444.  Freshness of Surfaces


Scald your wooden-ware often, and keep your tin-ware dry.


445.  Re-using Letters


Preserve the backs of old letters to write upon.

446.  Make Writing-Books


If you have children who are learning to write, buy coarse white paper by the quantity, and make it up into writing-books. This does not cost half so much as it does to buy them ready made at the stationer's.


447.  No Waste


See that nothing is thrown away which might have served to nourish your own family or a poorer one.


448.  Bread


As far as possible, have pieces of bread eaten up before they become hard: spread those that are not eaten, and let them dry, to be pounded for puddings, or soaked for brewis.


449.  Brewis


Brewis is made of crusts and dry pieces of bread, soaked a good while in hot milk, mashed up, and eaten with salt. Above all, do not let crusts accumulate in such quantities that they cannot be used. With proper care, there is no need of losing a particle of bread.


450.  Regular Mending


All the Mending in the house should be done once a week if possible.


451.  Never put out Sewing.


If it be not possible to do it in your own family, hire some one to come to the house and work with them.


452.  White Spots on Furniture


A warming-pan full of coals, or a shovel of coals, held over varnished furniture, will take out white spots. Care should be taken not to hold the pan near enough to scorch; the place to which heat has thus been applied, should be rubbed with a flannel while warm.


453.  Acid Fading


Sal-Volatile or hartshorn will restore colours taken out by acid. It may be dropped upon any garment without doing harm.


454.  New Iron


New iron should be very gradually heated at first. After it has become inured to the heat, it is not as likely to crack.


455.  Before Using a Brass Kettle


Clean a brass kettle, before using it for cooking, with salt and vinegar.


456.  Shaking Carpets


The oftener carpets are shaken the longer they wear; the dirt that collects under them grinds out the threads.


457.  Saving Rags


All linen rags should be saved, for they are useful in sickness. If they have become dirty and worn by cleaning silver, &c., wash them and scrape them into lint.


458.  Softening Washing-Water


If you are troubled to get soft water for washing, fill a tub or barrel half full of wood ashes, and fill it up with water, so that you may have ley whenever you want it. A gallon of strong ley, put into a great kettle of hard water, will make it as soft as rain water. Some people use pearlash, or potash; but this costs something, and is very apt to injure the texture of the cloth.


459.  Protecting Knife-Handles


Do not let knives be dropped into hot dish-water. It is a good plan to have a large tin pot to wash them in, just high enough to wash the blades
without wetting
the handles.


460.  Do It Well


It is better to accomplish perfectly a very small amount of work, than to half do ten times as much.

Be Temperate in All Things.


461.  Polishing Knives with Charcoal


Charcoal Powder will be found a very good thing to give knives a first-rate polish.


462.  Preventing Wear


A bonnet and trimmings may be worn a much longer time, if the dust be brushed well off after walking.


463.  Good Examples


Much knowledge may be obtained by the good housewife observing how things are managed in well-regulated families.


464.  Apple Pips


Apples intended for dumplings should not have the core taken out of them, as the pips impart a delicious flavour to the dumpling.


465.  Rice Pudding


A rice pudding is excellent without either eggs or sugar, if baked gently: it keeps better without eggs.


466.  "Wilful Waste makes Woeful Want."


Do not cook a fresh joint whilst any of the last remains uneaten —hash it up, and with gravy and a little management, eke out another day's dinner.


467.  Shanks of Mutton


The shanks of mutton make a good stock for nearly any kind of gravy, and they are very cheap—a dozen may be had for a penny, enough to make a quart of delicious soup.


468.  Lack of Fresh Air


Thick curtains, closely drawn around the bed, are very injurious, because they not only confine the effluvia thrown off from our bodies whilst in bed, but interrupt the current of pure air.


469.  Regular Accounting


Regularity in the payment of accounts is essential to housekeeping. All tradesmen's bills should be paid weekly, for then any errors can be detected whilst the transactions are fresh in the memory.


470.  Enough Talk


Allowing children to talk incessantly is a mistake. We do not mean to say that they should be restricted from talking in proper seasons, but they should be taught to know when it is proper for them to cease.


471.  Blacking for Leather Seats, &c.


Beat well the yolks of two eggs and the white of one: mix a tablespoonful of gin and a teaspoonful of sugar, thicken it with ivory black, add it to the eggs, and use as common blacking; the seats or cushions being left a day or two to harden. This is good for dress boots and shoes


472.  Black Reviver for Black Cloth


Bruised galls, one pound; logwood, two pounds; green vitriol, half a pound; water, five quarts. Boil for two hours, and strain. Use to restore the colour of black cloth.


473.  Enamel Paint


Special preparations of paint, styled "enamel," are now made, suitable for both useful and decorative purposes—garden stands, indoor furniture or ornaments, baths, &c. They are ready mixed in a variety of shades, can be easily applied, and dry with a hard glossy surface.

Keep the Head Cool and the Feet Warm.


474.  Hints for Home Comfort


  1. Eat slowly and you will not overeat.

  1. Keeping the feet warm will prevent headaches.

  1. Late at breakfast—hurried for dinner—cross at tea.

  1. A short needle makes the most expedition in plain sewing.

  1. Between husband and wife little attentions beget much love.

  1. Always lay your table neatly, whether you have company or not.

  1. Put your balls or reels of cotton into little bags, leaving the ends out.

  1. Whatever you may choose to give away, always be sure to keep your temper.

  1. Dirty windows speak to the passer-by of the negligence of the inmates.

  1. In cold weather a leg of mutton improves by being hung three, four, or five weeks.

  1. When meat is hanging, change its position frequently, to equally distribute the juices.

  1. There is much more injury done by admitting visitors to invalids than is generally supposed.

  1. Matches, out of the reach of children, should be kept in every bedroom. They are cheap enough.

  1. Apple and suet dumplings are lighter when boiled in a net than a cloth. Skim the pot well.

  1. When sheets or chamber towels get thin in the middle, cut them in two, sew the selvedges together, and hem the sides.

  1. When you are particular in wishing to have precisely what you want from a butcher, go and buy it yourself.

  1. A flannel petticoat will wear as nearly as long again, if turned hind part before, when the front begins to wear thin.

  1. People in general are not aware how very essential to the health of the inmates is the free admission of light into their houses.

  1. When you dry salt for the table, do not place it in the salt cellars until it is cold, otherwise it will harden into a lump.

  1. Never put away plate, knives and forks, &c., uncleaned, or great inconvenience will arise when the articles are wanted.

  1. Feather beds should be opened every third year, the ticking well dusted, soaped, and waxed, the feathers dressed and returned.

  1. Persons of defective sight, when threading a needle, should hold it over something white, by which the sight will be assisted.

  1. In mending sheets and shirts, put in pieces sufficiently large, or in the first washing the thin parts give way, and the work done is of no avail.

  1. When reading by candle-light, place the candle behind you, that the rays may pass over your shoulder on to the book. This will relieve the eyes.

  1. A wire fire-guard, for each fire-place in a house, costs little, and greatly diminishes the risk to life and property. Fix them before going to bed.

  1. In winter, get the work forward by daylight, to prevent running about at night with candles. Thus you escape grease spots, and risks of fire.

  1. Be at much pains to keep your children's feet dry and warm. Don't bury their bodies in heavy flannels and wools, and leave their arms and legs naked.

  1. Apples and pears, cut into quarters and stripped of the rind, baked with a little water and sugar, and eaten with boiled rice, are capital food for children.

  1. A leather strap, with a buckle to fasten, is much more commodious than a cord for a box in general use for short distances; cording and uncording is a tedious job.

  1. After washing, overlook linen, and stitch on buttons, hooks and eyes, &c.; for this purpose keep a "house-wife's friend," full of miscellaneous threads, cottons, buttons: hooks, &c.

  1. For ventilation open your windows both at top and bottom. The fresh air rushed in one way, while the foul escapes the other. This is letting in your friend and expelling your enemy.

  1. There is not any real economy in purchasing cheap calico for night-shirts. Cheap calico soon wears into holes, and becomes discoloured in washing.

  1. Sitting to sew by candle-light at a table with a dark cloth on it is injurious to the eyesight. When no other remedy presents itself, put a sheet of white paper before you.

  1. Persons very commonly complain of indigestion; how can it be wondered at, when they seem, by their habit of swallowing their food wholesale, to forget for what purpose they are provided with teeth.

  1. Never allow your servants to put wiped knives on your table, for, generally speaking, you may see that that have been wiped with a dirty cloth. If a knife is brightly cleaned, they are compelled to use a clean cloth.

  1. There is not anything gained in economy by having very young and inexperienced servants at low wages; the cost of what they break, waste, and destroy, is more than an equivalent for higher wages, setting aside comfort and respectability.

  1. No article in dress tarnishes so readily as black crape trimmings, and few things injure it more than damp; therefore, to preserve its beauty on bonnets, a lady in nice mourning should in her evening walks, at all seasons of the year, take as her companion an old parasol to shade her crape.

Guard the Foot, and the Head will Seldom Harm.


475.  Domestic Pharmacopœia


In compiling this part of our hints, we have endeavoured to supply that kind of information which is so often wanted in the time of need, and cannot be obtained when a medical man or a druggist is not near. The doses are all fixed for adults, unless otherwise specified. The various remedies are arranged in sections, according to their uses, as being more easy for reference,


476.  Collyria, or Eye Washes





477.  Alum


Dissolve half a drachm of alum in eight ounces (half a pint) of water.
Use
as astringent wash. When twice as much alum and only half the quantity of water are used, it acts as a discutient, but not as an eye-water.


Note
that this and the following washes are for
outward application
only.


478.  Common


Add half an ounce of diluted acetic acid to three ounces of decoction of poppy heads.


Use
as anodyne wash.


479.  Compound Alum


Dissolve alum and white vitriol, of each one drachm, in one pint of water, and filter through paper.


Use
as astringent wash.


480.  Zinc and Lead


Dissolve white vitriol and acetate of lead, of each seven grains, in four ounces of elder-flower water; add one drachm of laudanum (tincture of opium), and the same quantity of spirit of camphor, then strain.


Use
as detergent wash.


481.  Acetate of Zinc


Dissolve half a drachm of white vitriol in five ounces of water. Dissolve two scruples of acetate of lead in five ounces of water. Mix these solutions, then set aside for a short time, and afterwards filter.


Use
as astringent wash; this forms a most valuable collyrium.


482.  Sulphate of Zinc


Dissolve twenty grains of white vitriol in a pint of water or rose water.


Use
for weak eyes.


483.  Zinc and Camphor


Dissolve a scruple of white vitriol in ten ounces of water; add one drachm of spirit of camphor, and strain.


Use
as a stimulant.


484.  Compound Zinc


Dissolve fifteen grains of white vitriol in eight ounces of camphor water (
Mistura camphoræ
), and the same quantity of decoction of poppy heads.


Use
as anodyne and detergent wash: it is useful for weak eyes.


485.  Confections and Electuaries





486.  Purpose


Confections
are used as vehicles for the administration of more active medicines, and
Electuaries
are made for the purpose of rendering some remedies palatable. Both should be kept in closely covered jars.