FOOTNOTES
1 Baines, “Hist. of Cotton Manufacture,” 226, 232–4. See Mr. G. P. Gooch’s “Politics and Culture,” for other coincidences.
2 The first trustworthy statistics of population were obtained in the census of 1801; but those given above are probably not very wide of the mark. The estimates are those of Rickman, quoted by Porter, “Progress of the Nation,” 13. The estimate of the “Statistical Journal” (xliii, 462), quoted by Dr. Cunningham, “Eng. Industry and Commerce,” 699, is 7,953,000 for the year 1780.
3 See Walter’s “Origin of Commerce,” iv, 401, for a full statement of this juggling with the nation’s finance.
4 “Diary of a Journey to England (1761–62),” by Count F. von Kielmansegge, 237.
5 “The Coltness Collections,” 116, quoted by J. H. Jesse; “Memoirs of the Reign of George III,” i, 29.
6 “Mems. of Queen Charlotte,” by J. Watkins, 1819, pt. i, ch. x. The Duchess of Devonshire had flaunted a head-plume of an ell and three inches.
7 See an excellent study, “Personal and Party Government (1760–1766),” by Mr. D. A. Winstanley, 1910.
8 “Corresp. of George III with Lord North,” ii, 323; Wraxall, i, 347.
9 “F. O.,” Prussia, 15, Carmarthen to Ewart, 6th January 1789.
10 For the influence exerted by George III on elections see Porritt, “The Unreformed House of Commons,” i, 409–15.
11 Pitt MSS., 195, pt. ii.
12 B. M. Add. MSS., 28062. Pitt’s answer is not among these papers. But Dr. Jackson did not gain the bishopric.
13 Lecky, v, 26.
14 Montesquieu, “Esprit des Lois,” bk. viii, ch. v.
15 See Sidney and Beatrice Webb, “The Parish and the County,” bk. i, ch. iv; bk. ii, ch. ii; Boutmy, “The Eng. Constitution” (Eng. edit.), pt. iii, sect. 3.
16 Howell, State Trials, xxiii, 231.
17 Delavoye, “Life of T. Graham,” 87.
18 “Letters from Lady Jane Coke to her friend, Mrs. Eyre, at Derby (1747–58).”
19 C. P. Moritz, “Travels in England in 1782”; W. Wales, “Inquiry into the ... Population of England” (1781), estimated the number of houses in London at 100,000, and the population at 650,000.
20 See, too, Wroth’s “London Pleasure Gardens of the Eighteenth Century.”
21 See ch. xx of this volume for details; also T. Clarkson’s “Hist. of the Abolition of the Slave Trade,” especially chs. xvii, xviii; and Prof. Ramsay Muir’s “Hist. of Liverpool,” ch. xii.
22 “Hamlet,” i, sc. 4.
23 “Wealth of Nations,” bk. iv, ch. iii, pt. 2.
24 H. Twiss, “Life of Lord Eldon,” vol. i, ch. ii.
25 H. Walpole, “Letters,” viii, 395.
26 “Mems. of Queen Charlotte,” 203.
27 See the new letter of Hugh Elliot to Pitt from Brighthelmstone, 17th Oct. 1785, quoted in ch. xvii, as to the danger of the Prince losing his life if he did not amend his ways.
28 “Mems. of Queen Charlotte,” 187.
29 “Travels in England in 1782,” by C. P. Moritz (Eng. trans., 1895), 53.
30 Rousseau, “Social Contract,” bk. iii, ch. xv.
31 Dr. Cunningham, “Eng. Industry and Commerce,” pt. ii, 546, 698.
32 Quoted by Baines, “History of the Cotton Manufacture,” 334.
33 W. Wales, op. cit., 5.
34 “Origin of Power-loom Weaving,” by W. Radcliffe, 59 et seq.
35 In Pitt MSS., 221, is a petition signed by many persons connected with the navy in favour of granting a pension to Mr. Cort, who had made “malleable iron with raw pit-coal, and manufactured the same by means of grooved rollers, by a process of his own invention.” The petitioners state that though the invention had brought no benefit to Cort, but rather the reverse, yet it had proved to be of national importance.
36 W. Wales, op. cit., 44 et seq., enumerates several cases where the rural population declined, but he attributed that fact not to the enclosures (for he states that the enclosures of wastes, which were more numerous than those of the open fields, increased employment), but rather to the refusal of landlords to build cottages, though they charged higher rents than before. For the question of enclosures, however, see Dr. Gilbert Slater’s recent work on the subject (Constable and Co., 1907).
37 See Dr. von Ruville’s work, “William Pitt, Earl of Chatham” (Eng. ed., 3 vols. 1907), for a full account of these forbears.
38 Ruville, i, 343–6.
39 Ibid., 345. Pitt finally bought about 100 acres, and further strained his resources by extensive building at Hayes.
40 “Pitt, some Chapters of his Life and Times,” by Lord Ashbourne, 161–6.
41 “The Life of William Wilberforce,” by his Sons, i, 304.
42 Pitt MSS., 11 and 13.
43 Stanhope, ii, 125.
44 “Correspondence of the Earl of Chatham,” iii, 27.
45 Notes by Bishop Tomline in the Pretyman MSS., Orwell Park.
46 Lord Fitzmaurice, “Life of Shelburne,” i, 72. See also two articles on the early life of the elder Pitt in the “Edinburgh Review” for 1910.
47 “Chatham Corresp.,” iii, 65.
48 “Chatham Corresp.,” iv, 538.
49 Pitt MSS., 11.
50 “Chatham Corresp.,” iv, 363.
51 Pitt MSS., 101. The disuse of past participles was a characteristic of that age. To write “rode” for “ridden” after the auxiliary verb was no more noticeable a defect than to walk unsteadily after dinner. One other early letter of Pitt’s bears date 1772 at Lyme Regis, and refers to some fun which he and his brothers and sisters had had on a cutter yacht. Another letter undated, but in Pitt’s round schoolboy hand, to a gentleman of Somerset, refers to sporting matters such as the lack of hares and the inability of his brother to catch those which he does start (Pitt MSS., 102).
52 From Mr. A. M. Broadley’s MSS.
53 By the kindness of the Countess Stanhope I was allowed to peruse this most interesting MS., which is preserved, along with many other Pitt treasures, at Chevening.
54 Pellew, “Sidmouth,” i, 28.
55 Ashbourne, op. cit., 7–8.
56 “Diary of Thomas Moore,” vol. v.
57 Pitt MSS., 11.
58 Ibid.
59 One remembers here the terrifying remark of Lord Acton that the mass of documents which the modern historian must consult inevitably tells against style.
60 See an interesting fragment, “Bishop Tomline’s Estimate of Pitt,” by the Earl of Rosebery (London, 1903), also in the “Monthly Review” for August 1903.
61 Dr. Pretyman was chaplain to George III, and later on Bishop of Lincoln and Dean of St. Paul’s.
62 Pitt MSS., 196. The notes and diagrams refer to the movement of bodies considered dynamically: there are also some problems in algebra. More numerous are the notes on English History, especially on the parliamentary crises of the years 1603–27, where, unfortunately, they break off. I have also found notes on Plutarch, and translations of the speech of Germanicus in Tacitus (“Annals,” Bk. I), and of parts of the Second Philippic.
63 His books went in large measure to Bishop Pretyman (Tomline), and many of them are in the library of Orwell Park.
64 “Chatham Corresp.,” iv, 289.
65 Chevening MSS.
66 Pretyman MSS., quoted by Lord Ashbourne, op. cit., 31, note.
67 “Private Papers of W. Wilberforce,” 65.
68 “Chatham Corresp.” iv, 376, 377.
69 Macaulay, “Miscellaneous Writings” (Essay on William Pitt).
70 Macaulay, “Miscellaneous Writings” (Essay on William Pitt), iv, 510.
71 “Corresp. of George III with Lord North,” ii, 154 (17th March 1778).
72 “Corresp. of George III with Lord North,” ii, 184.
73 Pitt MSS., 12.
74 Ashbourne, op. cit., 161, 162.
75 See Porritt, “The Unreformed House of Commons,” i, ch. ix, on the exclusion of poor men from Parliament.
76 Letter of 3rd July 1779. Stanhope, i, 31.
77 Chevening MSS.
78 Pitt MSS., 182.
79 “The Black Book of Lincoln’s Inn,” iv, Preface.
80 “Life of Burke,” by R. Bissett (1800), ii, 55–66.
81 Fitzmaurice, “Shelburne,” iii, 67–72.
82 Fitzmaurice, “Shelburne,” iii, 83.
83 “Black Book of Lincoln’s Inn,” iv, Preface; “Bland Burges Papers,” 58.
84 “Bland Burges Papers,” 60, 61.
85 “Life of William Pitt,” by Henry Cleland (1807).
86 As a rule, Lowther exacted strict obedience from his nominees. In 1788 he compelled them to vote against Pitt on the Regency Question.
87 Hansard, cliii, 1056, 1057.
88 Porritt, i, 315–7.
89 Burke, “Thoughts on the present Discontents” (1770).
90 For details of bribery see May, “Constitutional History,” i, 313–27; Porritt, i, 414–20.
91 “Life of Romilly,” i, 141.
92 “Memorials of Fox,” ii, 37, 38.
93 Selwyn, p. 140.
94 “Reminiscences of Charles Butler,” i, 172.
95 Wraxall, “Memoirs,” ii, 62; G. Rose, “Diaries,” i, 28.
96 Lecky, “Hist. of England in the XVIIIth Cent.,” iv, 228–34, does not absolve Shelburne of the charge of duplicity in the matter of the negotiations for peace; but Sir G. C. Lewis, “Administrations of Great Britain,” 31–48, minimizes the importance of the point at issue.
97 Fitzmaurice, “Shelburne,” iii, 118–21.
98 “Private Papers of W. Wilberforce,” 79.
99 Cartwright, “Take your Choice” (1776). In 1780 Cartwright founded “The Society for promoting Constitutional Information,” the first of the modern clubs that was purely political.
100 “The Speeches of William Pitt” (4 vols., 1806), i, 1–7.
101 “George Selwyn: his Letters and his Life,” p. 132 (Storer to Lord Carlisle, Feb. 28, 1781). He adds that Woodfall reported the debates “almost always faithfully.” I therefore see no reason for refraining, as Earl Stanhope did, from citing many passages of his speeches, on the ground that they were very imperfectly reported.
102 Ibid., p. 143.
103 These images are curiously like those used by Lord Shelburne on 25th January 1781. See Fitzmaurice, “Shelburne,” iii, 120.
104 Both letters are among the Chevening MSS.
105 “Life of Wilberforce,” i, 17.
106 Ibid., v, 292.
107 Ashbourne, p. 159.
108 “Private Papers of Wilberforce,” 68.
109 Lord Waldegrave’s “Memoirs,” p. 63.
110 Pitt MSS., 103.
111 Nicholl, “Recollections of George III,” i, 389.
112 Porritt, i, 409–15.
113 See May’s “Const. History,” i, 315 et seq. for the increase of the Secret Service Fund under George III.
114 Malmesbury Diaries, iii, 8.
115 Wraxall, ii, 434–5 (3rd edit.).
116 “Letters of George III to Lord North,” ii, 336.
117 “Life of Romilly,” i, 135.
118 Stanhope, i, 67.
119 May, “Const. History,” i, 458.
120 Rockingham, “Memoirs,” ii, 452–3.
121 Speech of 7th February 1782 (“Parl. Hist.,” xxii, p. 987).
122 Fitzmaurice, “Shelburne,” iii, 136.
123 “Dropmore P.,” i, 163; Lecky, iv ad fin.
124 Hood, Rodney’s second in command, asserted that if Rodney had fought and pursued vigorously he would have taken not five but twenty French ships of the line. See “Rodney’s Letters and Despatches,” ed. by D. Hannay for the Navy Records Society, p. 103.
125 “Parl. Hist.,” xxiii, 1.
126 “Life of Romilly,” i, 162. Romilly, who was present, quotes a sentence of the speech, which did not appear in the official report: “This House is not the representative of the people of Great Britain; it is the representative of nominal boroughs, of ruined and exterminated towns, of noble families, of wealthy individuals, of foreign potentates.”
127 “Speeches of Lord Erskine” (edit. of 1880), p. 293; “The Papers of Christopher Wyvil,” i, 424–5; State Trials, xxii, 492–4.
128 See Mahon, “Hist. of England,” vii, 17; Porritt, i, 217.
129 “Buckingham Papers,” i, 50.
130 “Parl. Hist.,” xxiii, 163.
131 “Parl. Hist.,” xxiii, 175; “Life of Romilly,” i, 173. Fox had announced to the Cabinet his intention of resigning a few days before Rockingham’s death. See the “Memorials of Fox,” i, 435 et seq.
132 Sir G. C. Lewis, “Administrations of Great Britain,” pp. 31–48.
133 Lecky, iv, 239. The original Cabinet numbered five Rockingham Whigs and five Shelburne Whigs.
134 Fitzmaurice, “Shelburne,” vol. iii, chs. iv-vi.
135 “Buckingham Papers,” i, 76.
136 Fitzmaurice, “Shelburne,” iii, 305; Stanhope, “Pitt,” i, 86.
137 “Parl. Hist.,” xxiii, 265.
138 Keppel resigned on the question of the terms of peace; the Duke of Richmond disapproved them; Grafton was lukewarm. See their speeches, 17th February 1783 (“Parl. Hist.,” xxiii, 392–6). W. W. Grenville refused to move the resolution in the Commons in favour of the peace, as Pitt urged him to do (“Dropmore P.,” i, 194).
139 “Memorials of Fox,” ii, 33.
140 “Memorials of Fox,” ii, 37, 38; “Auckland Journals,” i, 40–5. Lord John Townshend, Adam, Eden, Lord Loughborough, and George North helped to bring about the Coalition. Burke favoured the plan, also Sheridan, though later on he vehemently declared the contrary (ibid., pp. 21–4).
141 Mr. Le B. Hammond, “Life of Fox,” pp. 57, 58.
142 “My friendships are eternal, my hatreds can be appeased.”
143 “Parl. Hist.,” xxiii, 541.
144 Fox’s friends, Mr. Powys and Sir Cecil Wray, had reprobated his present action.
145 “Parl. Hist.,” xxiii, 543–50. I may here note that after the resignation of Shelburne, Pitt framed a Bill for regulating in friendly terms commerce with the United States. It was sharply criticized and much altered in committee; but his Bill as well as the words quoted above prove the depth of his conviction as to the need of winning back if possible the goodwill of those young communities.
146 Horace, “Odes,” bk. iii, 29. From modesty he omitted the words “et mea Virtute me involvo.” (“If she [Fortune] abides, I commend her. If her fleet wings quiver for flight, I resign her gifts—and hail honest, dowerless poverty as mine.”)
147 Wraxall, iii, 15.
148 Chevening MSS. Yet on 25th February, Dundas wrote of the plan as “my project” (Stanhope, i, 105).
149 Fitzmaurice, “Shelburne,” iii, 369–70; Stanhope, i, 104–9; “Memorials of Fox,” ii, 40–2. The King’s letter to Shelburne refutes Horace Walpole’s statement that the King made the offer very drily and ungraciously: also that Pitt’s vanity was at first “staggered” by the offer.
150 “Buckingham P.,” i, 170.
151 “Buckingham P.,” i, 194.
152 Pitt MSS., 103.
153 Stanhope, i, App. III.
154 Wraxall, iii, 36.
155 Sichel, “Sheridan,” i, 133.
156 “Memorials of Fox,” ii, 28.
157 Wraxall, iii, 89, 143–5.
158 “Dropmore P.,” i, 197–212. Mr. Sichel (“Sheridan,” ii, ch. ii), following the earlier biographer, Thomas Moore, proves that Sheridan sought to dissuade Fox from the coalition with North. This is doubtless true. But determined opposition should have led him to refuse office.
159 “Buckingham P.,” i, 189, 219.