But even without honest leaf green (chlorophyll), we know that plants as low in the scale as fungi often take on the most brilliant of yellows and reds. In the painted cup the bracts, which enfold the insignificant yellowish cloistered flowers like a cape, render them great service in attracting the ruby-throated hummingbird by donning his favorite color. No lip landing place is provided for insects, as in other members of the figwort family dependent on bees; although bumblebees, which desire one, and butterflies, which suck with their wings in motion, may be rarely caught robbing the short tubes. Among the wild flowers, only the columbine, with an almost parallel blooming season, rivals the painted cup for the bird's beneficent attentions. The latter flowers at about the time the ruby-throat flashes northward out of the tropics to spend the summer. Professor Robertson of Illinois says, "In 1886 the first hummingbird seen was on May 5, visiting the Castilleja."
WOOD BETONY; LOUSEWORT; BEEFSTEAK PLANT; HIGH HEAL-ALL
{Pedicularis Canadensis) Figwort family
Flowers - Greenish yellow and purplish red, in a short dense spike. Calyx oblique, tubular, cleft on lower side, and with 2 or 3 scallops on upper; corolla about 3/4 in. long, 2-lipped, the upper lip arched, concave, the lower 3-lobed; 4 stamens in pairs; 1 pistil. Stems: Clustered, simple, hairy, 6 to 18 in. high. Leaves: Mostly tufted, oblong lance-shaped in outline, and pinnately lobed. Preferred Habitat - Dry, open woods and thickets. Flowering Season - April-June. Distribution - Nova Scotia to Florida, westward to Manitoba, Colorado, and Kansas.
When the Italians wish to extol someone they say, "He has more virtues than betony," alluding, of course, to the European species, Betonica officinalis, a plant that was worn about the neck and cultivated in cemeteries during the Middle Ages as a charm against evil spirits; and prepared into plasters, ointments, syrups, and oils, was supposed to cure every ill that flesh is heir to. Our commonest American species fulfils its mission in beautifying roadside banks and dry, open woods and copses with thick, short spikes of bright flowers, that rise above large rosettes of coarse, hairy, fern-like foliage. At first, these flowers, beloved of bumblebees, are all greenish yellow; but as the spike lengthens with increased bloom, the arched, upper lip of the blossom becomes dark purplish red, the lower one remains pale yellow, and the throat turns reddish, while some of the beefsteak color often creeps into stems and leaves as well.
Farmers once believed that after their sheep fed on the foliage of this group of plants a skin disease, produced by a certain tiny louse (pediculus), would attack them - hence our innocent betony's repellent name.
BEECH-DROPS
(Septamnium Virginianum; Epifegus Virginiana of Gray)
Broom-rape family
Flowers - Small, dull purple and white, tawny, or brownish striped; scattered along loose, tiny bracted, ascending branches. Stem: Brownish or reddish tinged, slender, tough, branching above, 6 in. to 2 ft. tall, from brittle, fibrous roots. Preferred Habitat - Under beech, oak, and chestnut trees. Flowering Season - August-October. Distribution - New Brunswick, westward to Ontario and Missouri, south to the Gulf States.
Nearly related to the broom-rape is this less attractive pirate, a taller, brownish-purple plant, with a disagreeable odor, whose erect, branching stem without leaves is still furnished with brownish scales, the remains of what were once green leaves in virtuous ancestors, no doubt. But perhaps even these relics of honesty may one day disappear. Nature brands every sinner somehow; and the loss of green from a plant's leaves may be taken as a certain indication that theft of another's food stamps it with this outward and visible sign of guilt. The grains of green to which foliage owes its color are among the most essential of products to honest vegetables that have to grub in the soil for a living, since it is only in such cells as contain it that assimilation of food can take place. As chlorophyll, or leaf-green, acts only under the influence of light and air, most plants expose all the leaf surface possible; but a parasite, which absorbs from others juices already assimilated, certainly has no use for chlorophyll, nor for leaves either; and in the broom-rape, beech-drops, and Indian pipe, among other thieves, we see leaves degenerated into bracts more or less without color, according to the extent of their crime. Now they cannot manufacture carbohydrates, even if they would, any more than fungi can.
On the beech-drop's slender branches two kinds of flowers are seated: below are the minute fertile ones, which never open, but, without imported pollen, ripen an abundance of seed with literally the closest economy. Nevertheless, to save the species from still deeper degeneracy through perpetual self-fertilization, small purplish-striped flowers above them mature stigmas and anthers on different days, and invite insect visits to help them produce a few cross-fertilized seeds. Even a few will save it. Every plant which bears cleistogamous or blind flowers - violets, wood-sorrel, jewelweed, among others - must also display some showy ones.
TRUMPET-FLOWER; TRUMPET-CREEPER
(Tecoma radicans) Trumpet-creeper family
Flowers - Red and veined within, paler and inclined toward tawny without, trumpet-shaped, about 2 1/2 in. long, the limb with 5 rounded lobes; 2 to 9 flowers in the terminal clusters; anther-bearing stamens 4, in pairs, under upper part of tube; 1 pistil. Stem: A woody vine 20 to 40 ft. long, prstrate or climbing. Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compounded of 7 to 11 ovate, saw-edged leaflets. Preferred Habitat - Moist, rich woods and thickets. Flowering Season - August-September. Distribution - New Jersey and Pennsylvania, westward to Illinois, and soutb to the Gulf States. Occasionally escaped from gardens farther north.
>From early May untll the middle of October, the ruby-throated hummingbird forsakes the tropics to spend the flowery months with us. Which wild flowers undertake to feed him? Years before showy flowers were brought from all corners of the earth to adorn our gardens, about half a dozen natives in that parterre of Nature's east of the Mississippi catered to him in orderly succeswsion. In feasting at their board he could not choose but reciprocate the favor by transferring their pollen as they took pains to arrange matters. Nectar and tiny insects he is ever seeking. Of course hundreds of flowers secrete nectar which taxes them little; and while the vast majority of these are avowedly adapted to insect benefactors; what is to prevent the bird's needle-like bill from probing the sweets from most of them? Certain flowers dependent on him, finding that the mere offering of nectar was not enough to insure his fidelity, that he was constantly lured away, had to offer some especially strong attractions to make his regular visits sure. How did these learn that red is irresistibly fascinating to him, and orange scarcely less so, perhaps for the sake of the red that is mixed with the yellow? Today we find such flowers as need him sorely, wearing his favorite colors. But even this delicate attention is not enough. He demands that his refreshments shall be reserved for him in a tube so deep or inaccessible that, when he calls, he will find all he desires, notwithstanding the occasional intrusion of such long-tongued insects as bumblebees, butterflies, and moths. First the long-spurred red and yellow columbine and the painted cup, then the coral honeysuckle, jewelweed, trumpet-creeper, Oswego tea, and cardinal flower have the honor of catering to the exacting little sprite from spring to autumn. His sojourn in our gardens is prolonged until his beloved gladioli, cannas, honeysuckles, nasturtiums, and salvia succumb to frost.
Where a trumpet vine climbs with the help of its aerial roots, like an ivy's, and sends forth clusters of brilliant tubes at the tips of long, wiry branches, there one is sure to see sooner or later, the ruby-throat flashing, whirring, darting from flower to flower. Eight birds at once were counted about a vine one sunny morning. The next, a pair of tame pigeons walked over the roof of the summer-house where the creeper grew luxuriantly, and punctured, with a pop that was distinctly heard fifty feet away, the base of every newly opened nectar-filled trumpet on it! That afternoon all the corollas discolored, and no hummers came near.
CORAL or TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE
(Lonicera sempervirens) Honeysuckle family
Flowers - Red outside, orange yellow within; whorled round terminal spikes. Calyx insignificant; corolla tubular, slender, 1 1/2 in. long or less, slightly spread below the 5-lobed limb; 5 stamens; 1 pistil. Stem: A high, twining vine. Leaves: Evergreen in the South only; opposite, rounded oval, dark, shining green above, the upper leaves united around the stem by their bases to form a cup. Fruit: An interrupted spike of deep orange-red berries. Preferred Habitat - Rich, light, warm soil; hillsides, thickets. Flowering Season - April-September. Distribution - Connecticut, westward to Nebraska, and south to the Gulf States. Occasionally escaped from cultivation farther north,.
Small-flowered bush honeysuckles elected to serve and be served by bees; those with longer tubes welcomed bumblebees; the white and yellow flowered twining honeysuckles, deep of tube and deliciously fragrant, especially after dark, when they are still visible, cater to the sphinx moths (see sweet wild honeysuckle); but surely the longest-tongued bumblebee could not plumb the depths of this slender-tubed trumpet honeysuckle, nor the night-flying moth discover a flower that has melted into the prevailing darkness when he begins his rounds, and takes no pains to guide him with perfume. What creature, then, does it cater to? After reading of the aims of the trumpet-flower on the preceding page, no one will be surprised to hear that the ruby-throated hummingbird's visits are responsible for most of the berries that follow these charming, generous, abundant flowers, so eminently to his liking. Larger migrants than he, in search of fare so attractive, distribute the seeds far and wide. Is any other species more wholly dependent on birds?
CARDINAL FLOWER; RED LOBELIA
(Lobelia cardinalis) Bellflower family
Flowers - Rich vermilion, very rarely rose or white, 1 to 1 1/2 in, long, numerous, growing in terminal, erect, green-bracted, more or less 1-sided racemes. Calyx 5-cleft; corolla tubular, split down one side, 2-lipped; the lower lip with 3 spreading lobes, the upper lip 2-lobed, erect; 5 stamens united into a tube around the style; 2 anthers with hairy tufts. Stem: 2 to 4 1/2 ft. high, rarely branched. Leaves: Oblong to lance-shaped, slightly toothed, mostly sessile. Preferred Habitat - Wet or low ground, beside streams, ditches, and meadow runnels. Flowering Season - July-September. Distribution - New Brunswick to the Gulf States, westward to the Northwest Territory and Kansas.
By the depth and brilliancy of its incomparable hue, the shade with which Vibert delighted to illumine his rich canvases, the color of the famous hat worn by seventy ecclesiastical princes of the Roman Church, but a richer red than the bird which shares the name can boast, the cardinal flower proclaims its title to all beholders. Because its vivid beauty cannot be hid, and few withstand the temptation to pick it, its extermination goes on as rapidly as its bird namesake's.
"Hast thou named all the birds without a gun?
Loved the wood rose and left it on its stalk?"
The easy cultivation from seed of this peerless wildflower - and it is offered in many trade catalogues - might save it to those regions in Nature's wide garden that now know it no more. The ranks of floral missionaries need recruits.
Curious that the great blue lobelia should be the cardinal flower's twin sister! Why this difference of color? Sir John Lubbock proved by tireless experiment that the bees' favorite color is blue, and the shorter-tubed blue lobelia elected to woo them as her benefactors. Whoever has made a study of the ruby-throated hummingbird's habits must have noticed how red flowers entice him - columbines, painted cups, coral honeysuckle, Oswego tea, trumpet flower, and cardinal in Nature's garden; cannas, salvia, gladioli, pelargoniums, fuchsias, phloxes, verbenas, and nasturtiums among others in ours. How the cardinal flower's wonderful mechanism works to utilize his visits has already been told under great lobelia, in the description of the blue lobelia of similar construction. But with a bird so much greater than the ruby-throat that the jeweled-feathered atom could be concealed under one of its talons is the red lobelia forever associated:
"The cardinal, and the blood-red spots,
Its double in the stream
As if some wounded eagle's breast,
Slow throbbing o'er the plain,
Had left its airy path impressed
In drops of scarlet rain."
A P P E N D I C E S
FRAGRANT FLOWERS OR LEAVES.
Baby's Breath. Large Purple-fringed Orchis. Smaller
Purple-fringed Orchis. Hepatica (occasionally). Purple Marsh
Clematis. English Violet. Wild Phlox. Catnip. Pennyroyal. Wild
Thyme. Peppermint. Spear Mint. Wild Mint. Pasture Thistle. Pink
Moccasin Flower. Showy Orchis. Rose Pogonia. Arethusa. Calopogon.
Night-flowering Catchfly. Bouncing Bet. Purple-flowering
Raspberry. Queen-of-the-Prairie. Wild Rose. Red Clover. Musk
Mallow. Prince's Pine. Bog Wintergreen. Pink Azalea. White
Azalea. Trailing Arbutus. Sabbatia. Fly-trap Dogbane. Four-leaved
Milkweed. Field Bindweed. Wild Bergamot. Twin-flower. Joe-Pye
Weed (slightly). Wild Spikenard (slightly). White-fringed Orchis.
Ladies' Tresses. Lizard's Tail. Bladder Campion. White Water
Lily. Laurel Magnolia. Squirrel Corn. White Sweet Clover. Wild
Grape. Sweet White Violet. Canada Violet. Sweet-Cicely. Sweet
Pepperbush. Pyrola. Shin-leaf. Wintergreen. Button-bush.
Partridge Vine. Elder. Clammy Everlasting. Bellwort. Adders
Tongue. Small Yellow Lady's Slipper. Spice-bush. Yellow Sweet
Clover. Yellow Wood-sorrel. Evening Primrose. Horse-balm. Horned
Bladderwort. Honeysuckles. Fragrant Goldenrod. Ground-nut. Pine
Sap. Oswego Tea.
UNPLEASANTLY SCENTED
Purple Trillium. Black Cohosh. Mandrake. Jamestown Weed.
Salt-marsh Fleabane. Camomile. Carrion-flower. Barberry. Skunk
Cabbage. Hound's Tongue. Beech-drops.
PLANTS AND SHRUBS CONSPICUOUS IN FRUIT
RED AND REDDISH: Nightshade. Twisted-stalk. American Cranberry.
Marsh Calla. Wild Spikenard (pale red speckled berries).
Two-leaved Solomon's Seal (pale red speckled). Wake-robins. Red
Baneberry. Red Raspberry. Strawberries. Red Choke-berry.
June-berry. Shad-bush. Hawthorns. Harmless Sumacs. Hollies.
Bittersweet. Winterberry (Black Alder). American Spikenard.
Flowering Dogwood. Dwarf Cornel or Bunebberry. Wintergreen. Red
Bearberry. Partridge Vine. Hobble-bush. Red-berried Elder. High
Bush Cranberry. Barberry. Spice-bush. Ground Cherry. Wild
Honeysuckies. Jack-in-the-Pulpit.
BLUISH AND BLACK: Deadly Nightshade. Star-flowered Solomon's
Seal. True Solomon's Seal. Large-flowered Wake-robin. Black
Raspberry. Bush Blackberry. Dewberry. Black Choke-berry. Wild
Grapes. Virginia Creeper. Cornels. Pokeweed. Huckleberry.
Blueberries. Elder. Arrow-woods. Viburnums. Nanny-berry.
Blackberry Lily.
WHITE: White Baneberry (black eye). Poison Sumac. Poison Ivy.
Panicled Dogwood. Snowberry.
FLUFFY: Thistles. Virginia Clematis. Milkweeds. White lettuce (cinnamon). Groundsel-bush. Spring Everlasting. Dandelions. Sow-thistle. Lettuces. Hawkweeds (brown).
PLANT FAMILIES REPRESENTED
WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY (Alismaceae)
Water-plantain. Arrow-head.
ARUM FAMILY (Araceae) Jack-in-the-pulpit. Green dragon. Arrow-arum. Water-arum. Skunk cabbage. Golden-club. Calamus-root.
SPIDERWORT FAMILY (Commelinaceae)
Day-flowers. Spiderwort. Wandering Jew.
PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY (Pontederiaceae)
Pickerel-weed.
BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY (Melanthaceae)
White hellebore. Bellworts.
LILY FAMILY (Liliaceae)
Lilies. Adder's tongue. Hyacinths. Star-of-Bethlehem.
Colic-root.
LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY (Convallariaceae)
Clintonia. Wild spikenard. Solomon's seals. False
lily-of-the-valley. Twisted-stalks. Indian cucumber-root.
Wake-robins. Carrion-flower. Cat-brier.
AMARYLLIS FAMILY (Amaryilidaceae)
Yellow star-grass.
IRIS FAMILY (Iridaceae)
Irises. Blackberry lily. Blue-eyed grass.
ORCHID FAMILY (Orchidaceae)
Ladies' slippers. Orchises. Rose pogonia. Arethusa. Ladies'
tresses. Rattlesnake plantains. Twayblades. Calypso. Coral-roots.
Calopogon. Adam and Eve.
LIZARD'S-TAIL FAMILY (Saururaceae)
Lizard's-tail.
BIRTHWORT FAMILY (Aristoltochiaceae)
Wild ginger. Dutchman's pipe. Serpentary.
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY (Polygonaceae) Persicarias. Smartweed. Water pepper. Lady's thumb. Pink knotweed. Climbing false buckwheat. Tear-thumb. Coast jointweed.
POKEWEED FAMILY (Phytolaccaceae)
Pokeweed.
PURSLANE FAMILY (Portulacaceae)
Spring beauty. Pussley. Portulaca.
PINK FAMILY (Caryophyllaceae)
Corn cockle. Campions. Catchflies. Pinks. Bouncing Bet.
Chickweed.
WATER-LILY FAMILY (Nymphaeaceae)
Water-shield. Pond-lilies. Lotus.
MAGNOLIA FAMILY (Magnoliaceae)
Laurel magnolia.
CROWFOOT FAMILY (Ranunculaceae)
Marsh-marigold. Gold-thread. Bane-berries. Black Cohosh.
Columbines. Larkspurs. Anemones. Hepatica. Virgin's bower.
Clematis. Water-crowfoots. Spearworts. Buttercups. Meadow-rues.
BARBERRY FAMILY (Berberidaceae)
Barberries. Twin-leaf. Wild mandrake.
LAUREL FAMILY (Lauraceae)
Spice-bush.
POPPY FAMILY (Papaveraceae) Bloodroot. Celandine poppies. California poppy. Dutchman's breeches. Squirrel corn. Bleeding-heart. Climbing fumitory. Pink and Golden corydalis.
MUSTARD FAMILY (Cruciferae)
Mustards. Charlock. Cresses. Rocket. Radish. Ladies' smock.
Toothworts. Shepherd's purse. Vernal whitlow grass.
PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY (Sarraceniaceae)
Pitcher-plant. Sundew.
ORPINE FAMILY (Crassulaceae)
Live-forever.
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY (Saxifragaceae)
Early saxifrage. Foam-flower. Mitrewort. Grass-of-Parnassus.
Hydrangea.
WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY (Hamamelidaceae)
Witch-hazel.
ROSE FAMILY (Rosaceae)
Ninebark. Meadow-sweet. Steeplebush. Goat's beard. Indian
physic. Ipecac. Raspberries. Blackberries. Dalibarda.
Strawberries. Cinquefoils. Avens. Queen-of-the-prairie. Agrimony.
Roses.
APPLE FAMILY (Pomaceae)
Chokeberries. June-berry. Shadbush. Hawthorns.
SENNA FAMILY (Caesalpinaceae)
Sensitive Pea. Partridge pea. Wild senna.
PEA FAMILY (Papilionaceae)
Wild indigo. Rattle-box. Wild lupine. Clovers. Sweet clovers.
Goat's rue. Tick-trefoils. Bush-clovers. Blue vetches. Pea vine.
Seaside pea. Butterfly-pea. Hog peanut. Milk-pea. Wild bean.
GERANIUM FAMILY (Geraniaceae)
Wild geranium. Herb Robert. Cranesbill.
WOOD-SORREL FAMILY (Oxalidaceae)
Wood-sorrels.
FLAX FAMILY (Linaceae)
Flax. Slender yellow and Ridged flax.
MILKWORT FAMILY (Polygalaceae)
Milkworts. Fringed polygala.
SPURGE FAMILY (Euphorbiaceae)
Flowering spurge.
SUMAC FAMILY (Anacardiaceae)
Sumacs. Poison ivy. Smoke bush.
HOLLY FAMILY (Ilicaceae)
Hollies. Winter-berry (black alder).
STAFF-TREE FAMILY (Celastraceae)
Climbing bitter-sweet.
JEWEL-WEED FAMILY (Balsaminaceae)
Jewel-weed. Pale touch-me-not.
BUCKTHORN FAMILY (Rhamnaceae)
New Jersey tea.
GRAPE FAMILY (Vitaceae)
Wild grapes. Virginia creeper. Ampelopsis.
MALLOW FAMILY (Malvaceae)
Mallows. Velvet leaf. Althaea.
ST. JOHNS-WORT FAMILY (Hypericaceae)
St. Peter's-wort. St. Andrew's cross. St. John's-worts.
ROCK-ROSE FAMILY (Cistaceae)
Frost-flowers. Poverty grass.
VIOLET FAMILY (Violaceae)
Violets. Pansies.
CACTUS FAMILY (Cactaceae)
Prickly pears.
LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY (Lythraceae)
Purple loosestrife. Blue wax-weed.
MEADOW-BEAUTY FAMILY (Melastomaceae)
Meadow-beauty. Deer-grass.
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY (Onagraceae)
Fire-weed. Willow-herbs. Evening-primrose. Sundrops.
Enchanter's nightshade.
GINSENG FAMILY (Ariliaceae)
American spikenard. Wild sarsaparilla. Ginsings.
CARROT FAMILY (Umbelliferae)
Wild carrot. Cowbane. Parsnips. Parsley. Sanicle. Fennel.
Pimpernel. Water-hemlock. Sweet-Cicely. Poison hemlock.
Water-parsnip.
DOGWOOD FAMILY (Cornaceae)
Cornels or Dogwoods.
WHITE-ALDER FAMILY (Clethraceae)
Sweet pepperbush.
WINTERGREEN FAMILY (Pyrolaceae)
Wintergreens. Shin-leaf. Prince's pine.
INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY (Monotrotaceae)
Indian-pipe. Pine sap.
HEATH FAMILY (Ericaceae)
Labrador tea. Azaleas. Laurels. Rhodora. Rhododendrons.
Leucothoe. Wild rosemary. Fetter-bush, Stagger-bush. Andromeda.
Cassandra. Sourwood. Trailing arbutus. Creeping wintergreen.
Bearberries.
HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY (Vacciniaceae) Huckleberries. Blueberries. Squaw huckleberry. Creeping snowberry. Cranberry.
DIAPENSIA FAMILY (Diapensiaceae)
Pyxie.
PRIMROSE FAMILY (Primulaceae)
Loosestrifes. Moneywort. Star-flower. Scarlet pimpernel.
Shooting star.
PLUMBAGO FAMILY (Plumbaginaceae)
Marsh rosemary.
GENTIAN FAMILY (Gentianaceae)
Sabbatia. Sea-pink. Marsh pink. Gentians.
DOGBANE FAMILY (Apocynaceae)
Dogbane. Indian hemp.
MILKWEED FAMILY (Asclepiadaceae)
Miikweeds. Butterfly weed.
MORNING-GLORY FAMILY (Convolvulaceae)
Wild potato vine. Bindweeds.
DODDER FAMILY (Cascutaceae)
Gronovius' dodder.
PHLOX FAMILY (Polemoniaceae)
Phloxes. Moss pink.
WATER-LEAF FAMILY (Hydrophyllaceae)
Virginia water-leaf.
BORAGE FAMILY (Boraginaceae)
Hound's tongue. Comfrey. Stick-seeds. Virginia cowslip.
Lungwort. Forget-me-not. Viper's bugloss. Vervains. Verbena.
MINT FAMILY (Labiatae)
Blue curls. Skullcaps. Catnip. Gill-over-the-ground. Self-heal.
Obedient plant. Motherwort. Oswego tea. Wild bergamot.
Pennyroyal. Sweet basil. Hyssop. Mints. Wild thyme. Dittany.
Peppermint. Citronella.
POTATO FAMILY (Solanaceae)
Ground cherry. Nightshades. Thorn apples. (Jamestown weed.)
FIGWORT FAMILY (Scrophulariaceae)
Mulleins. Butter-and-eggs. Blue toad-flax. Figwort.
Turtle-head. Beard tongues. Blue-eyed Mary. Monkey-flower.
Speedwells. Brooklime. Culver's-root. False foxgloves. Gerardias.
Scarlet painted cup. Wood betony.
BLADDERWORT FAMILY (Lentibulariaceae)
Bladderworts.
BROOM-RAPE FAMILY (Orobanchaceae)
Broom-rape. Beech-drops.
TRUMPET-CREEPER FAMILY (Bignoniaceae)
Trumpet-flower.
ACANTHUS FAMILY (Acanthaceae)
Hairy ruellia.
MADDER FAMILY (Rubiaceae)
Bluets. Button-bush. Partridge-vine. Cleavers. Bedstraw.
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY (Caprifoliaceae)
Elder bushes. Hobble-bush. Bush cranberry. Arrow-woods.
Withe-rod. Sweet viburnum. Black haw. Twin-flower. Snowberry.
Honeysuckles. Fly-honeysuckles. Bush-honeysuckles.
TEASEL FAMILY (Dipsacaceae)
Card teasel.
GOURD FAMILY (Cucurbitaceae)
Star-cucumber.
BELL-FLOWER FAMILY (Campanulaceae)
Harebell. Bellflowers. Venus' looking-glass. Cardinal flower.
Lobelias. Indian tobacco.
CHICORY FAMILY (Cichoriaceae)
Chicory. Cynthia. Dwarf goat's beard. Fall dandelion.
Dandelions. Sow-thistles. Wild lettuces. Hawk-weeds.
Rattlesnake-weed. White lettuce.
THISTLE FAMILY (Compositae)
Iron-weed. Joe-Pye weed. Boneset or Thoroughwort. White
sanicle. Climbing hempweed. Blazing-star. Button snake-root.
Golden aster. Goldenrods. Asters. Robin's plantain. Flea-banes.
Sweet scabious. Groundsel-bush. Everlastings. Elecampane.
Cup-plant. Compass-plant. Ox-eyes. Cone-flowers. Black-eyed
Susan. Sunflowers. Jerusalem artichoke. Tickseeds. Bur-marigolds.
Beggar-ticks. Sneezeweed. Yarrow. Camomiles. Daisy. Tansy.
Ragwort. Burdock. Thistles.