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Vegetable Teratology / An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants

Chapter 1: VEGETABLE TERATOLOGY,
By Maxwell T. Masters
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This work presents a systematic survey of abnormal plant development, cataloguing and explaining principal deviations from typical organization. It organizes anomalies into groups—unions and adhesions of organs, independence phenomena including fission and dialysis, and positional changes such as displacement, prolification, and heterotaxy—and examines causes, variants, and illustrative cases. The author draws on published records and personal observations, provides detailed descriptions and illustrations, and situates teratological examples within morphological theory and comparative study, aiming to make anomalous forms intelligible rather than mere curiosities.

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Title: Vegetable Teratology

Author: Maxwell T. Masters

Release date: November 6, 2007 [eBook #23354]

Language: English

Credits: E-text prepared by Charlene Taylor, Leonard Johnson, and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net)

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E-text prepared by Charlene Taylor, Leonard Johnson,
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THE





RAY SOCIETY.




INSTITUTED MDCCCXLIV.

This volume is issued to the Subscribers to the Ray Society for the Year 1868.




LONDON:
MDCCCLXIX.

VEGETABLE TERATOLOGY,




AN ACCOUNT
OF THE
PRINCIPAL DEVIATIONS FROM THE USUAL
CONSTRUCTION OF PLANTS




BY
MAXWELL T. MASTERS, M.D., F.L.S.




WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS BY
E. M. WILLIAMS.



LONDON:
PUBLISHED FOR THE RAY SOCIETY BY
ROBERT HARDWICKE, 192. PICCADILLY.

MDCCCLXIX.

TO
JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D.,
D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., ETC. ETC.
DIRECTOR OF THE ROYAL GARDENS, KEW,


This Volume
IS
GRATEFULLY INSCRIBED.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

  •  PAGE
  • INTRODUCTION xxi
  • BOOK I.
  • DEVIATIONS FROM ORDINARY ARRANGEMENT 1
  • PART I.—Union of Organs 8
  • CHAPTER I.
  • Cohesion 9

  • Cohesion between axes of same plant, 9—Fasciation, 11—Cohesion of foliar organs, 21—Of margins of single organs, 21—Tubular petals, 23—Cohesion of several organs by their margins, 25—Of the sepals, 27—Of the petals, 28—Of the stamens, 29—Of the pistils, 29—Ascidia or pitchers, 30.

  • CHAPTER II.
  • Adhesion 32

  • Adhesion of foliar organs, 32—Of leaves by their surfaces, 33—Of foliar to axile organs, 34—Of sepals to petals, 34—Of stamens to petals, 34—Of stamens to pistils, 35—Miscellaneous adhesions, 35—Of fruit to branch, 36—Synanthy, 36—Syncarpy, 45—Synspermy, 50—Between axes of different plants of same species, 50—And of different species, 55—Synophty.

  • PART II.—Independence of Organs 58
  • CHAPTER I.
  • Fission 59

  • Fission of axile organs, 60—Of foliar organs, 61—Of petals, 66—Of stamens, 68—Of carpels, 68.

  • CHAPTER II.
  • Dialysis 69

  • Dialysis of margins of individual parts, 70—Of margins of parts of same whorl-calyx, 70—Of corolla, 71—Of stamens, 73—Of carpels, 73.

  • CHAPTER III.
  • Solution 76

  • Solution of calyx from ovary, 77—Of stamens from petals, 82.

  • PART III.—Alterations of Position 83
  • CHAPTER I.
  • Displacement 84

  • Displacement of bulbs, 84—Of inflorescence, 85—Of leaves, 87—Of parts of flowers, 91—Of carpels, 96—Of placentas and ovules, 96.

  • CHAPTER II.
  • Prolification 100

  • Prolification of the inflorescence, 102—Median foliar, 103—Median floral, 105—Lateral foliar, 106—Lateral floral, 107—Prolification of the flower, 115—Median foliar, 116—Median floral, 119—Axillary prolification, 138—Foliar, 141—Floral, 142—Complicated prolification, 151—Of embryo, 155.

  • CHAPTER III.
  • Heterotaxy 156

  • Formation of adventitious roots, 156—Of shoots below the cotyledons, 161—Adventitious leaves, 162—On scapes, 163—Production of leaves or scales in place of flower-buds, 164—Viviparous plants, 168—Formation of buds on leaves, 170—In pith, 171—On bulbs, 172—Production of gemmæ in place of spores, 173—Of flowers on leaves, 174—Of flower-buds in place of leaf-buds, 176—Of flowers on spines, 177—Of flower-buds on petals, 177—On fruits, 178—In ovaries, 180—Of stamens in ovaries, 182—Of pollen in ovules, 185—Homomorphic flowers of Compositæ, 188—Heterotaxy affecting the inflorescence, 188—Supra-soriferous ferns, 190.

  • CHAPTER IV.
  • Heterogamy 190

  • Change in the position of male and female flowers, 191—From monœcious to diœcious condition, 193—From diœcious to monœcious, 193—From hermaphroditism to unisexuality, 195—From unisexuality to hermaphroditism, 197—Pollen replaced by ovules, 201.

  • CHAPTER V.
  • Alterations in the direction of organs 201

  • Fastigiation, 202—Eversion, 204—Altered direction of leaves, 205—Altered direction of flower, 206—Reflexion, 209—Gymnaxony, 211.

  • BOOK II.
  • DEVIATIONS FROM ORDINARY FORM 213
  • PART I.—Stasimorphy 216
  • CHAPTER I.
  • Persistence of juvenile forms 217

  • Stasimorphy in leaves of Conifers, 217—Regular peloria, 219.

  • PART II.—Pleiomorphy 228
  • CHAPTER I.
  • Irregular peloria 228
  • PART III.—Metamorphy 240
  • CHAPTER I.
  • Phyllody 241

  • Phyllody of bracts, 242—In inflorescence of Conifers, 245—Of calyx, 245—Of corolla, 251—Of stamens, 253—Of pistils, 256—Of ovules, 262—Changes in nucleus of ovule, 269—Phyllody of accessory organs, 272—Chloranthy, 273—General remarks on, 278.

  • CHAPTER II.
  • Metamorphy of floral organs 281

  • Sepalody of petals, 282—Petalody of calyx, calycanthemy, 283—Petalody of stamens, 285—Of anther, 291—Of connective, 293—Compound stamens, 294—Petalody of pistils, 296—Of ovules, 297—Of accessory organs, 297—Staminody of the bracts, 298—Of sepals and petals, 298—Of pistils, 299—Of accessory organs, 301—Pistillody of perianth, 302—Of sepals, 302—Of stamens, 303—Of ovules, 310.

  • PART IV.—Heteromorphy 311
  • CHAPTER I.
  • Deformities 311

  • Formation of tubes, 312—In flower, 314—Spurs, 315—Contortion, 316—Spiral torsion, 319—Of leaf, 326—Adventitious tendrils, 326—Interrupted growth, 327—Cornute leaves, 328—Flattening, 328.

  • CHAPTER II.
  • Polymorphy 329

  • Heterophylly, 330—Dimorphism, 333—Sports or bud-variations, 336.

  • CHAPTER III.
  • Alterations of colour 337

  • Albinism, 337—Virescence, 338—Chromatism, 339.

  • BOOK III.
  • DEVIATIONS FROM ORDINARY NUMBER 340
  • PART I.—Increased Number of Organs 343
  • CHAPTER I.
  • Multiplication of axile organs—inflorescence 346

  • Multiplication of branches, 346—Plica, 346—Polyclady, 347—Multiplication of branches of inflorescence, 348—Of bulbs, 350—Of florets, 351.

  • CHAPTER II.
  • Multiplication of foliar organs 352

  • Pleiophylly, 353—Multiplication of stipules, bracts, &c., 357—Polyphylly, 358—Increased number of leaves in a whorl, 358—Polyphylly of bracts, 358—Of calyx, 358—Of corolla, 359—Of andrœcium, 361—Of gynœcium, 363—Of flower in general, 365—Increased number of ovules and seeds, 367—Of embryos, 369—Of cotyledons, 370—Pleiotaxy, or multiplication of whorls, 371—Pleiotaxy of bracts, 371—Of calyx, 374—Of perianth, 375—Of corolla (hose in hose), 376—Andrœcium, 379—Andrœcium of Orchids, 380—Pleiotaxy of gynœcium, 388—Increased number of flowers in an inflorescence, 391.

  • PART II.—Diminished Number of Organs 392
  • CHAPTER I.
  • Suppression of Axile Organs 393

  • Acaulosia, 393—Non-development of peduncle, 393—Nature of calyx-tube (Casimir de Candolle), 394—Suppression of columella, 395.

  • CHAPTER II.
  • Suppression of Foliar Organs 395

  • Aphylly, 395—Meiophylly, 396—Of calyx or perianth, 396—Of corolla, 397—Of andrœcium, 398—Of gynœcium, 399—Of flower, 400—Meiotaxy, 403—Of calyx, 403—Of corolla, 403—Of andrœcium, 405—Of gynœcium, 406—Of ovules or seeds, 407—Of flower, 408—General remarks on suppression, 409.

  • BOOK IV.
  • DEVIATIONS FROM ORDINARY SIZE AND CONSISTENCE 413
  • PART I—Hypertrophy 416
  • CHAPTER I.
  • Enlargement 417

  • Of axile organs, 418—Knaurs, 419—Enlargement of buds, 420—Of flower-stalk, 421—In pears, 423—Of placenta, 424—Of leaves, 426—Development of parts usually abortive, 427—Enlargement of perianth, 428—Of andrœcium, 430—Of gynœcium, 430—Of fruit, 431—Alterations of consistence, 432.

  • CHAPTER II.
  • Elongation 488

  • Elongation of root, 434—Of inflorescence, 434—Of flower-stalks, 435—Of leaves, 437—Of parts of flower, 438—Of thalamus and placenta, 440—Apostasis, 440.

  • CHAPTER III.
  • Enation 443

  • Excrescences from axile organs, warts, 444—Enation from leaves, 445—From sepals, 448—From petals, 448—Catacorolla, 451—Enation from stamens, 453—From carpels, 453.

  • PART II.—Atrophy 454
  • CHAPTER I.
  • Abortion 455

  • Abortion of axile organs, 455—Of receptacle, 457—Of leaves, 458—Of perianth, calyx, and corolla, 460—Of stamens, 463—Of pollen, 463—Of pistil, fruit, &c., 464—Of ovules, 466—Depauperated ferns, 466—General remarks, 467.

  • CHAPTER II.
  • Degeneration 470

  • Formation of scales, 470—Of hairs, 472—Of glands, 473—Of tendrils, 473.

  • GENERAL CONCLUSIONS.

  • General morphology of the leaf and axis, 476.—Homology, 476—Special morphology, 479—Calyx-tube, 480—Andrœcium, 482—Inferior ovary, 482—Placentation, 483—Structure of the ovule, 484—Leaves of Conifers, 484—Relative position of organs, 484—Law of alternation, 485—Co-relation, 486—Compensation, 488—Teratology and classification, 488.

  • APPENDIX.

  • Double flowers, varieties of, 491—Causes of production, 491—Relation to variegated foliage, 497—List of plants producing, 499.

  • NOTE 508
  • INDEX TO SUBJECTS 511
  • INDEX OF NAMES OF PLANTS 517

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.