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Vivisection

Chapter 19: FOOTNOTES
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About This Book

The author examines experimental use of live animals, weighing scientific gains against moral cost and questioning whether painful demonstrations—especially in teaching—are justified by their educational value. He argues that unrestricted experimentation can deaden sympathy in medical students and proposes practical reform: oppose immediate total abolition but urge legal prohibition of mutilating or demonstrative painful experiments on lower animals, favor education and professional self-restraint over sudden legislation, and acknowledge that limited, strictly controlled experiments may have utility when they avoid unnecessary suffering.

FOOTNOTES

[1] Report of American Anti-Vivisection Society, Jan'y 30, 1888.

[2] See Appendix, page 83.

[3] "Report of the Royal Commission on the Practice of Subjecting Live Animals to Experiments for Scientific Purposes." Question No, 175. Reference to this volume will hereafter be made in this article by inserting in brackets, immediately after the authority quoted, the number of the question in this report from which the extract is made.

[4] "Human Physiology," by John Elliotson, M. D., F. R. S. (page 448).

[5] "Medical Times and Gazette," October 5, 1872.

[6] A Text-book of Human Physiology, designed for the use of Practitioners and Students of Medicine, by Austin Flint, Jr., M. D. D. Appleton & Co. New York: 1876 (page 722).

[7] Page 738.

[8] Page 585.

[9] Page 710.

[10] Page 403.

[11] Pages 269-70.

[12] Page 282.

[13] Page 489.

[14] Page 629.

[15] Page 463.

[16] Pages 470-71.

[17] Flint: "Text Book on Human Physiology" (page 641).

[18] Dalton's "Human Physiology" (page 466).

[19] Flint (pages 639-40).

[20] The contradictory opinions ascribed to most of the authorities quoted in this article are taken directly from the "Report of the Royal Commission on the Practice of Subjecting Live Animals to Experiments for Scientific Purposes,"—a Blue-Book Parliamentary Report.

[21] "He feels the pain, but has lost, so to speak, the idea of self defense." Leçons de Physiologie opératoire, 1879, p. 115.

[22] Text-Book of Human Physiology, p. 595.

[23] "A Text-Book of Human Physiology." By Austin Flint, Jr. M. D. New York, 1876. Page 589; see also page 674.

[24] See Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, June 20, 1876.

[25] In 1879 the total mortality in England, above the age of twenty, from all causes whatsoever, was 287,093. Of these deaths, the number occasioned by the sixteen causes above named, was 191,706, or almost exactly two-thirds.

[26] Even Japan, a country we are apt to consider as somewhat benighted, has far better statistical information at hand than the United States of America.


TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES

1. Footnotes have been moved from the middle of a paragraph to the end of this e-text.

2. Some obvious punctuation errors in the text have been silently corrected, for example, missing period at a paragraph end, etc.

3. The following misprints have been corrected:
        "sufering" corrected to "suffering" (page 14)
        "anæthetics" corrected to "anæsthetics" (page 48)

4. Other than the corrections listed above, printer's inconsistencies in spelling, punctuation and hyphenation have been retained.