FOOTNOTES:

1 (return)
[ J. Parsons, in his paper in the Appendix to the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ for 1746, p. 41, gives a list of forty-one old authors who have written on Expression.]

2 (return)
[ Conférences sur l’expression des différents Caractères des Passions.’ Paris, 4to, 1667. I always quote from the republication of the ‘Conférences’ in the edition of Lavater, by Moreau, which appeared in 1820, as given in vol. ix. p. 257.]

3 (return)
[ ‘Discours par Pierre Camper sur le moyen de représenter les diverses passions,’ &c. 1792. 1844]

4 (return)
[ I always quote from the third edition, 1844, which was published after the death of Sir C. Bell, and contains his latest corrections. The first edition of 1806 is much inferior in merit, and does not include some of his more important views.]

5 (return)
[ ‘De la Physionomie et de la Parole,’ par Albert Lemoine, 1865, p. 101.]

6 (return)
[ ‘L’Art de connaître les Hommes,’ &c., par G. Lavater. The earliest edition of this work, referred to in the preface to the edition of 1820 in ten volumes, as containing the observations of M. Moreau, is said to have been published in 1807; and I have no doubt that this is correct, because the ‘Notice sur Lavater’ at the commencement of volume i. is dated April 13, 1806. In some bibliographical works, however, the date of 1805—1809 is given, but it seems impossible that 1805 can be correct. Dr. Duchenne remarks (‘Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,’-8vo edit. 1862, p. 5, and ‘Archives Générales de Médecine,’ Jan. et Fév. 1862) that M. Moreau “a composé pour son ouvrage un article important,” &c., in the year 1805; and I find in volume i. of the edition of 1820 passages bearing the dates of December 12, 1805, and another January 5, 1806, besides that of April 13, 1806, above referred to. In consequence of some of these passages having thus been composed in 1805, Dr. Duchenne assigns to M. Moreau the priority over Sir C. Bell, whose work, as we have seen, was published in 1806. This is a very unusual manner of determining the priority of scientific works; but such questions are of extremely little importance in comparison with their relative merits. The passages above quoted from M. Moreau and from Le Brun are taken in this and all other cases from the edition of 1820 of Lavater, tom. iv. p. 228, and tom. ix. p. 279.]

7 (return)
[ ‘Handbuch der Systematischen Anatomie des Menschen.’ Band I. Dritte Abtheilung, 1858.]

8 (return)
[ ‘The Senses and the Intellect,’ 2nd edit. 1864, pp. 96 and 288. The preface to the first edition of this work is dated June, 1855. See also the 2nd edition of Mr. Bain’s work on the ‘Emotions and Will.’]

9 (return)
[ ‘The Anatomy of Expression,’ 3rd edit. p. 121.]

10 (return)
[ ‘Essays, Scientific, Political, and Speculative,’ Second Series, 1863, p. 111. There is a discussion on Laughter in the First Series of Essays, which discussion seems to me of very inferior value.]

11 (return)
[ Since the publication of the essay just referred to, Mr. Spencer has written another, on “Morals and Moral Sentiments,” in the ‘Fortnightly Review,’ April 1, 1871, p. 426. He has, also, now published his final conclusions in vol. ii. of the second edit. of the ‘Principles of Psychology,’ 1872, p. 539. I may state, in order that I may not be accused of trespassing on Mr. Spencer’s domain, that I announced in my ‘Descent of Man,’ that I had then written a part of the present volume: my first MS. notes on the subject of expression bear the date of the year 1838.]

12 (return)
[ ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ 3rd edit. pp. 98, 121, 131.]

13 (return)
[ Professor Owen expressly states (Proc. Zoolog. Soc. 1830, p. 28) that this is the case with respect to the Orang, and specifies all the more important muscles which are well known to serve with man for the expression of his feelings. See, also, a description of several of the facial muscles in the Chimpanzee, by Prof. Macalister, in ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ vol. vii. May, 1871, p. 342.]

14 (return)
[ ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ pp. 121, 138.]

15 (return)
[ ‘De la Physionomie,’ pp. 12, 73.]

16 (return)
[ ‘Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,’ 8vo edit. p. 31.]

17 (return)
[ ‘Elements of Physiology,’ English translation, vol. ii. p. 934.]

18 (return)
[ ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ 3rd edit. p. 198.]

19 (return)
[ See remarks to this effect in Lessing’s ‘Lacooon,’ translated by W. Ross, 1836, p. 19.]

20 (return)
[ Mr. Partridge in Todd’s ‘Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology,’ vol. ii. p. 227.]

21 (return)
[ ‘La Physionomie,’ par G. Lavater, tom. iv. 1820, p. 274. On the number of the facial muscles, see vol. iv. pp. 209-211.]

22 (return)
[ ‘Mimik und Physiognomik,’ 1867, s. 91.]

101 (return)
[ Mr. Herbert Spencer (‘Essays,’ Second Series, 1863, p. 138) has drawn a clear distinction between emotions and sensations, the latter being “generated in our corporeal framework.” He classes as Feelings both emotions and-sensations.]

102 (return)
[ Müller, ‘Elements of Physiology,’ Eng. translat. vol. ii. p. 939. See also Mr. H. Spencer’s interesting speculations on the same subject, and on the genesis of nerves, in his ‘Principles of Biology,’ vol. ii. p. 346; and in his ‘Principles of Psychology,’ 2nd edit. pp. 511-557.]

103 (return)
[ A remark to much the same effect was made long ago by Hippocrates and by the illustrious Harvey; for both assert that a young animal forgets in the course of a few days the art of sucking, and cannot without some difficulty again acquire it. I give these assertions on the authority of Dr. Darwin, ‘Zoonomia,’ 1794, vol. i. p. 140.]

104 (return)
[ See for my authorities, and for various analogous facts, ‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ 1868, vol. ii. p. 304.]

105 (return)
[ ‘The Senses and the Intellect,’ 2nd edit. 1864, p. 332. Prof. Huxley remarks (‘Elementary Lessons in Physiology,’ 5th edit. 1872, p. 306), “It may be laid down as a rule, that, if any two mental states be called up together, or in succession, with due frequency and vividness, the subsequent production of the one of them will suffice to call up the other, and that whether we desire it or not.”]

106 (return)
[ Gratiolet (‘De la Physionomie,’ p. 324), in his discussion on this subject, gives many analogous instances. See p. 42, on the opening and shutting of the eyes. Engel is quoted (p. 323) on the changed paces of a man, as his thoughts change.]

107 (return)
[ ‘Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,’ 1862, p. 17.]

108 (return)
[ ‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 6. The inheritance of habitual gestures is so important for us, that I gladly avail myself of Mr. F. Galton’s permission to give in his own words the following remarkable case:—“The following account of a habit occurring in individuals of three consecutive generations {footnote continues:} is of peculiar interest, because it occurs only during sound sleep, and therefore cannot be due to imitation, but must be altogether natural. The particulars are perfectly trustworthy, for I have enquired fully into them, and speak from abundant and independent evidence. A gentleman of considerable position was found by his wife to have the curious trick, when he lay fast asleep on his back in bed, of raising his right arm slowly in front of his face, up to his forehead, and then dropping it with a jerk, so that the wrist fell heavily on the bridge of his nose. The trick did not occur every night, but occasionally, and was independent of any ascertained cause. Sometimes it was repeated incessantly for an hour or more. The gentleman’s nose was prominent, and its bridge often became sore from the blows which it received. At one time an awkward sore was produced, that was long in healing, on account of the recurrence, night after night, of the blows which first caused it. His wife had to remove the button from the wrist of his night-gown as it made severe scratches, and some means were attempted of tying his arm.

“Many years after his death, his son married a lady who had never heard of the family incident. She, however, observed precisely the same peculiarity in her husband; but his nose, from not being particularly prominent, has never as yet suffered from the blows. The trick does not occur when he is half-asleep, as, for example, when dozing in his arm-chair, but the moment he is fast asleep it is apt to begin. It is, as with his father, intermittent; sometimes ceasing for many nights, and sometimes almost incessant during a part of every night. It is performed, as it was by his father, with his right hand.

“One of his children, a girl, has inherited the same trick. She performs it, likewise, with the right hand, but in a slightly modified form; for, after raising the arm, she does not allow the wrist to drop upon the bridge of the nose, but the palm of the half-closed hand falls over and down the nose, striking it rather rapidly. It is also very intermittent with this child, not occurring for periods of some months, but sometimes occurring almost incessantly.”]

109 (return)
[ Prof. Huxley remarks (‘Elementary Physiology,’ 5th edit. p. 305) that reflex actions proper to the spinal cord are natural; but, by the help of the brain, that is through habit, an infinity of artificial reflex actions may be acquired. Virchow admits (‘Sammlung wissenschaft. Vorträge,’ &c., “Ueber das Rückenmark,” 1871, ss. 24, 31) that some reflex actions can hardly be distinguished from instincts; and, of the latter, it may be added, some cannot be distinguished from inherited habits.]

110 (return)
[ Dr. Maudsley, ‘Body and Mind,’ 1870, p. 8.]

111 (return)
[ See the very interesting discussion on the whole subject by Claude Bernard, ‘Tissus Vivants,’ 1866, p. 353-356.]

112 (return)
[ ‘Chapters on Mental Physiology,’ 1858, p. 85.]

113 (return)
[ Müller remarks (‘Elements of Physiology,’ Eng. tr. vol. ii. p. 1311) on starting being always accompanied by the closure of the eyelids.]

114 (return)
[ Dr. Maudsley remarks (‘Body and Mind,’ p. 10) that “reflex movements which commonly effect a useful end may, under the changed circumstances of disease, do great mischief, becoming even the occasion of violent suffering and of a most painful death.”]

115 (return)
[ See Mr. F. H. Salvin’s account of a tame jackal in ‘Land and Water,’ October, 1869.]

116 (return)
[ “Dr. Darwin, ‘Zoonomia,’ 1794, vol. i. p. 160. I find that the fact of cats protruding their feet when pleased is also noticed (p. 151) in this work.]

117 (return)
[ Carpenter, ‘Principles of Comparative Physiology,’ 1854, p. 690, and Müller’s ‘Elements of Physiology,’ Eng. translat. vol. ii. p. 936.]

118 (return)
[ Mowbray on ‘Poultry,’ 6th edit. 1830, p. 54.]

119 (return)
[ See the account given by this excellent observer in ‘Wild Sports of the Highlands,’ 1846, p. 142.]

120 (return)
[ ‘Philosophical Translations,’ 1823, p. 182.]

201 (return)
[ ‘Naturgeschichte der Säugethiere von Paraguay,’ 1830, s. 55.]

202 (return)
[ Mr. Tylor gives an account of the Cistercian gesture-language in his ‘Early History of Mankind’ (2nd edit. 1870, p. 40), and makes some remarks on the principle of opposition in gestures.]

203 (return)
[ See on this subject Dr. W. R. Scott’s interesting work, ‘The Deaf and Dumb,’ 2nd edit. 1870, p. 12. He says, “This contracting of natural gestures into much shorter gestures than the natural expression requires, is very common amongst the deaf and dumb. This contracted gesture is frequently so shortened as nearly to lose all semblance of the natural one, but to the deaf and dumb who use it, it still has the force of the original expression.”]

301 (return)
[ See the interesting cases collected by M. G. Pouchet in the ‘Revue des Deux Mondes,’ January 1, 1872, p. 79. An instance was also brought some years ago before the British Association at Belfast.]

302 (return)
[ Müller remarks (‘Elements of Physiology,’ Eng. translat. vol. ii. p. 934) that when the feelings are very intense, “all the spinal nerves become affected to the extent of imperfect paralysis, or the excitement of trembling of the whole body.”]

303 (return)
[ ‘Leçons sur les Prop. des Tissus Vivants,’ 1866, pp. 457-466.]

304 (return)
[ Mr. Bartlett, “Notes on the Birth of a Hippopotamus,” Proc. Zoolog. Soc. 1871, p. 255.]

305 (return)
[ See, on this subject, Claude Bernard, ‘Tissus Vivants,’ 1866, pp. 316, 337, 358. Virchow expresses himself to almost exactly the same effect in his essay “Ueber das Rückenmark” (Sammlung wissenschaft. Vorträge, 1871, s. 28).]

306 (return)
[ Müller (‘Elements of Physiology,’ Eng. translat. vol. ii. p. 932) in speaking of the nerves, says, “any sudden change of condition of whatever kind sets the nervous principle into action.” See Virchow and Bernard on the same subject in passages in the two works referred to in my last foot-note.]

307 (return)
[ H. Spencer, ‘Essays, Scientific, Political,’ &c., Second Series, 1863, pp. 109, 111.]

308 (return)
[ Sir H. Holland, in speaking (‘Medical Notes and Reflexions,’ 1839, p. 328) of that curious state of body called the fidgets, remarks that it seems due to “an accumulation of some cause of irritation which requires muscular action for its relief.”]

309 (return)
[ I am much indebted to Mr. A. H. Garrod for having informed me of M. Lorain’s work on the pulse, in which a sphygmogram of a woman in a rage is given; and this shows much difference in the rate and other characters from that of the same woman in her ordinary state.]

310 (return)
[ How powerfully intense joy excites the brain, and how the brain reacts on the body, is well shown in the rare cases of Psychical Intoxication. Dr. J. Crichton Browne (‘Medical Mirror,’ 1865) records the case of a young man of strongly nervous temperament, who, on hearing by a telegram that a fortune had been bequeathed him, first became pale, then exhilarated, and soon in the highest spirits, but flushed and very restless. He then took a walk with a friend for the sake of tranquillising himself, but returned staggering in his gait, uproariously laughing, yet irritable in temper, incessantly talking, and singing loudly in the public streets. It was positively ascertained that he had not touched any spirituous liquor, though every one thought that he was intoxicated. Vomiting after a time came on, and the half-digested contents of his stomach were examined, but no odour of alcohol could be detected. He then slept heavily, and on awaking was well, except that he suffered from headache, nausea, and prostration of strength.]

311 (return)
[ Dr. Darwin, ‘Zoonomia,’ 1794, vol. i. p. 148.]

312 (return)
[ Mrs. Oliphant, in her novel of ‘Miss Majoribanks,’ p. 362. All this reacts on the brain, and prostration soon follows with collapsed muscles and dulled eyes. As associated habit no longer prompts the sufferer to action, he is urged by his friends to voluntary exertion, and not to give way to silent, motionless grief. Exertion stimulates the heart, and this reacts on the brain, and aids the mind to bear its heavy load.]

401 (return)
[ See the evidence on this head in my ‘Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. i. p. 27. On the cooing of pigeons, vol. i. pp. 154, 155.]

402 (return)
[ ‘Essays, Scientific, Political, and Speculative,’ 1858. ‘The Origin and Function of Music,’ p. 359.]

403 (return)
[ ‘The Descent of Man,’ 1870, vol. ii. p. 332. The words quoted are from Professor Owen. It has lately been shown that some quadrupeds much lower in the scale than monkeys, namely Rodents, are able to produce correct musical tones: see the account of a singing Hesperomys, by the Rev. S. Lockwood, in the ‘American Naturalist,’ vol. v. December, 1871, p. 761.]

404 (return)
[ Mr. Tylor (‘Primitive Culture,’ 1871, vol. i. p. 166), in his discussion on this subject, alludes to the whining of the dog.]

405 (return)
[ ‘Naturgeschichte der Säugethiere von Paraguay,’ 1830, s. 46.]

406 (return)
[ Quoted by Gratiolet, ‘De la Physionomie,’ 1865, p. 115.]

407 (return)
[ ‘Théorie Physiologique de la Musique,’ Paris, 1868, P. 146. Helmholtz has also fully discussed in this profound work the relation of the form of the cavity of the mouth to the production of vowel-sounds.]

408 (return)
[ I have given some details on this subject in my ‘Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 352, 384.]

409 (return)
[ As quoted in Huxley’s ‘Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature,’ 1863, p. 52.]

410 (return)
[ Illust. Thierleben, 1864, B. i. s. 130.]

411 (return)
[ The Hon. J. Caton, Ottawa Acad. of Nat. Sciences, May, 1868, pp. 36, 40. For the Capra, Ægagrus, ‘Land and Water,’ 1867, p. 37.]

412 (return)
[ ‘Land and Water,’ July 20, 1867, p. 659.]

413 (return)
[ Phaeton rubricauda: ‘Ibis,’ vol. iii. 1861, p. 180.]

414 (return)
[ On the Strix flammea, Audubon, ‘Ornithological Biography,’ 1864, vol. ii. p. 407. I have observed other cases in the Zoological Gardens.]

415 (return)
[ Melopsittacus undulatus. See an account of its habits by Gould, ‘Handbook of Birds of Australia,’ 1865, vol. ii. p. 82.]

416 (return)
[ See, for instance, the account which I have given (‘Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 32) of an Anolis and Draco.]

417 (return)
[ These muscles are described in his well-known works. I am greatly indebted to this distinguished observer for having given me in a letter information on this same subject.]

418 (return)
[ ‘Lehrbuch der Histologie des Menschen,’ 1857, s. 82. I owe to Prof. W. Turner’s kindness an extract from this work.]

419 (return)
[ ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science,’ 1853, vol. i. p. 262.]

420 (return)
[ ‘Lehrbuch der Histologie,’ 1857, s. 82.]

421 (return)
[ ‘Dictionary of English Etymology,’ p. 403.]

422 (return)
[ See the account of the habits of this animal by Dr. Cooper, as quoted in ‘Nature,’ April 27, 1871, p. 512.]

423 (return)
[ Dr. Günther, ‘Reptiles of British India,’ p. 262.]

424 (return)
[ Mr. J. Mansel Weale, ‘Nature,’ April 27, 1871, p. 508.]

425 (return)
[ ‘Journal of Researches during the Voyage of the “Beagle,”’ 1845, p. 96. I have compared the rattling thus produced with that of the Rattle-snake.]

426 (return)
[ See the account by Dr. Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 196.]

427 (return)
[ The ‘American Naturalist,’ Jan. 1872, p. 32. I regret that I cannot follow Prof. Shaler in believing that the rattle has been developed, by the aid of natural selection, for the sake of producing sounds which deceive and attract birds, so that they may serve as prey to the snake. I do not, however, wish to doubt that the sounds may occasionally subserve this end. But the conclusion at which I have arrived, viz. that the rattling serves as a warning to would-be devourers, appears to me much more probable, as it connects together various classes of facts. If this snake had acquired its rattle and the habit of rattling, for the sake of attracting prey, it does not seem probable that it would have invariably used its instrument when angered or disturbed. Prof. Shaler takes nearly the same view as I do of the manner of development of the rattle; and I have always held this opinion since observing the Trigonocephalus in South America.]

428 (return)
[ From the accounts lately collected, and given in the ‘Journal of the Linnean Society,’ by Airs. Barber, on the habits of the snakes of South Africa; and from the accounts published by several writers, for instance by Lawson, of the rattle-snake in North America,—it does not seem improbable that the terrific appearance of snakes and the sounds produced by them, may likewise serve in procuring prey, by paralysing, or as it is sometimes called fascinating, the smaller animals.]

429 (return)
[ See the account by Dr. R. Brown, in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 39. He says that as soon as a pig sees a snake it rushes upon it; and a snake makes off immediately on the appearance of a pig.]

430 (return)
[ Dr. Günther remarks (‘Reptiles of British India,’ p. 340) on the destruction of cobras by the ichneumon or herpestes, and whilst the cobras are young by the jungle-fowl. It is well known that the peacock also eagerly kills snakes.]

431 (return)
[ Prof. Cope enumerates a number of kinds in his ‘Method of Creation of Organic Types,’ read before the American Phil. Soc., December 15th, 1871, p. 20. Prof. Cope takes the same view as I do of the use of the gestures and sounds made by snakes. I briefly alluded to this subject in the last edition of my ‘Origin of Species.’ Since the passages in the text above have been printed, I have been pleased to find that Mr. Henderson (‘The American Naturalist,’ May, 1872, p. 260) also takes a similar view of the use of the rattle, namely “in preventing an attack from being made.”]

432 (return)
[ Mr. des Vœux, in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 3.]

433 (return)
[ ‘The Sportsman and Naturalist in Canada,’ 1866, p. 53. p. 53.{sic}]

434 (return)
[ ‘The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia,’ 1867, p. 443.]

501 (return)
[ ‘The Anatomy of Expression,’ 1844, p. 190.]

502 (return)
[ ‘De la Physionomie,’ 1865, pp. 187, 218.]

503 (return)
[ ‘The Anatomy of Expression,’ 1844, p. 140.]

504 (return)
[ Many particulars are given by Gueldenstädt in his account of the jackal in Nov. Comm. Acad. Sc. Imp. Petrop. 1775, tom. xx. p. 449. See also another excellent account of the manners of this animal and of its play, in ‘Land and Water,’ October, 1869. Lieut. Annesley, R. A., has also communicated to me some particulars with respect to the jackal. I have made many inquiries about wolves and jackals in the Zoological Gardens, and have observed them for myself.]

505 (return)
[ ‘Land and Water,’ November 6, 1869.]

506 (return)
[ Azara, ‘Quadrupèdes du Paraquay,’ 1801, tom. 1. p. 136.]

507 (return)
[ ‘Land and Water,’ 1867, p. 657. See also Azara on the Puma, in the work above quoted.]

508 (return)
[ Sir C. Bell, ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ 3rd edit. p. 123. See also p. 126, on horses not breathing through their mouths, with reference to their distended nostrils.]

509 (return)
[ ‘Land and Water,’ 1869, p. 152.]

510 (return)
[ ‘Natural History of Mammalia,’ 1841, vol. 1. pp. 383, 410.]

511 (return)
[ Rengger (‘Sagetheire von Paraquay’, 1830, s. 46) kept these monkeys in confinement for seven years in their native country of Paraguay.]

512 (return)
[ Rengger, ibid. s. 46. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative, Eng. translat. vol. iv. p. 527.]

513 (return)
[ Nat. Hist. of Mammalia, 1841, p. 351.]

514 (return)
[ Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ B. i. s. 84. On baboons striking the ground, s. 61.]

515 (return)
[ Brehm remarks (‘Thierleben,’ s. 68) that the eyebrows of the Inuus ecaudatus are frequently moved up and down when the animal is angered.]

516 (return)
[ G. Bennett, ‘Wanderings in New South Wales,’ &c. vol. ii. 1834, p. 153. FIG. 18.-Chimpanzee disappointed and sulky. Drawn from life by Mr. Wood.]

517 (return)
[ W. L. Martin, Nat. Hist. of Mamm. Animals, 1841, p. 405.]

518 (return)
[ Prof. Owen on the Orang, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1830, p. 28. On the Chimpanzee, see Prof. Macalister, in Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. vii. 1871, p. 342, who states that the corrugator supercilii is inseparable from the orbicularis palpebrarum.]

519 (return)
[ Boston Journal of Nat. Hist. 1845—-47, vol. v. p. 423. On the Chimpanzee, ibid. 1843-44, vol. iv. p. 365.]

520 (return)
[ See on this subject, ‘Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p. 20.]

521 (return)
[ ‘Descent of Man,’ vol, i. p, 43.]

522 (return)
[ ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ 3rd edit. 1844, pp. 138, 121.]

601 (return)
[ The best photographs in my collection are by Mr. Rejlander, of Victoria Street, London, and by Herr Kindermann, of Hamburg. Figs. 1, 3, 4, and 6 are by the former; and figs. 2 and 5, by the latter gentleman. Fig. 6 is given to show moderate crying in an older child.]

602 (return)
[ Henle (‘Handbuch d. Syst. Anat. 1858, B. i. s. 139) agrees with Duchenne that this is the effect of the contraction of the pyramidalis nasi.]

603 (return)
[ These consist of the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, the levator labii proprius, the malaris, and the zygomaticus minor, or little zygomatic. This latter muscle runs parallel to and above the great zygomatic, and is attached to the outer part of the upper lip. It is represented in fig. 2 (I. p. 24), but not in figs. 1 and 3. Dr. Duchenne first showed (‘Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,’ Album, 1862, p. 39) the importance of the contraction of this muscle in the shape assumed by the features in crying. Henle considers the above-named muscles (excepting the malaris) as subdivisions of the quadratus labii superioris.]

604 (return)
[ Although Dr. Duchenne has so carefully studied the contraction of the different muscles during the act of crying, and the furrows on the face thus produced, there seems to be something incomplete in his account; but what this is I cannot say. He has given a figure (Album, fig. 48) in which one half of the face is made, by galvanizing the proper muscles, to smile; whilst the other half is similarly made to begin crying. Almost all those (viz. nineteen out of twenty-one persons) to whom I showed the smiling half of the face instantly recognized the expression; but, with respect to the other half, only six persons out of twenty-one recognized it,—that is, if we accept such terms as “grief,” “misery,” “annoyance,” as correct;—whereas, fifteen persons were ludicrously mistaken; some of them saying the face expressed “fun,” “satisfaction,” “cunning,” “disgust,” &c. We may infer from this that there is something wrong in the expression. Some of the fifteen persons may, however, have been partly misled by not expecting to see an old man crying, and by tears not being secreted. With respect to another figure by Dr. Duchenne (fig. 49), in which the muscles of half the face are galvanized in order to represent a man beginning to cry, with the eyebrow on the same side rendered oblique, which is characteristic of misery, the expression was recognized by a greater proportional number of persons. Out of twenty-three persons, fourteen answered correctly, “sorrow,” “distress,” “grief,” “just going to cry,” “endurance of pain,” &c. On the other hand, nine persons either could form no opinion or were entirely wrong, answering, “cunning leer,” “jocund,” “looking at an intense light,” “looking at a distant object,” &c.]

605 (return)
[ Mrs. Gaskell, ‘Mary Barton,’ new edit. p. 84.]

606 (return)
[ ‘Mimik und Physiognomik,’ 1867, s. 102. Duchenne, Mécanisme de la Phys. Humaine, Album, p. 34.]

607 (return)
[ Dr. Duchenne makes this remark, ibid. p. 39.]

608 (return)
[ ‘The Origin of Civilization,’ 1870, p. 355.]

609 (return)
[ See, for instance, Mr. Marshall’s account of an idiot in Philosoph. Transact. 1864, p. 526. With respect to cretins, see Dr. Piderit, ‘Mimik und Physiognomik,’ 1867, s. 61.]

610 (return)
[ ‘New Zealand and its Inhabitants,’ 1855, p. 175.]

611 (return)
[ ‘De la Physionomie,’ 1865, p. 126.]

612 (return)
[ ‘The Anatomy of Expression,’ 1844, p. 106. See also his paper in the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ 1822, p. 284, ibid. 1823, pp. 166 and 289. Also ‘The Nervous System of the Human Body,’ 3rd edit. 1836, p. 175.]

613 (return)
[ See Dr. Brinton’s account of the act of vomiting, in Todd’s Cyclop. of Anatomy and Physiology, 1859, vol. v. Supplement, p. 318.]

614 (return)
[ I am greatly indebted to Mr. Bowman for having introduced me to Prof. Donders, and for his aid in persuading this great physiologist to undertake the investigation of the present subject. I am likewise much indebted to Mr. Bowman for having given me, with the utmost kindness, information on many points.]

615 (return)
[ This memoir first appeared in the ‘Nederlandsch Archief voor Genees en Natuurkunde,’ Deel 5, 1870. It has been translated by Dr. W. D. Moore, under the title of “On the Action of the Eyelids in determination of Blood from expiratory effort,” in ‘Archives of Medicine,’ edited by Dr. L. S. Beale, 1870, vol. v. p. 20.]

616 (return)
[ Prof. Donders remarks (ibid. p. 28), that, “After injury to the eye, after operations, and in some forms of internal inflammation, we attach great value to the uniform support of the closed eyelids, and we increase this in many instances by the application of a bandage. In both cases we carefully endeavour to avoid great expiratory pressure, the disadvantage of which is well known.” Mr. Bowman informs me that in the excessive photophobia, accompanying what is called scrofulous ophthalmia in children, when the light is so very painful that during weeks or months it is constantly excluded by the most forcible closure of the lids, he has often been struck on opening the lids by the paleness of the eye,—not an unnatural paleness, but an absence of the redness that might have been expected when the surface is somewhat inflamed, as is then usually the case; and this paleness he is inclined to attribute to the forcible closure of the eyelids.]

617 (return)
[ Donders, ibid. p. 36.]

618 (return)
[ Mr. Hensleigh Wedgwood (Dict. of English Etymology, 1859, vol. i. p. 410) says, “the verb to weep comes from Anglo-Saxon wop, the primary meaning of which is simply outcry.”]

619 (return)
[ ‘De la Physionomie,’ 1865, p. 217.]

620 (return)
[ ‘Ceylon,’ 3rd edit. 1859, vol. ii. pp. 364, 376. I applied to Mr. Thwaites, in Ceylon, for further information with respect to the weeping of the elephant; and in consequence received a letter from the Rev. Mr Glenie, who, with others, kindly observed for me a herd of recently captured elephants. These, when irritated, screamed violently; but it is remarkable that they never when thus screaming contracted the muscles round the eyes. Nor did they shed tears; and the native hunters asserted that they had never observed elephants weeping. Nevertheless, it appears to me impossible to doubt Sir E. Tennent’s distinct details about their weeping, supported as they are by the positive assertion of the keeper in the Zoological Gardens. It is certain that the two elephants in the Gardens, when they began to trumpet loudly, invariably contracted their orbicular muscles. I can reconcile these conflicting statements only by supposing that the recently captured elephants in Ceylon, from being enraged or frightened, desired to observe their persecutors, and consequently did not contract their orbicular muscles, so that their vision might not be impeded. Those seen weeping by Sir E. Tennent were prostrate, and had given up the contest in despair. The elephants which trumpeted in the Zoological Gardens at the word of command, were, of course, neither alarmed nor enraged.]

621 (return)
[ Bergeon, as quoted in the ‘Journal of Anatomy and Physiology,’ Nov. 1871, p. 235.]

622 (return)
[ See, for instance, a case given by Sir Charles Bell, ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ 1823, p. 177.]

623 (return)
[ See, on these several points, Prof. Donders ‘On the Anomalies of Accommodation and Refraction of the Eye,’ 1864, p. 573.]

624 (return)
[ Quoted by Sir J. Lubbock, ‘Prehistoric Times,’ 1865, p. 458.]

701 (return)
[ The above descriptive remarks are taken in part from my own observations, but chiefly from Gratiolet (‘De la Physionomie,’ pp. 53, 337; on Sighing, 232), who has well treated this whole subject. See, also, Huschke, ‘Mimices et Physiognomices, Fragmentum Physiologi-cum,’ 1821, p. 21. On the dulness of the eyes, Dr. Piderit, ‘Mimik und Physiognomik,’ 1867, s. 65.]

702 (return)
[ On the action of grief on the organs of respiration, see more especially Sir C. Bell, ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ 3rd edit. 1844, p. 151.]

703 (return)
[ In the foregoing remarks on the manner in which the eyebrows are made oblique, I have followed what seems to be the universal opinion of all the anatomists, whose works I have consulted on the action of the above-named muscles, or with whom I have conversed. Hence throughout this work I shall take a similar view of the action of the corrugator supercilii, orbicularis, pyramidalis nasi, and frontalis muscles. Dr. Duchenne, however, believes, and every conclusion at which he arrives deserves serious consideration, that it is the corrugator, called by him the sourcilier, which raises the inner corner of the eyebrows and is antagonistic to the upper and inner part of the orbicular muscle, as well as to the pyramidalis nasi (see Mécanisme de la Phys. Humaine, 1862, folio, art. v., text and figures 19 to 29: octavo edit. 1862, p. 43 text). He admits, however, that the corrugator draws together the eyebrows, causing vertical furrows above the base of the nose, or a frown. He further believes that towards the outer two-thirds of the eyebrow the corrugator acts in conjunction with the upper orbicular muscle; both here standing in antagonism to the frontal muscle. I am unable to understand, judging from Henle’s drawings (woodcut, fig. 3), how the corrugator can act in the manner described by Duchenne. See, also, on this subject, Prof. Donders’ remarks in the ‘Archives of Medicine,’ 1870, vol. v. p. 34. Mr. J. Wood, who is so well known for his careful study of the muscles of the human frame, informs me that he believes the account which I have given of the action of the corrugator to be correct. But this is not a point of any importance with respect to the expression which is caused by the obliquity of the eyebrows, nor of much importance to the theory of its origin.]

704 (return)
[ I am greatly indebted to Dr. Duchenne for permission to have these two photographs (figs. 1 and 2) reproduced by the heliotype process from his work in folio. Many of the foregoing remarks on the furrowing of the skin, when the eyebrows are rendered oblique, are taken from his excellent discussion on this subject.]

705 (return)
[ Mécanisme de la Phys. Humaine, Album, p. 15.]

706 (return)
[ Henle, Handbuch der Anat. des Menschen, 1858, B. i. s. 148, figs. 68 and 69.]

707 (return)
[ See the account of the action of this muscle by Dr. Duchenne, ‘Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine, Album (1862), viii. p. 34.]

801 (return)
[ Herbert Spencer, ‘Essays Scientific,’ &c., 1858, p. 360.]

802 (return)
[ F. Lieber on the vocal sounds of L. Bridgman, ‘Smithsonian Contributions,’ 1851, vol. ii. p. 6.]

803 (return)
[ See, also, Mr. Marshall, in Phil. Transact. 1864, p. 526.]

804 (return)
[ Mr. Bain (‘The Emotions and the Will,’ 1865, p. 247) has a long and interesting discussion on the Ludicrous. The quotation above given about the laughter of the gods is taken from this work. See, also, Mandeville, ‘The Fable of the Bees,’ vol. ii. p. 168.]

805 (return)
[ ‘The Physiology of Laughter,’ Essays, Second Series, 1863, p. 114.]

806 (return)
[ J. Lister in ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science,’ 1853, vol. 1. p. 266.]

807 (return)
[ ‘De la Physionomie,’ p. 186.]

808 (return)
[ Sir C. Bell (Anat. of Expression, p. 147) makes some remarks on the movement of the diaphragm during laughter.]

809 (return)
[ ‘Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,’ Album, Légende vi.]

810 (return)
[ Handbuch der System. Anat. des Menschen, 1858, B. i. s. 144. See my woodcut (H. fig. 2).]

811 (return)
[ See, also, remarks to the same effect by Dr. J. Crichton Browne in ‘Journal of Mental Science,’ April, 1871, p. 149.]

812 (return)
[ C. Vogt, ‘Mémoire sur les Microcéphales,’ 1867, p. 21.]

813 (return)
[ Sir C. Bell, ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ p. 133.]

814 (return)
[ ‘Mimik und Physiognomik,’ 1867, s. 63-67.]

815 (return)
[ Sir T. Reynolds remarks (‘Discourses,’ xii. p. 100), “it is curious to observe, and it is certainly true, that the extremes of contrary passions are, with very little variation, expressed by the same action.” He gives as an instance the frantic joy of a Bacchante and the grief of a Mary Magdalen.]

816 (return)
[ Dr. Piderit has come to the same conclusion, ibid. s. 99.]

817 (return)
[ ‘La Physionomie,’ par G. Lavater, edit. of 1820, vol. iv. p. 224. See, also, Sir C. Bell, ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ p. 172, for the quotation given below.]

818 (return)
[ A ‘Dictionary of English Etymology,’ 2nd edit. 1872, Introduction, p. xliv.]

819 (return)
[ Crantz, quoted by Tylor, ‘Primitive Culture,’ 1871, Vol. i. P. 169.]

820 (return)
[ F. Lieber, ‘Smithsonian Contributions,’ 1851, vol. ii. p. 7.]

821 (return)
[ Mr. Bain remarks (‘Mental and Moral Science,’ 1868, p. 239), “Tenderness is a pleasurable emotion, variously stimulated, whose effort is to draw human beings into mutual embrace.”]

822 (return)
[ Sir J. Lubbock, ‘Prehistoric Times,’ 2nd edit. 1869, p. 552, gives full authorities for these statements. The quotation from Steele is taken from this work.]

823 (return)
[ See a full acount,{sic} with references, by E. B. Tylor, ‘Researches into the Early History of Mankind,’ 2nd edit. 1870, p. 51.]