And rarely sings the mounted thrush;
And underneath the barren bush
Flits by the sea-blue bird of March.”
These “rosy plumelets” are the future cones, and they are very conspicuous on the bare branches. They become ripe by their first Autumn, when they are but little more than an inch in length, rather oval than conical; erect on the branch, and the scales with irregular margins. When first the leaves appear they are in tufts, arranged alternately, as shown in our figure, but as the season advances each tuft lengthens into a twig and the leaves become scattered along it as the wood grows—the tree not gaining in good looks thereby. The tree has a wonderfully slender pyramidal form, due to the downward growth of all the branches. It is greatly appreciated as a timber-producing tree, its useful wood being fit to use when the tree is only forty years of age, in which respect it has distinct advantage over the Scotch-pine, which requires eighty years in order to produce serviceable timber. In its early years its annual growth exceeds two feet. At ten years of age from the sowing of the seed it has reached the height of twenty or twenty-five feet, and at fifty years it is eighty feet high. Its natural life is from one hundred and fifty to two hundred years. The Larch and the Spruce-fir have to a great extent supplanted the Scotch-pine in this country, owing to their more rapid growth and development of wood.
Larch.
Larix europæa.
—Coniferæ.—
In its native countries the bark of the Larch is used for tanning, and the young shoots as fodder for cattle, whilst its resin is an article of commerce under the title of Venice turpentine.
NATURAL ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES
Illustrated or Described in the foregoing pages.
Order I.—Ranunculaceæ.
Genus I.—CLEMATIS vitalba, 82
Genus III.—ANEMONE nemorosa, 3; pulsatilla, 4
Genus V.—RANUNCULUS acris, 18; bulbosus, 18; ficaria, 6; repens, 19
Genus VI.—CALTHA palustris, 13; radicans, 13
Order II.—Berberideæ.
Genus I.—BERBERIS vulgaris, 57
Order III.—Nymphæaceæ.
Genus I.—NUPHAR luteum, 106; pumilum, 106
Genus II.—NYMPHÆA alba, 106
Order IV.—Papaveraceæ.
Genus I.—PAPAVER hybridum, 61; argemone, 61; dubium, 61; rhœas, 61
Genus III.—CHELIDONIUM majus, 64
Order V.—Fumariaceæ.
Genus I.—FUMARIA capreolata, 9; officinalis, 8; densiflora, 9; parviflora, 9
Order VI.—Cruciferæ.
Genus I.*—CHEIRANTHUS cheiri, 12
Genus V.—CARDAMINE hirsuta, 11; pratensis, 10; amara, 11; impatiens, 11
Genus IX.—BRASSICA nigra, 90; sinapis, 90; alba, 90
Genus XV.—CAPSELLA bursa-pastoris, 11
Order VII.—Resedaceæ.
Genus I.—RESEDA luteola, 79; lutea, 79
Order VIII.—Cistineæ.
Genus I.—HELIANTHEMUM vulgare, 42; polifolium, 42; guttatum, 42; canum, 42
Order IX.—Violaceæ.
Genus I.—VIOLA palustris, 58; odorata, 4; hirta, 58; canina, 58; sylvatica, 58; arenaria, 58; tricolor, 58
Order X.—Polygaleæ.
Genus I.—POLYGALA vulgaris, 28; calcarea, 29; amara, 29
Order XII.—Caryophylleæ.
Genus III.—LYCHNIS flos-cuculi, 65; diurna, 66; vespertina, 88
Genus IV.—GITHAGO segetum, 71
Genus V.—HOLOSTEUM umbellatum, 20
Genus VII.—STELLARIA media, 55, 62; holostea, 62; palustris, 62; graminea, 62
Order XV.—Hypericineæ.
Genus I.—HYPERICUM androsæmum, 48; perforatum, 47; humifusum, 47; pulchrum, 47; hirsutum, 48; tetrapterum, 47
Order XVI.—Malvaceæ.
Genus II.—MALVA sylvestris, 67; rotundifolia, 67; moschata, 68
Order XVII.—Tiliaceæ.
Genus I.—TILIA parvifolia, 133; platyphyllos, 133
Order XVIII.—Lineæ.
Genus I.—LINUM catharticum, 96; perenne, 96; angustifolium, 96; usitatissimum, 96
Order XIX.—Geraniaceæ.
Genus I.—GERANIUM molle, 35; rotundifolium, 34; pusillum, 35; columbinum, 35; dissectum, 35; robertianum, 35; lucidum, 35
Genus II.—ERODIUM cicutarium, 35; moschatum, 36; maritimum, 36
Genus III.—OXALIS acetosella, 11; corniculata, 12; stricta, 12
Order XX.—Ilicineæ.
Genus I.—ILEX aquifolium, 89
Order XXIV.—Sapindaceæ.
Genus I.—ACER campestre, 134; pseudo-platanus, 134; platanoides, 135
Order XXV.—Leguminosæ.
Genus III.—CYTISUS scoparius, 7
Genus IV.—ONONIS spinosa, 94; reclinata, 94
Genus VI.—MEDICAGO falcata, 72; sativa, 72; lupulina, 72; denticulata, 72; maculata, 72
Genus VII.—MELILOTUS altissima, 101; alba, 101; officinalis, 101
Genus VIII.—TRIFOLIUM subterraneum, 48; arvense, 49; pratense, 49; medium, 49; striatum, 49; scabrum, 49; repens, 49; fragiferum, 49; procumbens, 49; dubium, 50
Genus IX.—ANTHYLLIS vulneraria, 52
Genus X.—LOTUS corniculatus, 43; uliginosus, 43; hispidus, 43; angustissimus, 43
Genus XV.—ONOBRYCHIS sativa, 50
Genus XVI.—VICIA tetrasperma, 44; hirsuta, 44; cracca, 44; orobus, 44; sylvatica, 44; sepium, 44; sativa, 43
Order XXVI.—Rosaceæ.
Genus I.—PRUNUS communis, 109; insititia, 109; domestica, 109
Genus II.—SPIRÆA ulmaria, 93; filipendula, 93
Genus III.—RUBUS cæsius, 31
Genus VI.—FRAGARIA vesca, 27
Genus VII.—POTENTILLA tormentilla, 63; reptans, 63; anserina, 62; fragariastrum, 27, 63
Genus IX.—AGRIMONIA eupatoria, 95
Genus X.—POTERIUM sanguisorba, 111; muricatum, 111; officinale, 111
Genus XI.—ROSA spinosissima, 41; rubiginosa, 41; canina, 41; arvensis, 41
Genus XII.—PYRUS aucuparia, 117
Genus XIII.-CRATÆGUS oxyacantha, 17
Order XXVII.—Saxifrageæ.
Genus III.—PARNASSIA palustris, 115
Order XXVIII.—Crassulaceæ.
Genus III.—SEDUM acre, 100
Genus III.*—SEMPERVIVUM tectorum, 100
Order XXIX.—Droseraceæ.
Genus I.—DROSERA rotundifolia, 56; intermedia, 57; anglica, 57
Order XXXIV.—Umbelliferæ.
Genus XXII.—FŒNICULUM officinale, 55
Genus XXV.—ÆTHUSA cynapium, 119
Order XXXV.—Araliaceæ.
Genus I.—HEDERA helix, 112
Order XXXVII.—Caprifoliaceæ.
Genus IV.—LONICERA periclymenum, 31; caprifolium, 32
Order XXXVIII.—Rubiaceæ.
Genus II.—GALIUM aparine, 87
Order XXXIX.—Valerianeæ.
Genus I.—VALERIANA dioica, 104; officinalis, 104
Order XL.—Dipsaceæ.
Genus I.—DIPSACUS sylvestris, 107; pilosus, 107
Genus II.—SCABIOSA succisa, 98; columbaria, 98; arvensis, 98
Order XLI.—Compositæ.
Genus IV.—BELLIS perennis, 1
Genus XII.—ANTHEMIS arvensis, 46; cotula, 47; nobilis, 47
Genus XIII.—ACHILLEA ptarmica, 37; millefolium, 36
Genus XVI.—CHRYSANTHEMUM segetum, 53; leucanthemum, 53; parthenium, 54
Genus XVII.—TANACETUM vulgare, 108
Genus XXI.—SENECIO vulgaris, 37; sylvaticus, 38; viscosus, 38; jacobæa, 38; erucifolius, 38; aquaticus, 38
Genus XXII.—ARCTIUM lappa, 87
Genus XXV.—CENTAUREA nigra, 67; scabiosa, 67; cyanus, 66
Genus XXXI.—CICHORIUM intybus, 68
Genus XXXVII.—HYPOCHŒRIS glabra, 97; radicata, 97
Genus XXXIX.—TARAXACUM officinale, 20
Genus XLI.—SONCHUS arvensis, 114; palustris, 114; oleraceus, 114
Genus XLII.—TRAGOPOGON pratensis, 84; porrifolius, 84
Order XLII.—Campanulaceæ.
Genus V.—CAMPANULA rotundifolia, 78; trachelium, 78
Order XLIII.—Ericaceæ.
Genus V.—ERICA tetralix, 120; cinerea, 120; ciliaris, 120; vagans, 120
Genus VI.—CALLUNA vulgaris, 121
Order XLVI.—Primulaceæ.
Genus I.—PRIMULA vulgaris, 3; elatior, 3; veris, 2; farinosa, 3; scotica, 3
Genus VI.—ANAGALLIS arvensis, 54; tenella, 54
Order XLVII.—Oleaceæ.
Genus II.—FRAXINUS excelsior, 136
Order XLVIII.—Apocynaceæ.
Genus I.—VINCA minor, 5; major, 6
Order XLIX.—Gentianeæ.
Genus IV.—ERYTHRÆA centaurium, 79
Order LI.—Boragineæ.
Genus I.—ECHIUM vulgare, 26
Genus I.*—BORAGO officinalis, 80
Genus II.—SYMPHYTUM officinale, 60; tuberosum, 60
Genus VI.—PULMONARIA angustifolia, 10; officinalis, 9
Genus VII.—MYOSOTIS palustris, 21
Order LII.—Convolvulaceæ.
Genus I.—CONVOLVULUS arvensis, 63; sepium, 64; soldanella, 64
Genus II.—CUSCUTA europæa, 70; epithymum, 70; epilinum, 71
Order LIII.—Solanaceæ.
Genus I.—HYOSCYAMUS niger, 39
Genus II.—SOLANUM dulcamara, 99; nigrum, 99
Order LIV.—Plantagineae.
Genus I.—PLANTAGO major, 22; media, 23; lanceolata, 22; maritima, 23; coronopus, 23
Order LV.—Scrophularineæ.
Genus II.—LINARIA cymbalaria, 33; spuria, 105; elatine, 105; vulgaris, 105; repens, 105; minor, 105
Genus VIII.—VERONICA chamædrys, 28; beccabunga, 29
Genus X.—EUPHRASIA officinalis, 50
Genus XIII.—MELAMPYRUM pratense, 91; sylvaticum, 91; arvense, 91; cristatum, 92
Order LIX.—Labiatæ.
Genus I.—MENTHA sylvestris, 59; rotundifolia, 58; piperata, 59; aquatica, 59; sativa, 59; arvensis, 59; pulegium, 60
Genus IV.—THYMUS serpyllum, 85
Genus VI.—SALVIA pratensis, 23
Genus VII.—NEPETA cataria, 34; glechoma, 33
Genus VIII.—BRUNELLA vulgaris, 83
Genus XIV.—LAMIUM purpureum, 33; intermedium, 33; amplexicaule, 33; album, 33; galeobdolon, 33
Genus XVII.—AJUGA reptans, 21
Order LXI.—Chenopodiaceæ.
Genus I.—CHENOPODIUM vulvaria, 86; polyspermum, 86; album, 86; rubrum, 86; bonus-henricus, 86
Order LXII.—Polygonaceæ.
Genus I.—POLYGONUM bistorta, 118; amphibium, 118; persicaria, 118; aviculare, 119; convolvulus, 119; fagopyrum, 118
Order LXV.—Elæagnaceæ.
Genus I.—HIPPOPHAE rhamnoides, 92
Order LXVI.—Loranthaceæ.
Genus I.—VISCUM album, 121
Order LXVIII.—Euphorbiaceæ.
Genus.—EUPHORBIA helioscopia, 30; platyphyllos, 30; hiberna, 30; amygdaloides, 30; peplus, 30; exigua, 30; portlandica, 30; paralias, 30; esula, 31; lathyris, 31; peplis, 31
Order LXIX.—Urticaceæ.
Genus I.—ULMUS montana, 138; campestris, 138
Genus II.—URTICA urens, 103; dioica, 103; pilulifera, 103
Genus IV.—HUMULUS lupulus, 110
Order LXXI.—Cupuliferæ.
Genus I.—BETULA alba, 149
Genus II.—ALNUS glutinosa, 150
Genus III.—QUERCUS robur, 142
Genus IV.—FAGUS sylvatica, 140
Genus V.—CORYLUS avellana, 144
Genus VI.—CARPINUS betulus, 145
Order LXXII.—Salicineæ.
Genus I.—POPULUS alba, 147; tremula, 147; fastigiata, 147
Genus II.—SALIX viminalis, 146
Order LXXIV.—Coniferæ.
Genus I.—PINUS sylvestris, 151; pinaster, 152
Genus II.—JUNIPERUS communis, 102
Order LXXVI.—Orchideæ.
Genus I.—MALAXIS paludosa, 77
Genus II.—LIPARIS loeselii, 77
Genus IV.—NEOTTIA nidus-avis, 77
Genus V.—LISTERA ovata, 77
Genus VII.—SPIRANTHES autumnalis, 77
Genus XI.—ORCHIS latifolia, 74; hircina, 76
Genus XIII.—OPHRYS apifera, 76; aranifera, 76; muscifera, 76
Genus XV.-HABENARIA bifolia, 76
Order LXXVII.—Irideæ.
Genus III.—IRIS pseudacorus, 73; fœtidissima, 73
Order LXXX.—Liliaceæ.
Genus III.—POLYGONATUM verticillatum, 17; multiflorum, 16; officinale, 17
Genus V.—CONVALLARIA majalis, 16
Genus IX.—SCILLA verna, 15; autumnalis, 15; nutans, 14
Genus XV.—COLCHICUM autumnale, 122
Order LXXXI.—Junceæ.
Genus II.—LUZULA maxima, 69; vernalis, 69; forsteri, 69; campestris, 70; spicata, 70; arcuata, 70
Order LXXXIII.—Typhaceæ.
Genus II.—TYPHA latifolia, 51; angustifolia, 52
Order LXXXIV.—Aroideæ.
Genus I.—ARUM maculatum, 15; italicum, 16
Order LXXXV.—Lemnaceæ.
Genus I.—LEMNA minor, 45; trisulca, 46; gibba, 46; polyrhiza, 46
Order LXXXVI.—Alismaceæ.
Genus IV.—SAGITTARIA sagittifolia, 113
Order LXXXVII.—Naiadaceæ.
Genus III.—POTAMOGETON natans, 81; polygonifolius, 81; plantagineus, 81; prælongus, 82; crispus, 81; densus, 81
Order LXXXIX.—Gramineæ.
Genus VI.—ANTHOXANTHUM odoratum, 25
Genus VIII.—ALOPECURUS agrestis, 40; alpinus, 40; pratensis, 40; geniculatus, 40
Genus X.—PHLEUM pratense, 25
Genus XXV.—AVENA fatua, 116; pratensis, 116; pubescens, 117; sativa, 116
Genus XXXVI.—DACTYLIS glomerata, 24
Genus XXXVII.—BRIZA media, 40; minor, 40
Genus XXXVIII.—POA annua, 24
Genus XLI.—BROMUS erectus, 38
Genus XLIII.—LOLIUM perenne, 38; temulentum, 39
Genus XLVII.—HORDEUM murinum, 19
Order XC.—Filices.
Genus VII.—ASPLENIUM trichomanes, 124; viride, 124
Genus VIII.—SCOLOPENDRIUM vulgare, 123
Genus XII.—NEPHRODIUM filix-mas, 124; spinulosum, 125; oreopteris, 125
Order XCI.—Equisetaceæ.
Genus I.—EQUISETUM arvense, 125