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Worlds in the making: The evolution of the universe cover

Worlds in the making: The evolution of the universe

Chapter 3: ILLUSTRATIONS
By Svante Arrhenius
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About This Book

The text presents physical explanations for the origin and evolution of Earth and other celestial bodies, linking terrestrial phenomena to astronomical processes. It examines volcanoes, earthquakes, interior heat, atmospheric composition, and the factors that govern planetary habitability and climatic change. It develops solar physics, treating radiation, sunspots, prominences, and the role of radiation pressure in shaping cometary tails, dust, and exchanges of matter. The work addresses aurorae and magnetic disturbances, meteors and meteorites, and draws on observations of nebulae and stellar spectra to discuss nebular structures and collision-driven cosmogony. Physical laws and thermodynamics are applied throughout to account for large-scale cosmic evolution.

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG. PAGE
1. VESUVIUS, AS SEEN FROM THE ISLAND OF NISIDA, IN MODERATE ACTIVITY 2
2. ERUPTION OF VESUVIUS IN 1882 4
3. ERUPTION OF VESUVIUS IN 1872 6
4. PHOTOGRAPH OF VESUVIUS, 1906. CHIEFLY CLOUDS OF ASHES 8
5. BLOCK LAVA ON MAUNA LOA 10
6. THE EXCELSIOR GEYSER IN YELLOWSTONE PARK, U. S. A. REMNANT OF THE POWERFUL VOLCANIC ACTIVITY IN THE TERTIARY AGE 11
7. MATO TEPEE IN WYOMING, U. S. A. TYPICAL VOLCANIC"NECK" 12
8. CLEFTS FILLED WITH LAVA AND VOLCANIC CONE OF ASHES, TOROWHEAP CAÑON, PLATEAU OF COLORADO 13
9. THE KILAUEA CRATER ON HAWAII 15
10. CHIEF EARTHQUAKE CENTRES, ACCORDING TO THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION COMMITTEE 22
11. CLEFTS IN VALENTIA STREET, SAN FRANCISCO, AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE OF 1906 25
12. SAND CRATERS AND FISSURES, PRODUCED BY THE CORINTH EARTHQUAKE OF 1861. IN THE WATER, BRANCHES OF FLOODED TREES 27
13. EARTHQUAKE LINES IN LOWER AUSTRIA 30
14. LIBERTY BUILDING OF LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY, IN CALIFORNIA, AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE OF 1906 32
15. EARTHQUAKE LINES IN THE TYRRHENIAN DEPRESSION 34
16. SEISMOGRAM RECORDED AT SHIDE, ISLE OF WIGHT, ON AUGUST 31, 1898 35
17. PHOTOGRAPH OF THE SURFACE OF THE MOON, IN THE VICINITY OF THE CRATER OF COPERNICUS 62
18. SUN-SPOT GROUP AND GRANULATION OF THE SUN 74
19. PART OF THE SOLAR SPECTRUM OF JANUARY 3, 1872 75
20. METALLIC PROMINENCES IN VORTEX MOTION 76
21. FOUNTAIN-LIKE METALLIC PROMINENCES 76
22. QUIET PROMINENCES OF SMOKE-COLUMN TYPE 77
23. QUIET PROMINENCES, SHAPE OF A TREE 77
24. DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING THE DIFFERENCES IN THE SPECTRA OF SUN-SPOTS AND OF THE PHOTOSPHERE 78
25. SPECTRUM OF A SUN-SPOT, THE CENTRAL BAND BETWEEN THE TWO PORTIONS OF THE PHOTOSPHERE SPECTRUM 78
26. THE GREAT SUN-SPOT OF OCTOBER 9, 1903 79
27. THE GREAT SUN-SPOT OF OCTOBER 9, 1903 80
28. THE GREAT SUN-SPOT OF OCTOBER 9, 1903 81
29. THE GREAT SUN-SPOT OF OCTOBER 9, 1903 82
30. PHOTOGRAPH OF THE SOLAR CORONA OF 1900 83
31. PHOTOGRAPH OF THE SOLAR CORONA OF 1870 84
32. PHOTOGRAPH OF THE SOLAR CORONA OF 1898 85
33. PHOTOGRAPH OF ROERDAM’S COMET (1893 II.), SUGGESTING SEVERAL STRONG NUCLEI IN THE TAIL 100
34. PHOTOGRAPH OF SWIFT’S COMET (1892 I.) 101
35. DONATI’S COMET AT ITS GREATEST BRILLIANCY IN 1858 102
36. IMITATION OF COMETS’ TAILS 104
37. GRANULAR CHONDRUM FROM THE METEORITE OF SEXES. ENLARGEMENT 1 : 70 109
38. ARCH-SHAPED AURORÆ BOREALIS, OBSERVED BY NORDENSKIOLD DURING THE WINTERING OF THE VEGA IN BERING STRAIT 1879 124
39. AURORA BOREALIS, WITH RADIAL STREAMERS 125
40. AURORA WITH CORONA, OBSERVED BY GYLLENSKIÖLD ON SPITZBERGEN, 1883 126
41. POLAR-LIGHT DRAPERIES, OBSERVED IN FINNMARKEN, NORTHERN NORWAY 127
42. CURVE OF MAGNETIC DECLINATION AT KEW, NEAR LONDON, ON NOVEMBER 15 AND 16, 1905 138
43. CURVE OF HORIZONTAL INTENSITY AT KEW ON NOVEMBER 15 AND 16, 1905 139
44. ZODIACAL LIGHT IN THE TROPICS 146
45. SPECTRUM OF NOVA AURIGÆ, 1892 154
46. DIAGRAM INDICATING THE CONSEQUENCES OF A COLLISION BETWEEN TWO EXTINCT SUNS 157
47. SPIRAL NEBULA IN THE CANES VENATICI 159
48. SPIRAL NEBULA IN THE TRIANGLE 161
49. THE GREAT NEBULA IN ANDROMEDA 163
50. RING-SHAPED NEBULA IN LYRA 164
51. CENTRAL PORTION OF THE GREAT NEBULA IN ORION 165
52. NEBULAR STRIÆ IN THE STARS OF THE PLEIADES 167
53. NEBULAR STRIÆ IN THE SWAN 169
54. NEBULA AND STAR RIFT IN THE SWAN, IN THE MILKY WAY 171
55. GREAT NEBULA NEAR RHO, IN OPHIUCHUS 172
56. STAR CLUSTER IN HERCULES 173
57. STAR CLUSTER IN PEGASUS 175
58. CONE-SHAPED STAR CLUSTER IN GEMINI 176
59. COMPARISON OF SPECTRA OF STARS OF CLASSES 2, 3, 4 185
60. COMPARISON OF SPECTRA OF STARS OF CLASSES 2, 3, 4 186