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Vocational Psychology: Its Problems and Methods

Chapter 103: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
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This work surveys the aims, methods, and problems of applying psychology to vocational choice and selection. It traces earlier, now-discredited approaches, explains the rise and refinement of psychological tests and psychographic methods, and reviews special vocational tests, self-analysis techniques, and peer judgments. Experimental findings on test validity, the use of school curricula as diagnostic tools, and factors that determine vocational aptitudes are examined, with a dedicated chapter on women's vocational aptitudes. Practical guidance for counselors, test forms and standards, and theoretical principles for interpreting results are presented to assist investigators, educators, and employers in measuring and matching individual capacities to occupational demands.

Advancement in industry, 219

Analysis, of belief in physiognomic signs, 32 ff.
of character, 49, 121 ff., 133 ff., 143 ff.
of educational changes, 11
of effects of practice, 245 ff.
of individuals, 18, 121 ff., 143 ff., 245 ff.
of maternal instinct, 238
of medieval clairvoyance, 7
of mental tests, 64, 245 ff.
of occupations, 78, 80, 92, 96 ff., 109 ff., 208 ff.
of phrenology, 26 ff.
of primitive thinking, 2
of school curriculum, 174

Antecedents of vocational psychology, 1
references, 275

Aptitudes, of the average individual, 215
of the feeble-minded, 208
of the mentally inferior, 210
of the specially gifted, 212
of women, 222 ff.

Attitudinal factors, 15, 63, 65, 104, 149 ff., 190 ff., 210, 214 ff., 237, 270


Behavior, judgment of, 134
study of, 57

Bibliographies, 275-281

Binet tests, nature of, 69
record blank for, 290

Brain, functions of, 22, 27
measurements of, 30
size of, 29


Character analysis, 8

Clairvoyance, 7 ff.

Correlation, formula for, 45
meaning of, 44
of ability to judge self and ability to judge others, 168
of elementary school standing and later academic achievement, 177 ff.
of estimated traits and objective measures, 161 ff.
of initial and final trials, 246 ff.
of judicial capacity and possession of traits, 158, 167
of mental tests and vocational ability, 113, 116, 212
of mental traits, 46, 50, 52, 161, 164, 169, 171
of school standing and success in later life, 192 ff.

Curriculum, as a vocational test, 174 ff.
bibliography on, 279


Determinants, bibliography on, 280
of vocational aptitude, 208 ff.

Division of labor between the sexes, 223, 240, 242


Education, industrial, 15
popularization of, 13
theory of, 14

Employment bureaus, 47, 141

Experiments, on abilities and interests, 190
on brain, 22, 226
on college students, 60, 137
on effects of practice, 245 ff.
on eminent men, 81, 87, 135, 138
on functional periodicity, 236
on judgments of character, 135-173
on mental defectives, 76
on mental measurement, 67, 74
on mental tests, 59, 64
on musicians, 94
on photographs, 41, 48
on physiognomies, 53
on selecting employees by psychological methods, 78, 110-121, 211
on self-analysis, 114 ff., 156
on sex differences, 226 ff.

Form board, 72

Fortune telling, 7


General intelligence, 69, 255 ff.


Individual differences, 18
as affected by practice, 245 ff.
in vocational aptitudes, 208 ff., 222 ff.

Intelligence scales, bibliography on, 276
nature of, 67
types of, 69
vocational use of, 75 ff.


Judgment, of associates, 48, 79, 121 ff., 133 ff., 143 ff.
of character, 133 ff., 139 ff., 143 ff.
of photographs, 41, 47, 48
of scientific men, 135
of self, 122, 124-133, 143 ff.
of students, 137, 143 ff.
of teachers, 136


Localization of functions, 22, 27


Magic, examples of, 3 ff.
vocational efforts of, 1 ff.

Maternal instinct, analysis of, 238

Mental age, 70

Mental defectives, detection of, 75
education of, 14
in industry, 75, 213
menace of, 77
vocational aptitudes of, 208, 213

Motives of vocational psychology, 1
bibliography on, 275


Norms of performance, 61, 66 ff., 73, 79, 91, 94, 285-293
bibliography on, 276


Occupations, analysis of, 92, 96 ff., 102, 103, 208 ff.
blind alley, 16, 210, 218


Periodicity
effect of, on mental and motor ability, 234 ff.

Photographs, experiments with, 41, 48
judgments of, 41, 47, 48
vocational use of, 48, 52

Phrenology, assumptions of, 26
errors of, 27-32
origin of, 23
practice of, 25

Physiognomies, analysis of, 34
dogmas of, 39
experiments in, 41, 49, 53
practice of, 32
vocational futility of, 54

Practice, effect of, on individual differences, 257 ff.
limits of, 256
on correlation of abilities, 247

Primitive thinking, examples of, 3
stages of, 2 ff.
vocational efforts of, 2

Product scales, bibliography on, 276
nature and use of, 74

Psychograph, bibliography on, 277
nature of, 80, 88
of individuals, 80
of a mathematician, 81 ff.
of a novelist, 86
of occupation, 90, 97, 98, 102
of a singer, 92
vocational use of, 96, 99, 107

Psychological tests, bibliography on, 276
method of, 61
of adults, 210, 248
of children, 69, 114
of clerical workers, 110, 111

Psychological tests, of college students, 60, 145
of efficiency experts, 78
of factory operators, 111, 115
of judges, 111
of marine officers, 112
of motormen, 112
of musical ability, 94
of Poincaré, 81 ff.
of a singer, 92
of stenographers, 113
of salesmen, 111
of telephone operators, 110, 112
of typesetters, 111
of typewriters, 113, 114
of Zola, 86
origin and history of, 57 ff.
samples of, 284-300
scales of, 67 ff.
standardization of, 63, 67
sources of, and instructions for, 300-302
tests of, 64
theory of, 245 ff.
vocational use of, 60, 66, 75, 78, 80 ff., 90, 109-121, 210, 218, 261


Scales, bibliography on, 276
for measuring intelligence, 67
for measuring special achievement, 74 ff.
samples of, 285-293
use of, 75

School records, as indicative of interests, 190 ff.
as related to later academic achievement, 177 ff.

School records, as related to success in later life, 192 ff.
bibliography on, 279
correlation of, with tests, 165
intercorrelation of, 172
vocational significance of, 174 ff.

Selection, of an occupation, 12 ff., 102, 104, 123
of employees, 53, 75, 78, 99, 110-113, 115, 133, 210, 211, 219, 240

Self-analysis, bibliography on, 278
method of, 122
problems of, 124
reliability of, 149 ff.
systematic guides to, 125-133

Sex differences, bibliography on, 280
in average intelligence, 225 ff.
in instinctive equipment, 237
in physiological function, 242
in special handicaps, 234
in variability, 228 ff.
in vocational opportunity, 240 ff.


Testimonials, 142, 173

Tests. See Psychological tests

Theory, bibliography on, 281
of mental tests, 245


Variation, in ability, 228 ff.
in judgment, 43, 51, 134, 136, 138 ff.

Variation, measures of, 42
of individual performance, 251
of self-estimates, 149 ff.

Vocational aptitudes, bibliography on, 280
determinants of, 208 ff.
of women, 222 ff.

Vocational guidance, 11

Vocational methods, bibliography on, 278
specialized forms, 109 ff.
analogy, 111, 118
correlations, 112 ff.
miniature, 109, 116
samples, 110, 117

Vocational psychology, bibliography on, 275 ff.
motives and antecedents of, 1 ff.
present status of, 267 ff.
problems of, 266 ff.
progress of, 274

Vocational surveys, 17

Vocational training, 16


Women, bibliography, 280
biological handicap of, 242 ff.
future of, 244
in industry, 222
instinctive equipment of, 237 ff.
mental abilities of, 228
special disabilities of, 234 ff.
variability of, 228 ff.
vocational aptitudes of, 223 ff.


BY HARRY L. HOLLINGWORTH

JUDGING HUMAN CHARACTER

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF FUNCTIONAL NEUROSES

ADVERTISING AND SELLING Principles of Appeal and Response

VOCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY (With A. T. Poffenberger, Jr.)

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY

Publishers New York