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When William IV. Was King

Chapter 3: WHEN WILLIAM IV. WAS KING.
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About This Book

The author surveys social, technological, and political life during a seven-year royal reign, emphasizing industrial advances such as steam power, the first passenger railway and steam navigation, the upheavals of reform and popular unrest including riots and agrarian disturbances, public-health crises like cholera, shifts in policing and legal responses, ceremonial and court life from funerals to coronations, and everyday manners, dress and dining. Using contemporary anecdotes, press reports, and official incidents, the narrative traces how innovation, commercial expansion, and social tensions reshaped public life while largely avoiding partisan political argument.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I. PAGE
1830.  
Illness of George IV. — His death — Sale of his clothes, etc. — The new King — His character     1
 
CHAPTER II.  
1830.  
Proclamation of William IV. — The Beer Act — The Queen and gas — Burial of George IV. — The King and the Duke of Cumberland — The King as a soldier — He meddles with the uniforms of the army     8
 
CHAPTER III.  
1830.  
The King as "bon bourgeois" — Mobbed — Street song about him — A sailor in Guildhall — Behaviour of the public at Windsor — Charles X. in England — The "New Police" — A modest advertisement     17
 
CHAPTER IV.  
1830.  
Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway — Death of Mr. Huskisson — Agricultural lawlessness — Captain Swing — Executions for riot — Riots throughout the country — Special Commissions — Prayer to be used in churches and chapels     28
 
CHAPTER V.  
1830.  
Duke of Wellington mobbed and stoned — Owing to riots, the King postponed his visit to the city — No Lord Mayor's show, nor dinner — Riots in the city — Apsley House besieged — Ireland proclaimed — Ferment in the country — Change of Ministry — Royal succession — Scotch regalia — Curious story of a bank-note     37
 
CHAPTER VI.  
1831.  
Incendiary fires — Captain Swing — The result of Cobbett's lectures — Special Commission — Prosecution of Carlile — Election expenses — List of Close boroughs — Collapse of Reform Bill — The King stoned — Debût of Princess Victoria — The Times and the House of Lords — Bribery at elections — Action for libel — "The King v. Cobbett" — Prince Leopold made King of the Belgians     49
 
CHAPTER VII.  
1831.  
Opening of New London Bridge — After the luncheon — State of the waiters — Provision for the Princess Victoria — Sale of Sir Walter Scott's MSS. — The coronation — Its expenses — A "half crownation" — The Lord Mayor and his gold cup     62
 
CHAPTER VIII.  
1831.  
Scramble for coronation medals — Bad weather — Fireworks in Hyde Park — Absence from the ceremony of the Duchess of Kent and Princess Victoria — The Times thereon — Story of a Great Seal — Reform Bill rejected by the Lords — Reform riots in the country and London — Windows of Apsley House broken by the mob     74
 
CHAPTER IX.  
1831.  
Reform procession — The Corporation of London and the King — Dreadful riots at Bristol — Riots in other parts of the kingdom — Edward Irving and the "Gift of Tongues" — The cholera — Its spread — State of Ireland — Tithe agitation — Scarcity of food — Repeal of the Union — Cases of violence     85
 
CHAPTER X.  
1832.  
Commissions at Bristol and Nottingham — Executions — Employment of children in factories — Cholera in London — Day of fast and humiliation — Riot in Finsbury — Cholera riot at Paisley — A small one in London — Decrease of cholera — Number of deaths — Cholera in Ireland — A charm against it — Its effect on rooks — The police, City and Metropolitan     101
 
CHAPTER XI.  
1832.  
Reform Bill passes the Commons — Scotch boys and the Reform Bill — Proposed increase of the peerage — Passed in the Lords — "The Marylebone or Tory Hunt" — The Duke of Wellington mobbed — The King stoned — The Queen hissed — Archbishop of Canterbury stoned     114
 
CHAPTER XII.  
1832.  
The first reformed Parliament — Steam communication with India — State of Ireland — Lawless behaviour — Malversation of justice — O'Connell and the Trades' Political Union — Crime in Ireland     124
 
CHAPTER XIII.  
1833.  
Employment of children in factories — Evidence — Passing of Factory Act — Gambling — Crockford's club — Gambling "hells" — Police case     132
 
CHAPTER XIV.  
1833.  
The overland route to India — The Government and Lieutenant Waghorn — Police magistrate and the press — Cobbett and the British Museum — Prevalence of influenza — "National Convention" riot — Policeman killed — The coroner and the jury — Adulteration of tea     143
 
CHAPTER XV.  
1833.  
The Queen's visit to the City — Her unpopularity — King's dislike of the Duchess of Kent — Hungerford Market opened — Death and funeral of Wilberforce — Abolition of slavery — Synopsis of Act — A Women's rowing match — List of periodicals and their circulation — Return of Captain Ross — State of Ireland — Passing of "Coercion Bill," etc.     154
 
CHAPTER XVI.  
1834.  
Corporation commission — Curious advertisement — Discovery of treasure — Bribery at Liverpool — Duke of York's statue — Trades' unions — Skit thereon — Riot at Oldham — Unionist oath — Union meeting and monster petition — Its fate — Duke of Wellington made Chancellor of Oxford — The Princess Victoria's lover     165
 
CHAPTER XVII.  
1834.  
Crockford's and game — The chef in trouble — Burning of the Houses of Parliament — The tapestry in the House of Lords — Story of one piece — Temporary House of Lords — Tithe riots in Ireland — Change of Ministry     178
 
CHAPTER XVIII.  
1835.  
First cargo of ice to India — Election riots at Halifax and in Scotland — A female sailor — The new temporary Houses of Parliament — The King and others hissed — Question of admitting ladies — A political skit — Deaths of Hunt and Cobbett     189
 
CHAPTER XIX.  
1835.  
Gambling house police case — Curious superstition — A cook's letter to her mistress — Jews and public employment — Fire at Hatfield House — Curious discovery of jewels — Scarcity in Ireland     201
 
CHAPTER XX.  
1836.  
Curious case of a girl stolen by gipsies — Superstition re light at Christmas in the North of England — Designs for New Houses of Parliament — King William III. statue blown up — Admission of ladies to the House of Commons — Stuart impostors — An inter-university boat race — How Cambridge came to have light blue as a colour     214
 
CHAPTER XXI.  
1836.  
Report on the British Museum — The King and the Duchess of Kent; a scene — Inauguration of George III.'s Statue at Charing Cross — Poetry at the police court — The trip of the Nassau balloon     226
 
CHAPTER XXII.  
1837.  
Epidemic of influenza — A scene in some Metropolitan graveyards — Lord de Ros and his cheating at cards — Invention of sewing machine — Coming of age of Princess Victoria — Illuminations, etc. — The Spitalfield's silk weavers' ball — Illness of the King — His death and burial     235
 
CHAPTER XXIII.  
Men's dress — Education — School advertisements — The original of Squeers — Girls' schools — Tea as a meal — Food — A foreigner's sketch of an English dinner-party — A high-class dinner — An ideal dinner     248
 
CHAPTER XXIV.  
Clubs — Theatres — Other amusements — A foreigner's idea of London — London streets and noises — "Buy a broom?" girls     262
 
CHAPTER XXV.  
Holborn Viaduct — Omnibuses — Cabs — Hansom's patent — Posting — Mail coaches — Stage coaches — Hotels     277
 
CHAPTER XXVI.  
Steam carriages on roads — Commission thereon — Steam omnibus — Railways — A nuisance — Railways started during the reign — Opening of the Greenwich Railway     286
 
CHAPTER XXVII.  
Cases of wife selling — Duelling — Cases of — O'Connell and D'Israeli — Other duels     295
 
CHAPTER XXVIII.  
Smuggling — Its prevalence — Cases — Great smuggling of silks, etc. — More cases     311
 
CHAPTER XXIX.  
Legitimate trade — The "truck" system — Its downfall — State of trade — Newspaper stamps — Steel pens — Literature — List of authors — Painters — Sculptors     321
 
CHAPTER XXX.  
Musicians — Paganini — His avarice — Ole Bull — Curious musical instruments — Jim Crow — The opera and its singers — The ballet — Actors, etc. — Madame Vestris's leg     334
 
CHAPTER XXXI.  
Architects and civil engineers — Men of science — Scientific societies — Medical men — Lawyers — "Tracts for the Times" — Curates' pay — Flogging in the army and navy — Crime — Transportation versus hulks — Stories of convicts     344

WHEN WILLIAM IV. WAS KING.