824 (return)
[ ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 336.]

825 (return)
[ Dr. Mandsley has a discussion to this effect in his ‘Body and Mind,’ 1870, p. 85.]

826 (return)
[ ‘The Anatomy of Expression,’ p. 103, and ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ 1823, p. 182.]

827 (return)
[ ‘The Origin of Language,’ 1866, p. 146. Mr. Tylor (‘Early History of Mankind,’ 2nd edit. 1870, p. 48) gives a more complex origin to the position of the hands during prayer.]

901 (return)
[ ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ pp. 137, 139. It is not surprising that the corrugators should have become much more developed in man than in the anthropoid apes; for they are brought into incessant action by him under various circumstances, and will have been strengthened and modified by the inherited effects of use. We have seen how important a part they play, together with the orbiculares, in protecting the eyes from being too much gorged with blood during violent expiratory movements. When the eyes are closed as quickly and as forcibly as possible, to save them from being injured by a blow, the corrugators contract. With savages or other men whose heads are uncovered, the eyebrows are continually lowered and contracted to serve as a shade against a too strong light; and this is effected partly by the corrugators. This movement would have been more especially serviceable to man, as soon as his early progenitors held their heads erect. Lastly, Prof. Donders believes (‘Archives of Medicine,’ ed. by L. Beale, 1870, vol. v. p. 34), that the corrugators are brought into action in causing the eyeball to advance in accommodation for proximity in vision.]

902 (return)
[ ‘Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,’ Album, Légende iii.]

903 (return)
[ ‘Mimik und Physiognomik,’ s. 46.]

904 (return)
[ ‘History of the Abipones,’ Eng. translat. vol. ii. p. 59, as quoted by Lubbock, ‘Origin of Civilisation,’ 1870, p. 355.]

905 (return)
[ ‘De la Physionomie,’ pp. 15, 144, 146. Mr. Herbert Spencer accounts for frowning exclusively by the habit of contracting the brows as a shade to the eyes in a bright light: see ‘Principles of Physiology,’ 2nd edit. 1872, p. 546.]

906 (return)
[ Gratiolet remarks (De la Phys. p. 35), “Quand l’attention est fixee sur quelque image interieure, l’oeil regarde dons le vide et s’associe automatiquement a la contemplation de l’esprit.” But this view hardly deserves to be called an explanation.]

907 (return)
[ ‘Miles Gloriosus,’ act ii. sc. 2.]

908 (return)
[ The original photograph by Herr Kindermann is much more expressive than this copy, as it shows the frown on the brow more plainly.]

909 (return)
[ ‘Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,’ Album, Légende iv. figs. 16-18.]

910 (return)
[ Hensleigh Wedgwood on ‘The Origin of Language,’ 1866, p. 78.]

911 (return)
[ Müller, as quoted by Huxley, ‘Man’s Place in Nature,’ 1863, p. 38.]

912 (return)
[ I have given several instances in my ‘Descent of Man,’ vol. i. chap. iv.]

913 (return)
[ ‘Anatomy of Expression.’ p. 190.]

914 (return)
[ ‘De la Physionomie,’ pp. 118-121.]

915 (return)
[ ‘Mimik und Physiognomik,’ s. 79.]

1001 (return)
[ See some remarks to this effect by Mr. Bain, ‘The Emotions and the Will,’ 2nd edit. 1865, p. 127.]

1002 (return)
[ Rengger, Naturgesch. der Säugethiere von Paraguay, 1830, s. 3.]

1003 (return)
[ Sir C. Bell, ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ p. 96. On the other hand, Dr. Burgess (‘Physiology of Blushing,’ 1839, p. 31) speaks of the reddening of a cicatrix in a negress as of the nature of a blush.]

1004 (return)
[ Moreau and Gratiolet have discussed the colour of the face under the influence of intense passion: see the edit. of 1820 of Lavater, vol. iv. pp. 282 and 300; and Gratiolet, ‘De la Physionomie,’ p. 345.]

1005 (return)
[ Sir C. Bell ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ pp. 91, 107, has fully discussed this subject. Moreau remarks (in the edit. of 1820 of ‘La Physionomie, par G. Lavater,’ vol. iv. p. 237), and quotes Portal in confirmation, that asthmatic patients acquire permanently expanded nostrils, owing to the habitual contraction of the elevatory muscles of the wings of the nose. The explanation by Dr. Piderit (‘Mimik und Physiognomik,’ s. 82) of the distension of the nostrils, namely, to allow free breathing whilst the mouth is closed and the teeth clenched, does not appear to be nearly so correct as that by Sir C. Bell, who attributes it to the sympathy (i. e. habitual co-action) of all the respiratory muscles. The nostrils of an angry man may be seen to become dilated, although his mouth is open.]

1006 (return)
[ Mr. Wedgwood, ‘On the Origin of Language,’ 1866, p. 76. He also observes that the sound of hard breathing “is represented by the syllables puff, huff, whiff, whence a huff is a fit of ill-temper.”]

1007 (return)
[ Sir C. Bell ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ p. 95) has some excellent remarks on the expression of rage.]

1008 (return)
[ ‘De la Physionomie,’ 1865, p. 346.]

1009 (return)
[ Sir C. Bell, ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ p. 177. Gratiolet (De la Phys. p. 369) says, ‘les dents se découvrent, et imitent symboliquement l’action de déchirer et de mordre.’I If, instead of using the vague term symboliquement, Gratiolet had said that the action was a remnant of a habit acquired during primeval times when our semi-human progenitors fought together with their teeth, like gorillas and orangs at the present day, he would have been more intelligible. Dr. Piderit (‘Mimik,’ &c., s. 82) also speaks of the retraction of the upper lip during rage. In an engraving of one of Hogarth’s wonderful pictures, passion is represented in the plainest manner by the open glaring eyes, frowning forehead, and exposed grinning teeth.]

1010 (return)
[ ‘Oliver Twist,’ vol. iii. p. 245.]

1011 (return)
[ ‘The Spectator,’ July 11, 1868, p. 810.]

1012 (return)
[ ‘Body and Mind,’ 1870, pp. 51-53.]

1013 (return)
[ Le Brun, in his well-known ‘Conference sur l’Expression’ (‘La Physionomie, par Lavater,’ edit. of 1820, vol. lx. p. 268), remarks that anger is expressed by the clenching of the fists. See, to the same effect, Huschke, ‘Mimices et Physiognomices, Fragmentum Physiologicum,’ 1824, p. 20. Also Sir C. Bell, ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ p. 219.]

1014 (return)
[ Transact. Philosoph. Soc., Appendix, 1746, p. 65.]

1015 (return)
[ ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ p. 136. Sir C. Bell calls (p. 131) the muscles which uncover the canines the snarling muscles.]

1016 (return)
[ Hensleigh Wedgwood, ‘Dictionary of English Etymology,’ 1865, vol. iii. pp. 240, 243.]

1017 (return)
[ ‘The Descent of Man,’ 1871, vol. L p. 126.]

1101 (return)
[ ‘De In Physionomie et la Parole,’ 1865, p. 89.]

1102 (return)
[ ‘Physionomie Humaine,’ Album, Légende viii. p. 35. Gratiolet also speaks (De la Phys. 1865, p. 52) of the turning away of the eyes and body.]

1103 (return)
[ Dr. W. Ogle, in an interesting paper on the Sense of Smell (‘Medico-Chirurgical Transactions,’ vol. liii. p. 268), shows that when we wish to smell carefully, instead of taking one deep nasal inspiration, we draw in the air by a succession of rapid short sniffs. If “the nostrils be watched during this process, it will be seen that, so far from dilating, they actually contract at each sniff. The contraction does not include the whole anterior opening, but only the posterior portion.” He then explains the cause of this movement. When, on the other hand, we wish to exclude any odour, the contraction, I presume, affects only the anterior part of the nostrils.]

1104 (return)
[ ‘Mimik und Physiognomik,’ ss. 84, 93. Gratiolet (ibid. p. 155) takes nearly the same view with Dr. Piderit respecting the expression of contempt and disgust.]

1105 (return)
[ Scorn implies a strong form of contempt; and one of the roots of the word ‘scorn’ means, according to Mr. Wedgwood (Dict. of English Etymology, vol. iii. p. 125), ordure or dirt. A person who is scorned is treated like dirt.]

1106 (return)
[ ‘Early History of Mankind,’ 2nd edit. 1870, p. 45.]

1107 (return)
[ See, to this effect, Mr. Hensleigh Wedgwood’s Introduction to the ‘Dictionary of English Etymology,’ 2nd edit. 1872, p. xxxvii.]

1108 (return)
[ Duchenne believes that in the eversion of the lower lip, the corners are drawn downwards by the depressores anguli oris. Henle (Handbuch d. Anat. des Menschen, 1858, B. i. s. 151) concludes that this is effected by the musculus quadratus menti.]

1109 (return)
[ As quoted by Tylor, ‘Primitive Culture,’ 1871, vol. i. p. 169.]

1110 (return)
[ Both these quotations are given by Mr. H. Wedgwood, ‘On the Origin of Language,’ 1866, p. 75.]

1111 (return)
[ This is stated to be the case by Mr. Tylor (Early Hist. of Mankind, 2nd edit. 1870, p. 52); and he adds, “it is not clear why this should be so.”]

1112 (return)
[ ‘Principles of Psychology,’ 2nd edit. 1872, p. 552.]

1113 (return)
[ Gratiolet (De la Phys. p. 351) makes this remark, and has some good observations on the expression of pride. See Sir C. Bell (‘Anatomy of Expression,’ p. 111) on the action of the musculus superbus.]

1114 (return)
[ ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ p. 166.]

1115 (return)
[ ‘Journey through Texas,’ p. 352.]

1116 (return)
[ Mrs. Oliphant, ‘The Brownlows,’ vol. ii. p. 206.]

1117 (return)
[ ‘Essai sur le Langage,’ 2nd edit. 1846. I am much indebted to Miss Wedgwood for having given me this information, with an extract from the work.]

1118 (return)
[ ‘On the Origin of Language,’ 1866, p. 91.]

1119 (return)
[ ‘On the Vocal Sounds of L. Bridgman;’ Smithsonian Contributions, 1851, vol. ii. p. 11.]

1120 (return)
[ ‘Mémoire sur les Microcéphales,’ 1867, p. 27.]

1121 (return)
[ Quoted by Tylor, ‘Early History of Mankind,’ 2nd edit. 1870, p. 38.]

1122 (return)
[ Mr. J. B. Jukes, ‘Letters and Extracts,’ &c. 1871, p. 248.]

1123 (return)
[ F. Lieber, ‘On the Vocal Sounds,’ &c. p. 11. Tylor, ibid. p. 53.]

1124 (return)
[ Dr. King, Edinburgh Phil. Journal, 1845, p. 313.]

1125 (return)
[ Tylor, ‘Early History of Mankind,’ 2nd edit. 1870, p. 53.]

1126 (return)
[ Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilization,’ 1870, p. 277. Tylor, ibid. p. 38. Lieber (ibid. p. 11) remarks on the negative of the Italians.]

1201 (return)
[ ‘Mécanisme de la Physionomie,’ Album, 1862, p. 42.]

1202 (return)
[ ‘The Polyglot News Letter,’ Melbourne, Dec. 1858, p. 2.]

1203 (return)
[ ‘The Anatomy of Expression,’ p. 106.]

1204 (return)
[ Mécanisme de la Physionomie,’ Album, p. 6.]

1205 (return)
[ See, for instance, Dr. Piderit (‘Mimik und Physiognomik,’ s. 88), who has a good discussion on the expression of surprise.]

1206 (return)
[ Dr. Murie has also given me information leading to the same conclusion, derived in part from comparative anatomy.]

1207 (return)
[ ‘De la Physionomie,’ 1865, p. 234.]

1208 (return)
[ See, on this subject, Gratiolet, ibid. p. 254.]

1209 (return)
[ Lieber, ‘On the Vocal Sounds of Laura Bridgman,’ Smithsonian Contributions, 1851, vol. ii. p. 7.]

1210 (return)
[ ‘Wenderholme,’ vol. ii. p. 91.]

1211 (return)
[ Lieber, ‘On the Vocal Sounds,’ &c., ibid. p. 7.]

1212 (return)
[ Huschke, ‘Mimices et Physiognomices,’ 1821, p. 18. Gratiolet (De la Phys. p. 255) gives a figure of a man in this attitude, which, however, seems to me expressive of fear combined with astonishment. Le Brun also refers (Lavater, vol. ix. p. 299) to the hands of an astonished man being opened.]

1213 (return)
[ Huschke, ibid. p. 18.]

1214 (return)
[ ‘North American Indians,’ 3rd edit. 1842, vol. i. p. 105.]

1215 (return)
[ H. Wedgwood, Dict. of English Etymology, vol. ii. 1862, p. 35. See, also, Gratiolet (‘De la Physionomie,’ p. 135) on the sources of such words as ‘terror, horror, rigidus, frigidus,’ &c.]

1216 (return)
[ Mr. Bain (‘The Emotions and the Will,’ 1865, p. 54) explains in the following manner the origin of the custom “of subjecting criminals in India to the ordeal of the morsel of rice. The accused is made to take a mouthful of rice, and after a little time to throw it out. If the morsel is quite dry, the party is believed to be guilty,—his own evil conscience operating to paralyse the salivating organs.”]

1217 (return)
[ Sir C. Bell, Transactions of Royal Phil. Soc. 1822, p. 308. ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ p. 88 and pp. 164-469.]

1218 (return)
[ See Moreau on the rolling of the eyes, in the edit. of 1820 of Lavater, tome iv. p. 263. Also, Gratiolet, De la Phys. p. 17.]

1219 (return)
[ ‘Observations on Italy,’ 1825, p. 48, as quoted in ‘The Anatomy of Expression,’ p. 168.]

1220 (return)
[ Quoted by Dr. Maudsley, ‘Body and Mind,’ 1870, p. 41.]

1221 (return)
[ ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ p. 168.]

1222 (return)
[ Mécanisme de la Phys. Humaine, Album, Légende xi.]

1223 (return)
[ Ducheinne takes, in fact, this view (ibid. p. 45), as he attributes the contraction of the platysma to the shivering of fear (frisson de la peur); but he elsewhere compares the action with that which causes the hair of frightened quadrupeds to stand erect; and this can hardly be considered as quite correct.]

1224 (return)
[ ‘De la Physionomie,’ pp. 51, 256, 346.]

1225 (return)
[ As quoted in White’s ‘Gradation in Man,’ p. 57.]

1226 (return)
[ ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ p. 169.]

1227 (return)
[ ‘Mécanisme de la Physionomie,’ Album, pl. 65, pp. 44, 45.]

1228 (return)
[ See remarks to this effect by Mr. Wedgwood, in the Introduction to his ‘Dictionary of English Etymology,’ 2nd edit. 1872, p. xxxvii. He shows by intermediate forms that the sounds here referred to have probably given rise to many words, such as ugly, huge, &c.]

1301 (return)
[ ‘The Physiology or Mechanism of Blushing,’ 1839, p. 156. I shall have occasion often to quote this work in the present chapter.]

1302 (return)
[ Dr. Burgess, ibid. p. 56. At p. 33 he also remarks on women blushing more freely than men, as stated below.]

1303 (return)
[ Quoted by Vogt, ‘Mémoire sur les Microcéphales,’ 1867, p. 20. Dr. Burgess (ibid. p. 56) doubts whether idiots ever blush.]

1304 (return)
[ Lieber ‘On the Vocal Sounds,’ &c.; Smithsonian Contributions, 1851, vol. ii. p. 6.]

1305 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 182.]

1306 (return)
[ Moreau, in edit. of 1820 of Lavater, vol. iv. p. 303.]

1307 (return)
[ Burgess. ibid. p. 38, on paleness after blushing, p. 177.]

1308 (return)
[ See Lavater, edit. of 1820, vol. iv. p. 303.]

1309 (return)
[ Burgess, ibid. pp. 114, 122. Moreau in Lavater, ibid. vol. iv. p. 293.]

1310 (return)
[ ‘Letters from Egypt,’ 1865, p. 66. Lady Gordon is mistaken when she says Malays and Mulattoes never blush.]

1311 (return)
[ Capt. Osborn (‘Quedah,’ p. 199), in speaking of a Malay, whom he reproached for cruelty, says he was glad to see that the man blushed.]

1312 (return)
[ J. R. Forster, ‘Observations during a Voyage round the World,’ 4to, 1778, p. 229. Waitz gives (‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ Eng. translat. 1863, vol. i. p. 135) references for other islands in the Pacific. See, also, Dampier ‘On the Blushing of the Tunquinese’ (vol. ii. p. 40); but I have not consulted this work. Waitz quotes Bergmann, that the Kalmucks do not blush, but this may be doubted after what we have seen with respect to the Chinese. He also quotes Roth, who denies that the Abyssinians are capable of blushing. Unfortunately, Capt. Speedy, who lived so long with the Abyssinians, has not answered my inquiry on this head. Lastly, I must add that the Rajah Brooke has never observed the least sign of a blush with the Dyaks of Borneo; on the contrary under circumstances which would excite a blush in us, they assert “that they feel the blood drawn from their faces.”]

1313 (return)
[ Transact. of the Ethnological Soc. 1870, vol. ii. p. 16.]

1314 (return)
[ Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ Eng. translat. vol. iii. p. 229.]

1315 (return)
[ Quoted by Prichard, Phys. Hist. of Mankind, 4th edit 1851, vol. i. p. 271.]

1316 (return)
[ See, on this head, Burgess, ibid. p. 32. Also Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ Eng. edit. vol. i. p. 139. Moreau gives a detailed account (‘Lavater,’ 1820, tom. iv. p. 302) of the blushing of a Madagascar negress-slave when forced by her brutal master to exhibit her naked bosom.]

1317 (return)
[ Quoted by Prichard, Phys. Hist. of Mankind, 4th edit. 1851, vol. i. p. 225.]

1318 (return)
[ Burgess, ibid. p. 31. On mulattoes blushing, see p. 33. I have received similar accounts with respect to, mulattoes.]

1319 (return)
[ Barrington also says that the Australians of New South Wales blush, as quoted by Waitz, ibid. p. 135.]

1320 (return)
[ Mr. Wedgwood says (Dict. of English Etymology, vol. iii. 1865, p. 155) that the word shame “may well originate in the idea of shade or concealment, and may be illustrated by the Low German scheme, shade or shadow.” Gratiolet (De la Phys. pp. 357-362) has a good discussion on the gestures accompanying shame; but some of his remarks seem to me rather fanciful. See, also, Burgess (ibid. pp. 69, 134) on the same subject.]

1321 (return)
[ Burgess, ibid. pp. 181, 182. Boerhaave also noticed (as quoted by Gratiolet, ibid. p. 361) the tendency to the secretion of tears during intense blushing. Mr. Bulmer, as we have seen, speaks of the “watery eyes” of the children of the Australian aborigines when ashamed.]

1322 (return)
[ See also Dr. J. Crichton Browne’s Memoir on this subject in the ‘West Riding Lunatic Asylum Medical Report,’ 1871, pp. 95-98.]

1323 (return)
[ In a discussion on so-called animal magnetism in ‘Table Talk,’ vol. i.]

1324 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 40.]

1325 (return)
[ Mr. Bain (‘The Emotions and the Will,’ 1865, p. 65) remarks on “the shyness of manners which is induced between the sexes.... from the influence of mutual regard, by the apprehension on either side of not standing well with the other.”]

1326 (return)
[ See, for evidence on this subject, ‘The Descent of Man,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 71, 341.]

1327 (return)
[ H. Wedgwood, Dict. English Etymology, vol. iii. 1865, p. 184. So with the Latin word verecundus.]

1328 (return)
[ Mr. Bain (‘The Emotions and the Will,’ p. 64) has discussed the “abashed” feelings experienced on these occasions, as well as the stage-fright of actors unused to the stage. Mr. Bain apparently attributes these feelings to simple apprehension or dread.]

1329 (return)
[ ‘Essays on Practical Education,’ by Maria and R. L. Edgeworth, new edit. vol. ii. 1822, p. 38. Dr. Burgess (ibid. p. 187) insists strongly to the same effect.]

1330 (return)
[ ‘Essays on Practical Education,’ by Maria and R. L. Edgeworth, new edit. vol. ii. 1822, p. 50.]

1331 (return)
[ Bell, ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ p. 95. Burgess, as quoted below, ibid. p. 49. Gratiolet, De la Phys. p. 94.]

1332 (return)
[ On the authority of Lady Mary Wortley Montague; see Burgess, ibid. p. 43.]

1333 (return)
[ In England, Sir H. Holland was, I believe, the first to consider the influence of mental attention on various parts of the body, in his ‘Medical Notes and Reflections,’ 1839 p. 64. This essay, much enlarged, was reprinted by Sir H. Holland in his ‘Chapters on Mental Physiology,’ 1858, p. 79, from which work I always quote. At nearly the same time, as well as subsequently, Prof. Laycock discussed the same subject: see ‘Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal,’ 1839, July, pp. 17-22. Also his ‘Treatise on the Nervous Diseases of Women,’ 1840, p. 110; and ‘Mind and Brain,’ vol. ii. 1860, p. 327. Dr. Carpenter’s views on mesmerism have a nearly similar bearing. The great physiologist Müller treated (‘Elements of Physiology,’ Eng. translat. vol. ii. pp. 937, 1085) of the influence of the attention on the senses. Sir J. Paget discusses the influence of the mind on the nutrition of parts, in his ‘Lectures on Surgical Pathology,’ 1853, vol. i. p. 39: 1 quote from the 3rd edit. revised by Prof. Turner, 1870, p. 28. See, also, Gratiolet, De la Phys. pp. 283-287.]

1334 (return)
[ De la Phys. p. 283.]

1340 (return)
[ Dr. Maudsley has given (‘The Physiology and Pathology of Mind,’ 2nd edit. 1868, p. 105), on good authority, some curious statements with respect to the improvement of the sense of touch by practice and attention. It is remarkable that when this sense has thus been rendered more acute at any point of the body, for instance, in a finger, it is likewise improved at the corresponding point on the opposite side of the body.]

1341 (return)
[ The Lancet,’ 1838, pp. 39-40, as quoted by Prof. Laycock, ‘Nervous Diseases of Women,’ 1840, p. 110.]

1342 (return)
[ ‘Chapters on Mental Physiology,’ 1858, pp. 91-93.]

1343 (return)
[ ‘Lectures on Surgical Pathology,’ 3rd edit. revised by Prof. Turner, 1870, pp. 28, 31.]

1344 (return)
[ ‘Elements of Physiology,’ Eng. translat. vol. ii. p. 938.]

1345 (return)
[ Prof. Laycock has discussed this point in a very interesting manner. See his ‘Nervous Diseases of Women,’ 1840, p. 110.]

1346 (return)
[ See, also, Mr. Michael Foster, on the action of the vaso-motor system, in his interesting Lecture before the royal Institution, as translated in the ‘Revue des Cours Scientifiques,’ Sept. 25, 1869, p. 683.]

1401 (return)
[ See the interesting facts given by Dr. Bateman on ‘Aphasia,’ 1870, p. 110.]

1402 (return)
[ ‘La Physionomie et la Parole,’ 1865, pp. 103, 118.]

1403 (return)
[ Rengger, ‘Naturgeschichte der Säugethiere von Paraguay,’ 1830, s. 55.]

1404 (return)
[ Quoted by Moreau, in his edition of Lavater, 1820, tom. iv. p. 211.]

1405 (return)
[ Gratiolet (‘De la Physionomie,’ 1865, p. 66) insists on the truth of this conclusion.]