The matter of the augmented Romescot was brought to an end at Guildford, says the document, after the Abbot's return to England, July 22, 1412. This must not be interpreted to mean a continuous absence of five years, 1407-12, for we have seen the Abbot on his homeward way in 1408, and know that in July, 1411, he presided alone over the General Chapter of Benedictines at Northampton. 93 His absence in 1412, which is also substantiated by his bailiffs' payments to a substitute, was due to one more journey to Rome; for the account of the "Novum Opus" for 1412-3 enters payment, by consent of the Prior and the Seniors, of the large sum of £33 to the Abbot for the acceleration of certain concerns of the church in the Roman Court. It is possible that this journey took place in the autumn; for great events at home, in which the Abbot had some share, marked the months which followed. Early in 1413 94 Henry IV. had a seizure while at his devotions in the Abbey, and we should like to know whether the Abbot was in town and gave his instructions for the King's removal to the noblest apartment in the abbatial residence, Jerusalem Chamber, where he died on March 20. It does not appear that Colchester took any part in the royal obsequies, but there is no doubt that he assisted at the coronation of Henry V. in the Abbey church on that snowy Passion Sunday, April 9, 1413. For when the King's chantry was built, about twenty years after Colchester's death, its famous sculptures included two Coronation groups—perhaps, the acclamation and the homage 95—in each of which the Abbot is represented as standing, in cope and mitre, on the King's left hand, Thomas Arundel, the Archbishop of Canterbury, being on the King's right hand. We may also assume that Colchester was at Westminster to receive Henry, when he attended divine service in the church on Ascension Day and Whitsunday of that year. 96 The new King's devotion to the Abbey was beyond question, and his zeal for the immediate resumption of the New Work in the nave would tend to keep the Abbot at hand. Operations began on July 7, one thousand marks a year being granted by the Crown; 97 and Colchester would see things well in train under the hands of Richard Whitington and Brother Richard Harwden, before he left the precincts once more.
Possibly he had a rest from travel in the year 1413-4; at least we have nothing more serious to notice than his Receiver's payment of 8d. for boat hire "when my lord dined with the Archbishop at Lambhyth." But the autumn of 1414 saw him once more setting out for foreign parts; for Henry chose him as one of the English delegates to the great Council of Constance. 98 People spoke of the greatness of his train as he journeyed. Dr. Wylie remarks that he "was looked upon by the foreigners as a prince." 99 Perhaps he himself thought sometimes of the very different circumstances in which he and his man Gerard had crossed the Channel in fear and trembling, seven and thirty years earlier. He had been already engaged, as collector of the triennial contribution of ½d. in the mark imposed on English Benedictine houses, in paying out loans for their journey to the Abbot of St. Edmundsbury and the Prior of Worcester, who were the delegates from the Order to the same Council, and in sending fees to the various counsel who were retained by the Order at Constance. We have his triennial accounts as collector for 1417 and 1420, 100 which show that the business of the Council hung about him for the rest of his days; even in the latter, made up long after Constance had seen the last of its visitors, he was still reckoning the cost of a monk of Worcester's journey to Constance and back.
How long he remained at Constance, and what part he took in the tortuous proceedings, we do not know. The spring and summer of 1415 were anxious times in England, and Henry V. would be glad to have so shrewd an adviser within reach. The Abbot was now about seventy-seven years of age, and the lust of travel must have long since ceased. The King's writ went forth in May for the "Array and Munitioning of the Clergy" by July 16, 101 and the head of our House would be concerned to see that Westminster did its duty, per alios if not per se. Our Treasurers' roll for 1414-5 shows how Abbot and Convent performed their several parts:—
"For one new chariot with six horses in the same, over and above one [chariot] provided by the lord Abbot, and with a complete set of harness for the said chariot and for the horses pertaining thereto—the whole being bought and given to our lord the King on the occasion of his expedition to France, together with the wages of a valet, a groom, and a page for the said chariot, and cloth bought for their livery, besides the maintenance of the men and the horses aforesaid for three weeks, pending the King's departure for France this year. xxxiii. li. xii. d."
If we may take it that the Abbot's expenditure on his chariot was of the same extent, we have a total outlay of £66, or about £1000 of our money.
Colchester's generally good health began to fail in 1416, and his apothecary was called in to apply various remedies at a fee of 16s. 8d. 102 At home he could still find interest in watching the progress of the New Work, for the north aisle of the nave was being proceeded with and the pillars of the triforium above it were being put in their place. 103 If Henry's gifts for the purpose failed to reach Henry's expectations and the Convent's, that is only another way of saying that Colchester's aged thoughts were often occupied with the expedition to France and the scenes that he knew so familiarly. He may have taken part in the rejoicings over the victory of Agincourt; he certainly received a special message about the capture of Rouen in 1418. 104
He died in 1420 at a good old age, probably fourscore and two, and in the 34th year of his Abbacy. The exact day is not recorded. We know that there was much mortality in the Convent during 1419-20. When the Wardens of Queen Alianore's Manors made up their accounts to Michaelmas (they did so generally about November), they wrote at the end a sorrowful list of twelve names with a note that "all these died this year together with the lord Abbot and Brother Thomas Peuerel." Thus in strictness we might put his death before September 29. But the rolls were by no means precise in the matter, and often included those who died at any time before the day on which the accounts were balanced. Moreover, we have the royal licence to the Convent to elect a successor, 105 which is dated November 12, 1420. We may therefore suppose that Colchester died late in October or early in November. He was buried in the Chapel of St. John Baptist, where his much battered free-stone image lies on an altar-tomb. His initials still remain, but the heraldry has long since perished, and his mitre and gloves have lost the jewels that once adorned them. It adds insult to this injury that his countenance should be described as "stern and ill-favoured." 106
But the character behind the countenance is not difficult to sum up. In his own day he was reckoned to be a man of shrewd judgment and wide experience; we have noted the far-travelled uses that were made of him by the Convent and by the Crown, and we can conclude that his judgment increased in shrewdness as his experience extended in width. Indeed, he retained this quality to the last. We have seen that there is still extant an account of his official disbursements in behalf of the General Chapter of the Benedictines at Northampton for the last year of his life, 1420. 107 It includes payments made, for special services rendered, to two Westminster monks, who had been bidden to attend the conference. They were Richard Harwden and Edmund Kirton, and each was appointed Abbot of Westminster in his turn. It is not every man of eighty-two who is shrewd enough to pick out his successors for the next forty years, and at the same time large-hearted enough to give them every encouragement to fit themselves for the office which he holds. Indeed, his was the kind of character to which justice can only be done after a lapse of time. It is necessary to look back at the men who, noting his shrewdness, came to a conviction that he was also just and trustworthy—Richard II., who opposed his election as Abbot, but lived to prove his friendship; Henry IV., who knew his friendship for Richard, and at first treated him accordingly, but afterwards found no reason to regret the clemency shown to him; Henry V., who appreciated his devotion to Richard, and did not honour him the less because of Henry IV.'s early suspicions; and the Cardinals and others who met him in the tortuous paths by which ecclesiastical diplomacy was trying to make its way towards the peace of the distracted Church. We may leave on William Colchester's memorial an inscription taken from a letter addressed to him by Thomas Merke, Bishop of Carlisle, who was conveying to the Abbot a request that he would use his influence at the Roman Court on behalf of Merton Hall, Oxford. We shall admit that Merke was his intimate friend, and shall remember that Colchester showed his own affection for Merke by arranging that the Bishop should be commemorated at Hurley Priory along with the Abbot's parents. 108 Merke's witness, however, may still be true. "Men like," he wrote, "to know your Paternity's views on these matters, for they observe your solidity, which is a rare virtue in these days, and they give you their confidence all the more." 109 No other Abbot ruled our House as long as he; nor could any man of his line desire a more satisfying verdict on his character.
INDEX
- Agincourt, battle of, 10, 85
- Aldenham, Herts, church of, 16, 44
- Alianore, Queen, manors of, 85
- Almonry, clerks of the, 71
- Anagni, 37, 39
- Anne of Bohemia, wife of Richard II., 58, 78
- Armour, an Abbot's, 53
- Arundel, Earl of, 68
- Arundel, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, 81 f.
- Atte Belle, Richard, highwayman, 45
- Avignon, 32 f., 35 f., 39
- Beaufort, Henry, Bishop of Winchester, 78 f.
- Benedictines, general chapters of, 19, 22, 69, 80, 82, 86
- Berkhamstead, 66
- Birlingham, manor of, 68
- Bohun, Eleanor de, Duchess of Gloucester, 57
- Borewell, John, Archdeacon, 73, 77 f.
- Briefs, funeral, 51
- Bruges, 32 n., 34 f., 40
- Burgh, John, monk, 53
- Calais, 34, 40, 67
- Cambridge, 17
- Cambridge, Earl of, 26
- Canterbery, John, monk, 51 n., 53
- Chamberlain, duties and accounts of, 41 f.
- Chambers, or camerae, monks', 47-50
- Chapter House, 30
- Charing Cross, 47 f., 56
- Clehungre, William, monk, 28
- Clergy, Array and Munitioning of the, 83
- Cloisters, Little, 48
- Colchester, 15, 16, 65;
- Colchester, John, 65
- Colchester, Thomas, 65
- Colchester, William [de], Abbot, portrait in Nave window, 11, 58;
- in Shakespeare's Richard II., 14;
- native of St. Nicholas' parish, Colchester, 15 f.;
- parents and relations, 17, 65;
- First Mass, 18;
- probable date of birth, 19;
- at Oxford, 19 f.;
- promoted in Refectory, 20;
- at general chapter, Northampton, 22;
- Abbot's Seneschal, 24 ff.;
- Convent Treasurer, 27;
- proctor at Rome, 30 ff., 41 ff.;
- attempts to secure Priorship for, 42;
- Archdeacon, 43 ff.;
- his sheep, 46;
- his pension, 47;
- election as Abbot, 54 ff.;
- installation, 56;
- details of his establishment, 60 ff.;
- orders prayers in war-time, 70 f.;
- ordinance for payment to obedientiaries, 71;
- supporter of Richard II., imprisoned by Henry IV., 76;
- letter from Cologne, 77-79;
- at coronation of Henry V., 81;
- at Council of Constance, 82 f.;
- chariot provided by, 83;
- death of, 85;
- tomb of, 86;
- character of, 87 f.
- Cologne, 77-79
- Compromission, election by, 55
- Constance, Council of, 82 f.
- Coumbe, Peter, monk, 59, 63, 71, 77 f.
- Covent Garden, 47 f.
- Cretton, or Kyrton, Roger, monk, 47, 76
- Dauphiné, 35
- Deerhurst, Prior of, 63
- Denham, manor of, 61, 66, 68, 71
- Despenser, Baroness, 64
- Despenser, Henry, Bishop of Norwich, 68
- Domesday chartulary, 48
- Durham, Hatfield, Bishop of, 26
- Edmund the King, St., 58
- Edward, Black Prince, 26 f.
- Edward the Confessor, St., 22, 56 f.;
- Edward III., 24, 26, 34
- Excestr', Richard, Prior, 26, 42, 49-51
- Exchequer, Remembrancer of the, 67
- Exennia, given to monks, 18, 21;
- to Abbots, 62 ff.
- Eybury, manor of, 61
- Eynsham, Abbot of, 68
- Halle, William, monk, 42
- Harwden, Richard, monk, 81;
- Abbot, 86 f.
- Hatfield, Thomas, Bishop of Durham, 26
- Hawle, Robert, 39
- Henry III., 11 f., 48, 58 f.
- Henry IV., 14 f., 66, 76, 80, 87
- Henry V., 10, 80-84, 87
- Horsell, Surrey, 79
- Hotspur, Harry, 24
- Hurley, Berks., Priory of, 17, 62 f., 88
- Lakyngheth, John, monk, 35, 54
- Laleham, manor of, 62, 66
- Langham, Simon, Abbot and Cardinal, 19, 32, 36, 38, 63
- Langley, Edmund, Earl of Cambridge, 26
- Lethaby, Prof. W. R., 12
- Liber Niger Quaternus, 39 n., 47, 53, 73, 76
- Litlington, Nicholas, Abbot, 19, 24-27, 44 f., 48, 51 n., 52-54
- London, Tower of, 39, 76
- Malvern, Prior of, 63
- March, Philippa, Countess of, 23 f.
- Marseilles, 36, 39
- Mary, the Virgin, girdle of St., 22 f.
- Merke, or Merks, Thomas, Bishop of Carlisle, 14, 66, 79, 87 f.
- Merton Hall, Oxford, 88
- Monk-Bailiff, 16
- Musicians, Abbot Colchester's favour to, 67 f.
- Nave, the New Work in, 58 f., 63, 80 f., 84
- Neyte, la, mansion of, 52, 62, 64, 66
- Northampton, 22, 69, 80, 86
- Pampeluna, Cardinal of, 38
- Pancakes, monks', 27 ff.
- Percyvale, Master, King's musician, 68
- Pershore, 63
- Pestilence, Great, 19
- Peuerel, Thomas, monk, 85
- Poets' Corner, 11 f.
- Polo, Marco, Book of, 50
- Polychronicon, 55 n., 56
- Pyrford, manor of, 62, 66, 68, 79
- Rackham, Rev. R. B., 81 n., 84 n.
- Reigate, 76
- Repingdon, Philip, Bishop of Lincoln, 79
- Richard II., 12, 14, 28, 53-58, 66, 68, 70, 74-76, 87
- Robinson, Dr. J. Armitage, Dean of Wells, 10, 32 n., 52 n., 53 n., 54, 72, 83
- Rome, 31, 33, 37-43, 80, 88
- Romescot, collection of, 79
- Rouen, capture of, 85
- Sacrist, 23, 63, 71
- St. Edmundsbury, Abbot of, 82
- St. John Baptist, chapel of, 86
- St. Margaret, Westminster, parish of, 71
- St. Peter ad Vincula, feast of, 68
- St. Stephen's, Westminster, Dean and Canons of, 30 ff., 43
- Salisbury, William de Montacute, Earl of, 44 f.
- Sanctuary, 39, 45
- Sandon, John, monk, 65, 67
- Scott, Dr. E., Keeper of Muniments, 13
- Selby, Ralph, Archdeacon of Buckingham, monk, 75
- Seneschal, or steward, the Abbot's, 22, 24, 45 n., 60 ff.
- Sergeaunt, John, Annals of Westminster School, 29
- Skilla, or Refectory bell, 21
- Southam, Thomas, Archdeacon of Oxford, 32, 35, 39 f., 63
- Staines, manor of, 66
- Stanley, Dr. A. P., Dean of Westminster, 11 n.
- Steventon, Berks., 58
- Stowe, John, monk, 63, 67
- Sutton, Gloucs., 62
- Tivoli, 39
- Urban VI., Pope, 38 f.
- Waltham, Abbot of, 74
- Waltham, John de, Bishop of Salisbury, 74-76
- Ware, 66
- Ware, Richard de, Abbot, 22, 44
- Warwick, Earl of, 26
- Westminster Abbey, memorial windows, 10;
- Muniment room, 11, 13;
- Poets' Corner, 11 f.;
- Abbot's rent-roll, 24, 60;
- pancakes at, 27 ff.;
- Monk-Bailiff, 16; Treasurer, 19 f.;
- Refectory, 21;
- Abbot's Seneschal, 22, 24 ff., 45 n.;
- Sacrist, 23;
- Kitchener, 27 f.;
- Chapter House, 30;
- suit against St. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster, 31 ff.;
- enriched by Langham's will, 36;
- murder in the choir of, 39;
- Archdeacon of, 43 ff.;
- Lady Chapel, 47;
- Convent Garden, 47 f.;
- royal gifts to, 57 f.;
- New Work in Nave, 58 f., 63, 80 f., 84;
- prayers in war-time at, 70 f.;
- Confessor's Chapel, 74 f.;
- Henry IV.'s death at, 80;
- Henry V.'s chantry, 81
- Westminster Abbey, Almonry, clerks of, 71
- Westminster Abbey, Customary of, 18, 22 f., 44
- Westminster Abbey, Monks of, how named, 15;
- Westminster Abbey, parish of St. Margaret, 71
- Westminster Abbey, Sanctuary at, 39, 45
- Westminster School, "greese" at, 29
- Whittington, Richard, 81
- Windsor Castle, 64, 66
- Windsor Castle, St. George's Chapel in, 31, 74
- Woodstock, Thomas of, Duke of Gloucester, 57, 68
- Worcester, Prior of, 82
- Wratting, John de, Prior, 43 n., 70
- Wykeham, William of, 27, 68
- Wylie, Dr. J. H., 79 n., 81 n., 82
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