| Sections of igneous rocks illustrating the passage from the
glassy to the crystalline structure |
Frontispiece |
| Fig. |
Page |
| 1. |
Stromboli, viewed from the north-west, April 1874 |
to face p. 10 |
| 2. |
Map of the Island of Stromboli |
11 |
| 3. |
Section through the Island of Stromboli from north-west to
south-east |
13 |
| 4. |
The crater of Stromboli as viewed from the side of the
Sciarra during an eruption on the morning of April 24,
1874. |
14 |
| 5. |
Vesuvius in eruption, as seen from Naples, April 26, 1872.
(From a photograph) |
to face p. 24 |
| 6. |
View of Vulcano, with Vulcanello in the foreground—taken
from the south end of the Island of Lipari |
43 |
| 7. |
Minute cavities, containing liquids, in the crystals of rocks.
(After Zirkel) |
to face p. 60 |
| 8. |
Minute liquid-cavity in a crystal, with a moving bubble.
(After Hartley) |
63 |
| 9. |
Cavity in crystal, containing carbonic-acid gas at a temperature
of 86° F., and passing from the liquid to the gaseous condition.
(After Hartley) |
64 |
| 10. |
Monte Nuovo (440 ft high) on the shores of the Bay of Naples.
(After Scrope) |
76 |
| 11. |
Map of the district around Naples, showing Monte Nuovo and the
surrounding volcanoes of older date |
78 |
| 12. |
Outlines of the summit of Vesuvius during the eruption of
1767. (After Sir W. Hamilton)
|
to face p. 80 |
| 13. |
Crater of Vesuvius formed during the eruption of 1822
(After Scrope) |
82 |
| 14. |
Crater of Vesuvius in 1756, from a drawing made on the spot.
(After Sir W. Hamilton) |
84 |
| 15. |
The summit of Vesuvius in 1767, from an original drawing.
(After Sir W, Hamilton) |
85 |
| 16. |
Summit of Vesuvius in 1843 |
86 |
| 17. |
Outlines of Vesuvius, showing its form at different periods
of its history |
87 |
| 18. |
Cascade of lava tumbling over a cliff in the Island of
Bourbon. (After Capt. S. P. Oliver, R.A.) |
93 |
| 19. |
Lava-stream (obsidian) in the Island of Vulcano, showing
the imperfect liquidity of the mass |
95 |
| 20. |
Interior of a rhyolitic lava-stream in the Island of Lipari,
showing broad, sigmoidal folds, produced by the slow
movements of the mass |
96 |
| 21. |
Interior of a rhyolitic lava-stream in the Island of Lipari,
showing the complicated crumplings and puckerings,
produced by the slow movements of the mass |
96 |
| 22. |
Vesuvian lava-stream of 1858, exhibiting the peculiar
'ropy' surfaces of slowly-moving currents.
(From a photograph) |
to face p. 98 |
| 23. |
Vesuvian lava-stream of 1872, exhibiting the rough cindery
surfaces characteristic of rapidly flowing currents.
(From a photograph) |
to face p. 96 |
| 24. |
Concentric folds on mass of cooled lava. (After Heaphy) |
100 |
| 25. |
Mass of cooled lava formed over a spiracle on the slopes
of Hawaii. (After Dana) |
100 |
| 26. |
Group of small cones thrown up on the Vesuvian lava-current
of 1855. (After Schmidt) |
101 |
| 27. |
Natural section of a lava-stream in the Island of Vulcano,
showing the compact central portion and the scoriaceous
upper and under surfaces |
104 |
| 28. |
Section of a lava-stream exposed on the side of the river
Ardèche, in the south-west of France. (After Scrope) |
106 |
| 29. |
Portion of a basaltic column from the Giant's Causeway,
exhibiting both the ball-and-socket and the
tenon-and-mortise structure
|
107 |
| 30. |
Vein of green pitchstone at Chiaja di Luna, in the Island
of Ponza, breaking up into regular columns and into
spherical masses with a concentric series of joints.
(After Scrope) |
108 |
| 31. |
Illustration of the 'perlitic structure' in glassy rocks |
109 |
| 32. |
Transverse section of a lava-stream |
111 |
| 33. |
The Kammerbühl, or Kammerberg, Bohemia (as seen from
the south-west) |
113 |
| 34. |
Section of the Kammerbühl in Bohemia |
114 |
| 35. |
Natural section of a volcanic cone in the Island of Vulcano |
116 |
| 36. |
Section in the side of the Kammerbühl, Bohemia |
118 |
| 37. |
Experimental illustration of the mode of formation of
volcanic cones, composed of fragmental materials |
120 |
| 38. |
Natural section of a tuff-cone, forming the Cape of Misenum,
and exhibiting the peculiar internal arrangement,
characteristic of volcanoes composed of fragmentary
materials. (After Scrope) |
121 |
| 39. |
Section of a small scoria-cone formed within the crater of
Vesuvius in the year 1835, illustrating the filling up of
the central vent of the cone by subsequent ejections.
(After Abich) |
122 |
| 40. |
Volcanic cones composed of scoriæ, and breached on one
side by the outflow of lava-currents. (After Scrope) |
128 |
| 41. |
Campo Bianco, in the Island of Lipari. A pumice-cone
breached by the outflow of an obsidian lava-stream |
to face p. 124 |
| 42. |
Volcanic cones in Auvergne, which have suffered to some
extent from atmospheric denudation. (After Scrope) |
124 |
| 43. |
Experimental illustration of the mode of formation of
volcanic cones composed of viscid lavas. (After Reyer) |
126 |
| 44. |
The Grand Puy of Sarcoui, composed of trachyte, rising
between two breached scoria-cones (Auvergne). (After
Scrope) |
126 |
| 45. |
Volcanic cone (Mamelon) composed of very viscid lava
(Island of Bourbon). (After Bory de St. Vincent)
|
127 |
| 46. |
Another Mamelon in the Island of Bourbon, with a crater
at its summit. (After Bory de St. Vincent) |
127 |
| 47. |
Cliff-section in the Island of Madeira, showing how a
composite volcano is built up of lava-streams, beds of
scoriæ, and dykes. (After Lyell) |
125 |
| 48. |
Section seen at the cascade, Bains du Mont Dore. (After
Scrope) |
130 |
| 49. |
Section in the Island of Ventotienne, showing a great
stream of andesitic lava overlying stratified tuffs.
(After Scrope) |
130 |
| 50. |
Cliff on the south side of the Island of San Stephano |
131 |
| 51. |
The headland of Monte della Guardia, in the Island of Ponza |
131 |
| 52. |
Western side of the same headland, as seen from the north
side of Luna Bay |
132 |
| 53. |
Sea-cliff at Il Capo, the north-east point of Salina,
showing stratified agglomerates traversed by numerous
dykes, the whole being unconformably overlaid by
stratified, aqueous deposits |
137 |
| 54. |
Section observed in the Val del Bove, Etna, showing a
basaltic dyke, from the upper part of which a
lava-current has flowed |
138 |
| 55. |
Basaltic dykes projecting from masses of stratified scoriæ
in the sides of the Val del Bove, Etna |
134 |
| 56. |
Sheets of igneous rock (basalt) intruded between beds of
sandstone, clay, and limestone (Island of Skye) |
137 |
| 57. |
Plan of the dissected volcano of Mull in the Inner
Hebrides |
to face p. 142 |
| 58. |
Section of the volcano of Mull along the line A B |
" 142 |
| 59. |
Summit of the volcano of Monte Sant' Angelo, in Lipari,
exhibiting a crater with walls worn down by denudation |
158 |
| 60. |
Outlines of lava-cones |
160 |
| 61. |
Diagram illustrating the formation of parasitic cones along
lines of fissure formed on the flanks of a great volcanic
mountain |
162 |
| 62. |
Outline of Etna, as seen from Catania
|
162 |
| 63. |
Outline of Etna, as seen from the Val del Bronte |
163 |
| 64. |
Plan of the volcano forming the Island of Ischia |
163 |
| 65. |
A primary parasitic cone, with a secondary one at its
base—Ischia |
164 |
| 66. |
Scoria-cone near Auckland, New Zealand, with a lava-current
flowing from it. (After Heaphy) |
165 |
| 67. |
Section of rocks below the ancient triassic volcano of
Predazzo in the Tyrol |
165 |
| 68. |
Cotopaxi, as seen from a distance of ninety miles. (After
Humboldt) |
168 |
| 69. |
Citlaltepetl, or the Pic d'Orizaba, in Mexico, as seen from
the Forest of Xalapa. (After Humboldt) |
169 |
| 70. |
Lac Paven, in the Auvergne. (After Scrope) |
171 |
| 71. |
The crater-lake called Lago del Bagno, in Ischia, converted
into a harbour |
172 |
| 72. |
Lake of Gustavila, in Mexico. (After Humboldt) |
172 |
| 73. |
Peak of Teneriffe, surrounded by great crater-rings. (After
Piazzi-Smyth) |
175 |
| 74. |
The volcano of Bourbon, rising in the midst of a crater-ring
four miles in diameter. (After Bory de St. Vincent) |
176 |
| 75. |
The volcano of Bourbon, as seen from another point of
view, with three concentric crater-rings encircling its
base. (After Bory de St. Vincent) |
176 |
| 76. |
Vesuvius as seen from Sorrento, half encircled by the
crater-ring of Somma |
177 |
| 77. |
Outlines of various volcanoes illustrating the different
relations of the craters to cones |
to face p. 178 |
| 78. |
Island thrown up In the Mediterranean Sea in July and
August, 1831. (After the Prince de Joinville) |
179 |
| 79. |
Sinter-cones surrounding the orifices of geysers |
183 |
| 80. |
Diagram illustrating the mode of formation of travertine-
and sinter-terraces on the sides of a hill of tuff |
185 |
| 81. |
Map of the volcanic group of the Lipari Islands, illustrating
the position of the lines of fissure upon which
the volcanoes have been built up
|
192 |
| 82. |
The Puy de Pariou, in the Auvergne, illustrating the shifting
of eruption along a line of fissures |
193 |
| 83. |
Ideal section of the Puy de Pariou |
194 |
| 84. |
Fissure formed on the flanks of Etna during the emotion
of 1865. (After Silvestri) |
194 |
| 85. |
Plan of the Island of Vulcano, based on the map of the
Italian Government |
196 |
| 86. |
Vulcanello, with its three craters |
197 |
| 87. |
Section of basalt from Ovifak, Greenland, with particles of
metallic iron diffused through its mass |
319 |
| 88. |
Diagram illustrating the relations between the terrestrial
and the extra-terrestrial rocks |
to face p. 322 |
| 89. |
A group of sun-spots. (After Secchi) |
362 |
| 90. |
A sun-spot, showing the great masses of incandescent
vapour rising or falling within it. (After Secchi) |
363 |
| 91. |
The edge of a sun-spot, showing a portion of the prominent
masses of incandescent gas (A) which detached itself
at B and floated into the midst of the cavity.
(After Norman Lockyer) |
363 |
| 92. |
Drawing of a solar prominence made by Mr. Norman
Lockyer, March 14, 1869, at 11 h. 5 m. A.M. |
364 |
| 93. |
The same object, as seen at 11 h. 15 m. on the same day.
(After Norman Lockyer) |
365 |
| 94. |
Drawings of a solar prominence at four different periods
on September 7, 1871. (After Young) |
366 |
| 95. |
A group of Lunar craters (Maurolycus, Barocius, &c.), the
largest being more than sixty miles in diameter |
368 |
