranked, crowded, linear, flat, curved, acute. Fruit a nut-like seed within a cup 1/3 in. in diameter; red when ripe in the autumn. As this species is somewhat diœcious, a portion of the plants will be without fruit. A widely spreading shrub rather than a tree, extensively cultivated under nearly a score of named varieties. We have a closely related wild species, Táxus Canadénsis (The Ground-hemlock), which is merely a low straggling bush.

Genus 1O7a. TORRÈYA.

The Torreyas are much like the Yews, but their leaves have two longitudinal lines, and a remarkably disagreeable odor when burned or bruised. Torrèya taxifòlia, Arn., from Florida, and Torrèya Califòrnica, Torr., from California, have been often planted. They form small trees, but probably cannot be grown successfully in the region. The figure shows a twig of T. taxifolia.

Genus 1O7b. CEPHALOTÁXUS.

Cephalotáxus Fortùnii, Hook., does not form a tree in this section, but a wide-spreading bush growing sometimes to the height of 10 ft., and spreading over a spot 15 ft. wide. Leaves flat, with the midrib forming a distinct ridge on both sides, linear, sometimes over 2 in. long, glossy green on the upper side, slightly whitened beneath. Fruit very large, 1 in. or more long, elliptical, with a single, thin-shelled nut-like seed covered with purplish, pulpy, thin flesh. Branches spreading, drooping, long, slender; buds small, covered with many sharp-pointed, overlapping scales; twigs green, somewhat grooved. From Japan; about hardy in New Jersey.

Genus 108. PODOCÁRPUS.

Leaves one-nerved, opposite, alternate, or scattered, linear or oblong. Flowers axillary and mostly diœcious; fruit drupe-like, with a bony-coated stone.

Podocárpus Japónica, Sieb. (Japan Podocarpus.) Leaves alternate, crowded, flat, linear-lanceolate, elongated, quite sharp-pointed, narrowed to a short though distinct petiole, and continued down the stem by two ridges; leaves not 2-ranked, large, 4 to 8 in. long and ½ in. wide when growing in perfection; in specimens grown in this region, 2 to 5 in. long and ¼ in. wide; midrib forms a ridge on both sides; upper side dark glossy green; lower side with two broad whitish lines. A beautiful, erect-growing, small tree; from Japan; about hardy in central New Jersey; needs some protection in Massachusetts.

Genus 109. SALISBÙRIA.

Leaves broad, simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous, deeply cut or lobed at the apex, alike on both surfaces, with long petioles. Flowers diœcious; staminate ones in catkins, pistillate ones either solitary or in clusters of a few each. Fruit a nut with a drupaceous covering.

Salisbùria adiantifòlia, Sm. (Ginkgo Tree.) Leaves parallel-veined, fan-shaped, with irregular lobes at the end, thick, leathery, with no midrib. Fruit globular or ovate, 1 in. long, on long, slender stems. A very peculiar and beautiful large tree, 50 to 100 ft. high; from Japan. Hardy throughout, and should be more extensively cultivated than it is.

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS
AND
INDEX TO PART I.

The numbers refer to the pages where the illustrations appear or where fuller definitions of the words are given.

• Abortive. Defective or barren; not producing seeds.
• Abrupt base of leaf, 21.
• Abruptly pinnate. Pinnate, without an odd leaflet at the end; even-pinnate, 20.
• Acerose. Slender; needle-shaped, 20.
• Acorn, 27.
• Acuminate. Taper-pointed, 22.
• Acute. Terminating in a well-defined angle, usually less than a right angle, 22.
• Adventitious buds, 31.
• Alternate. Not opposite each other; as the leaves of a stem when arranged one after the other along the branch, 18.
• Angulated. Edge with such sudden bends as to form angles.
• Annual layer of wood, 13.
• Anther. The essential part of a stamen of a flower; the part which contains the pollen, 24.
• Apetalous. Said of a flower which has no corolla, 25.
• Apex. The point or summit, as the point of a leaf.
• Apple-pome. A fruit like the apple, with seeds in horny cells, 27.
• Appressed. Pressed close to the stem or other part, 19.
• Ariled. Seed with a somewhat membranous appendage, sometimes surrounding it, and attached to one end.
• Aromatic. With an agreeable odor.
• Arrangement of flowers, 26; of leaves, 18.
• Astringent. That which contracts or draws together muscular fiber; the opposite of laxative.
• Auriculate. Furnished with ear-shaped appendages, 21.
• Awl-shaped. Like a shoemaker's curved awl; subulate, 21.
• Awned. Furnished with a bristle-shaped appendage, 22.
• Axil. The angle between the leafstalk and the twig, 14.
• Axillary. Situated in the axil; as a bud, branch, or flower-cluster when in the axil of a leaf, 14, 26, 30.

• Bark, 12.
• Bases of leaves, 21.
• Berry. Used in this work to include any soft, juicy fruit with several (at least more than one), readily separated seeds buried in the mass, 27.
• Bipinnate. Twice-pinnate, 20.
• Bladdery. Swollen out and filled with air.
• Blade. The thin, spreading portion, as of a leaf, 19.
• Bract. A more or less modified leaf belonging to a flower or fruit; usually a small leaf in the axil of which the separate flower of a cluster grows, 28.
• Branch. A shoot or stem of a plant, 11.
• Branching, general plan of, 29.
• Branchlet. A small branch.
• Bristle-pointed. Ending in a stiff, roundish hair, 22.
• Bud. Undeveloped branch or flower, 30; forms of, 32; bud-scales, 31.
• Bur. Rough-prickly covering of the seeds or fruit, 27.
• Bush. A shrub, 11.

• Calyx. The outer leafy part of a flower, 24.
• Canescent. With a silvery appearance, 23.
• Capsule. A dry, pod-like fruit which has either more than one cell, or, if of one cell, not such a pod as that of the pea with the seeds fastened on one side on a single line, 28.
• Carpel. That part of a fruit which is formed of a simple pistil, or one member of a compound pistil; often shown by a single seed-bearing line or part. A fruit has as many carpels as it has seed-bearing lines on its outer walls, or as it had stigmas when it was a pistil, or as it had leaves at its origin.
• Catkin. A scaly, usually slender and pendent cluster of flowers, 26, 28.
• Ciliate. Fringed with hairs along its edge.
• Cleft. Cut to about the middle, 22.
• Cluster. Any grouping of flowers or fruit on a plant, so that more than one is found in the axil of a leaf, or at the end of a stem, 26.
• Complete. Having all the parts belonging to an organ; a complete leaf has blade, leafstalk, and stipules, 19; a complete flower has calyx, corolla, stamen, and pistil, 24.
• Compound. Composed of more than one similar part united into a whole; a compound leaf has more than one blade, 19.
• Conduplicate. Folded on itself lengthwise, 33.
• Cone. A hard, scaly fruit, as that of a pine-tree, 28.
• Conical. With a circular base and sloping sides gradually tapering to a point; more slender than pyramidal.
• Convolute. In a leaf, the complete rolling from edge to edge, 34.
• Cordate. Heart-shaped, the stem and point at opposite ends, 21.
• Coriaceous. Leathery in texture or substance.
• Corolla. The inner, usually the bright-colored, row of floral leaves, often grown together, 24.
• Corymb. A flat-topped or rounded flower-cluster; in a strict use it is applied only to such clusters when the central flower does not bloom first. See cyme, 26.
• Crenate. Edge notched with rounded teeth, 22.
• Crenulate. Finely crenated, 22.
• Crisped. Having an undulated or curled edge.
• Cross-section of wood, 35.
• Cuneate. Wedge-shaped, 21.
• Cylindric. With an elongated, rounded body of uniform diameter.
• Cyme. A flat-topped flower-cluster, the central flower blooming first, 26.

• Deciduous. Falling off; said of leaves when they fall in autumn, and of floral leaves when they fall before the fruit forms, 23.
• Decurrent leaf. A leaf which extends down the stem below the point of fastening.
• Definite annual growth, 29.
• Dehiscence. The regular splitting open of fruits, anthers, etc.
• Dehiscent. Opening in a regular way, 27, 28.
• Deliquescent, 16, 29.
• Deltoid. Triangular, 21.
• Dentate. Edge notched, with the teeth angular and pointing outward, 22.
• Denticulate. Minutely dentate.
• Dichotomous. Forking regularly by twos, as the branches of the Lilac.
• Dilated. Spreading out; expanding in all directions.
• Diœcious. With stamens and pistils on different plants, 25.
• Distichous. Two-ranked; spreading on opposite sides in one plane; as leaves, 18; or branches, 19.
• Divergent. Spreading apart.
• Divided. Separated almost to the base or midrib, 23.
• Drupe. A fleshy fruit with a single bony stone. In this book applied to all fruits which, usually juicy, have a single seed, even if not bony, or a bony stone, even if the stone has several seeds, 27.
• Dry drupe. Used when the material surrounding the stone is but slightly fleshy, 27.
• Duration of leaves, 23.

• Elliptical. Having the form of an elongated oval, 20.
• Emarginate. With a notched tip, 22.
• Endogenous. Inside-growing; growing throughout the substance of the stem, 12.
• Entire. With an even edge; not notched, 22.
• Enveloping organs. In a flower, the calyx and corolla which cover the stamens and pistil, 25.
• Essential organs. In a flower, the organs needed to produce seeds; the stamens and pistil, 25.
• Evergreen. Retaining the leaves (in a more or less green condition) through the winter and till new ones appear, 23.
• Excurrent. With the trunk continued to the top of the tree, 16, 29.
• Exogenous. Outside-growing; growing by annual layers near the surface, 11.
• Exserted. Projecting beyond an envelope, as the stamens from a corolla, or the bracts beyond the scales of a cone, 28.
• Exstipulate. Without stipules, 19.
• Extra-axillary buds, 30.

• Fasciculated. In clusters or fascicles, 18.
• Feather-veined. With the veins of a leaf all springing from the sides of the midrib, 20.
• Fibrous. Composed of fine threads or fibers.
• Filament. The stalk of a stamen, 24; any thread-like body.
• Flowering. Having flowers.
• Flowers, 24; clusters of, 26; kinds of, 25.
• Folding of leaves in the bud, 33.
• Foliaceous. Like a leaf in texture or appearance.
• Footstalk. The stem of a leaf (petiole), or the stem of a flower (peduncle).
• Forms of leaves, 20.
• Fruit, 24, 26.

• Gamopetalous. Same as monopetalous, 25.
• Glabrous. Having a smooth surface; free from hairs, bristles, or any pubescence, 23.
• Glands. Small cellular organs which secrete oily, aromatic, or other products. They are sometimes sunk in the leaves, etc., as on the Prickly-ash; sometimes on the surface as small projections; sometimes on the ends of hairs. The word is also used to indicate small swellings, whether there is a secretion or not.
• Glandular. Having glands. Glandular-hairy. With glandular-tipped hairs, 23.
• Glaucous. Covered with a fine white powder that rubs off, 23.
• Globose. Spherical in form. Globular. Nearly globose.
• Glutinous. Covered with a sticky gum.

• Hairy. Having rather long hairs, 23.
• Halberd-shaped, 21.
• Head. A compact, rounded cluster of flowers or fruit, 26.
• Heart-shaped. Ovate, with a notched base; cordate, 21.
• Heart-wood, 13, 35.
• Herbaceous. Without woody substance in the stem; like an herb; soft and leaf-like.
• Hybrid. An intermediate form of plant between two nearly related species; formed by the action of the pollen of one upon the pistil of the other.

• Imbricated. Overlapping one another like the shingles on a roof, 28.
• Incised. Irregularly and deeply cut, as the edge of a leaf.
• Incurved. Gradually curving inward.
• Indefinite annual growth, 30.
• Indehiscent. Not splitting open.
• Inflexed. Bent inward, 33.
• Involucre. A whorl or set of bracts around a flower, a cluster of flowers, or fruit, 27.
• Involute. Rolled inward from the edges, 34.
• Irregular. Said of a flower which has its corolla of different sized, shaped, or colored pieces, 25.

• Kernel. The substance contained within the shell of a nut or the stone of a fruit.
• Key. A fruit furnished with a wing, or leaf-like expansion, 28.
• Kidney-shaped. Broadly heart-shaped, with the apex and basal notch somewhat rounded.

• Lacerated. With a margin irregularly notched or apparently torn.
• Laciniate. Cut into narrow lobes; slashed.
• Lance-shaped. Lanceolate. Like a lance-head in shape, 21.
• Leaf, 17; arrangement of leaves, 18; bases of, 21; forms of, 20; kinds of, 19; margins of, 22; parts of, 19; points of, 22; veining, 19.
• Leaflet. A separate blade of a compound leaf, 20.
• Leafstalk. The stem of a leaf; petiole, 19.
• Legume. A pea-like pod, 28.
• Lensform. Lenticular. Thickest in the center, with the edges somewhat sharp; like a double-convex lens.
• Linear. Long and narrow, with the edges about parallel, 20.
• Lobe. The separate, projecting parts of an irregularly edged leaf if few in number, 22.
• Lobed. Having lobes along the margin, 22.

• Margin of leaves, 22.
• Medullary rays, 13.
• Membranous. Thin and rather soft, and more or less translucent, 23.
• Midrib. The central or main rib of a leaf, 19.
• Monœcious. With both pistillate and staminate flowers on the same plant, 25.
• Monopetalous. With the corolla more or less grown together at the base; gamopetalous, 25.
• Mucronate. Tipped with a short abrupt point, 22.
• Multiple roots, 9.

• Nerved. Parallel-veined, as the leaves of some trees, 20.
• Netted-veined. With branching veins, forming a network as in the leaves of most of our trees, 20.
• Node. The part of a stem to which a leaf is attached, 18.
• Nut. A hard, unsplitting, usually one-seeded fruit, 27.
• Nutlet. A small nut.

• Obcordate. Heart-shaped, with the stem at the pointed end, 21, 22.
• Oblanceolate. Lanceolate, with the stem at the more pointed end, 21.
• Oblong. Two to four times as long as wide, with the sides somewhat parallel, 20.
• Oblique. Applied to leaves when the sides are unequal, 21.
• Obovate. A reversed ovate, 21.
• Obovoid. A reversed ovoid; an egg form, with stem at the smaller end.
• Obscurely. Not distinctly; usually needing a magnifying-glass to determine.
• Obtuse. Blunt or rounded at tip, 22.
• Obvolute, 34.
• Odd-pinnate. Pinnate, with an end leaflet, 20.
• Once-pinnate. A compound leaf, with but a single series of leaflets along the central stem, 19.
• Opposite. With two leaves on opposite sides of a stem at a node, 18.
• Orbicular. Circular in outline, 20.
• Oval. Broadly elliptical, 20.
• Ovary. The part of the pistil of a flower containing the ovules or future seeds.
• Ovate. Shaped like a section of an egg, with the broader end near the stem, 21.
• Overlapping. One piece spreading over another.
• Ovoid. Ovate or oval in a solid form, like an egg.
• Ovules. The parts within the ovary which may form seeds, 25.

• Palmate. A compound leaf, with the leaflets all starting from the end of the petiole, 19.
• Palmately lobed, 22.
• Palmately veined. With three or more main ribs, or veins of a leaf, starting from the base, 20.
• Panicle. An open, much branched cluster of flowers or fruit, 26.
• Pappus. The down, hairs, or teeth on the end of the fruit in Compositæ, as the thistle-down.
• Parallel-veined. With the veins of the leaf parallel; nerved, 20.
• Parted. Edge of a blade separated three fourths of the distance to the base or midrib, 23.
• Pedicel. The stem of each flower of a cluster, 26.
• Peduncle. The stem of a solitary flower, or the main stem of a cluster, 26.
• Pellucid. Almost or quite transparent.
• Peltate. Applied to a leaf or other part when the stem or stalk is attached within the margin on the side.
• Pendent. Hanging downward, 28.
• Pendulous. Hanging or drooping.
• Perfect. Said of a flower with both stamen and pistil, 25.
• Petal. A leaf of the corolla of a flower, 25.
• Petiole. The stalk or stem of a leaf, 19.
• Petiolate. Said of a leaf which has a stem, 20.
• Pinnæ. The first divisions of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf.
• Pinnate leaf. A compound leaf with the leaflets arranged along the sides of the stem, 19.
• Pinnately lobed, 22; Pinnate-veined, 20.
• Pinnatifid. A leaf deeply notched along the sides in a pinnate manner, 23.
• Pistil. The central essential organ of a flower, 25.
• Pistillate. A flower with pistil but no stamens, 25.
• Pith, 12.
• Plicate. Folded like a fan, 34.
• Pod. A dry dehiscent fruit like that of the pea, 28.
• Points of leaves, 22.
• Pollarding trees, 31.
• Pollen. The dust or fertilizing material contained in the anther, 24.
• Polypetalous. Having a corolla of separate petals, 25.
• Pome. An apple-like fruit with the seeds in horny cells, 27.
• Preparation of a collection, 35.
• Pressing plants, 36.
• Prickles. Sharp, spine-like elevations on the bark, leaf or fruit, 28.
• Primary root, 10.
• Pubescent. Hairy or downy, especially with fine soft hairs or pubescence, 23.
• Pulp. The soft flesh of such fruits as the apple or cherry.
• Punctate. With translucent glands, 23.
• Pyramidal. With sloping sides like a pyramid, but with a circular base; broad-conical.

• Raceme. A flower-cluster with one-flowered stems arranged along the peduncle, 26.
• Radial section of wood, 35.
• Radiating ribs. The ribs of a leaf when several start together at or near the base. A leaf having such ribs is said to be radiately or palmately veined, 20.
• Rapier-shaped. Narrow, pointed, and curved like a sword.
• Recurved or reflexed. Bent backward, 28.
• Regular. Said of a flower which has its enveloping organs alike on all sides, 25.
• Repand. Wavy-margined, 22.
• Retuse. With a slightly notched tip, 22.
• Revolute. Rolled backward, as the edges of many leaves, 22, 34.
• Ribbed. With prominent ribs, often somewhat parallel.
• Ribs. The strong veins of a leaf, 19.
• Root, 9.
• Rugous. Having an irregularly ridged surface, 23.

• Samara. A winged fruit; a key fruit, 28.
• Sap-wood, 13.
• Scabrous. Rough or harsh to the touch, 23.
• Scale-shaped, 21.
• Scarious. Thin, dry, and membranous, 23.
• Scattered leaves, 18.
• Secondary roots, 10.
• Section of wood, 35.
• Seedling. A young plant raised from a seed.
• Seeds, 25.
• Sepal. A division of a calyx, 25.
• Serrate. Having a notched edge, with the teeth pointing forward, 22.
• Serration. A tooth of a serrated edge.
• Serrulate. Finely serrate, 22.
• Sessile. Without stem; sessile leaf, 20; sessile flower, 26.
• Sheath. A tubular envelope.
• Shoot. A branch.
• Shrub. A bush-like plant; one branching from near the base, 11.
• Silver grain. Medullary rays, 13, 36.
• Simple leaf. One with but a single blade, 19.
• Sinuate. With a margin strongly wavy, 22.
• Sinuation. One of the waves of a sinuate edge.
• Spatulate. Gradually narrowed downward from a rounded tip.
• Spike. An elongated cluster of flowers with the separate blossoms about sessile.
• Spine. A sharp, rigid outgrowth from the wood of a stem; sometimes applied to sharp points not so deeply seated which should be considered as prickles, 28.
• Spinescent or spiny. Having spines, 22, 23.
• Spray. A collection of small shoots or branches of a plant.
• Stamen. One of the pollen-bearing or fertilizing parts of a flower, 24.
• Staminate. Said of flowers which have stamens but no pistil, 25.
• Stellate. Branching, star-like.
• Stems and branches, 11.
• Stipules. Small blades at the base of a leafstalk, 19.
• Straight-veined. Feather-veined with the veins straight and parallel, 20.
• Striate. Marked with fine longitudinal lines or ridges.
• Sub. A prefix applied to many botanical terms, and indicating nearly.
• Subulate. Awl-shaped, 21.
• Succulent. Thick and fleshy, 23.
• Suckers. Shoots from a subterranean part of a plant.
• Surface of leaves and fruit, 23.

• Tangential section of wood, 35.
• Tapering. Gradually pointed; gradually narrowed, 21.
• Tap-root. A simple root with a stout tapering body, 9.
• Terete. Cylindric, but tapering as the twigs of a tree.
• Terminal. Belonging to the extremity of a branch, as a terminal bud, 14; or terminal flower-cluster, 26.
• Texture of leaves, 23.
• Thyrsus. A compact, much-branched flower- or fruit-cluster, 26.
• Tomentose. Covered with matted, woolly hairs, 23.
• Toothed. With teeth or short projections.
• Tree. A plant with a woody trunk which does not branch near the ground, 11.
• Truncate. With a square end as though cut off, 22.
• Twice-pinnate. Applied to a leaf which is twice divided in a pinnate manner, 20.
• Twice-serrate, 22. Twice-crenate, 22.
• Two-ranked. Applied to leaves when they are flattened out in two ranks on opposite sides of a stem, 18; also applied to spray when it branches out in one plane, 19.

• Umbel. A cluster of flowers or fruit having stems of about equal length, and starting from the same point, 26.
• Umbellate. Like an umbel.

• Valvate. Touching edge to edge, 28.
• Veining of leaves, 19.
• Veinlets. The most minute framework of a leaf, 19.
• Veins. The smaller lines of the framework of a leaf, 19.

• Wedge-shaped. Shaped like a wedge; cuneate, 21.
• Whorl. In a circle around the stem, as the leaves of a plant, 18.
• Wings. A blade or leaf-like expansion bordering a part, as a fruit or stem, 28.
• Winged. With wing-like membranes.
• Winter study of trees, 29.
• Wood, 12.