NOTES

CHAPTER I

1. See maps at the end of Gröber's Grundriss, vol. i.
2. De Vulg. El. I., 8: alii oc, alii oïl, alii si affirmando loquuntur, and Vita Nuova, xxv. Dante also knew the term provincialis.
3. Boethius. F. Hündgen, Oppeln, 1884. For Sainte Foy d'Agen, see Romania xxxi., p, 177 ff.
4. P. Meyer in Romania v., p. 257. Bédier, Les chansons de Croisade, Paris, 1909, p. 16.
5. See P. Maus, Peire Cardenals Strophenbau, Marburg, 1884.
6. See Jeanroy, Origines, etc.

CHAPTER II

7. Provençal has also the feminine joia with the general meaning of "delight."
8. See Stimming's article in Gröber's Grundriss.
9. Raynouard, Les Troubadours et les Cours d'Amour, Paris, 1817; see also Diez, Über die Minnehöfe, Berlin, 1825. Pio Rajna, Le Corti d'Amore, Milan, 1890.
10. Annales du Midi, xix. p. 364.
11. Die provenzalische Tenzone, R. Zenker, Leipsic, 1888.

CHAPTER III

12. Girart de Roussillon, translation by P. Meyer, Paris, 1884: see also Romania, vii. Diplomatic copies of the MSS. in Romanische Studien V. Le Roman de Flamenca, P. Meyer, Paris, 1901.
13. J. B. Beck, Die Melodien der Troubadours, Strasburg, 1908. La Musique des Troubadours, Paris, 1910, by the same author, who there promised a selection of songs harmonized for performance: this has not yet appeared. See also Quatre poésies de Marcabrun, Jeanroy, Dejeanne and Aubry, Paris, 1904, with texts, music, and translations.
14. Schindler, Die Kreuzzüge in der altprovenzalischen und mittelhochdeutschen lyrik., Dresden, 1889. K. Lewent, Das altprovenzalische Kreuzlied, Berlin, 1905.
15. A. Pillet, Studien zur Pastourelle, Breslau, 1902. Römer, Die volkstümlichen Dichtungsarten der altprovenzalischen Lyrik, Marburg, 1884.
16. Quae judicia de litteris fecerint Provinciales. P. Andraud, Paris, 1902.
17. From Si'm sentis fizels amics, quoted by Dante, De Vulg. El. i. 9.

CHAPTER IV

18. "Paubre motz"; also interpreted as "scanty words," i.e. poems with short lines. On Jaufre Rudel in literature, see a lecture by Carducci, Bologna 1888. The latest theory of his mysterious love is that she was the Virgin Mary; see C. Appel, Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen, cvii. 3-4.
19. Mahn, Gedichte, no. 707. An edition of Bernard de Ventadour's poems is in preparation by Prof. Appel.
20. Cp. Dante, Par. xx. 73.

CHAPTER V

21. Dante, De Vulg. El. ii. 2.
22. "Il Provenzale," Conv. iv. 11.
23. Purg. xxvi.
24. On his family see Stronski, Folquet de Marseille, p. 15 and 159-172.
25. See G. Paris, La Littérature française au moyen âge, § 128.

CHAPTER VI

26. The best short account of the Albigenses is to be found in vol. i. of H.C. Lea's Histoire de L'Inquisition au moyen âge, Paris, 1903. This, the French translation, is superior to the English edition as it contains the author's last corrections, and a number of bibliographical notes. The Adoptionist theory is stated in the introduction to F.C. Conybeare's Key of Truth, Oxford, 1908. The Chanson de la Croisade Albigeoise, P. Meyer, Paris, 1875, 2 vols., is indispensable to students of the subject. In these works will be found much of the extensive bibliography of the heresy and crusade.
27. Eckbertus, Serm. adv. Catharos, Migne, Patr. Lat., tom. 193. p. 73.
28. Cf. Milman, Latin Christianity, Book IX. chap. viii. p. 85.
29. On religious lyric poetry, see Lowinsky, Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Litteratur, xx. p. 163 ff., and the bibliographical note to Stimming's article in Gröber's Grundriss, vol. ii. part ii. § 32.

CHAPTER VII

Most histories of Italian literature deal with this subject. See Gaspary's Italian Literature to the death of Dante: H. Oelsner, Bohn's Libraries. See also the chapter, La poésie française en Italie in Jeanroy's Origines. For Dante, see Storia letteraria d'Italia, scritta di una società di professori, Milan, vol. iii., Dante, by Zingarelli. The Troubadours of Dante, Chaytor, Oxford, 1902. Useful are A. Thomas, Francesco da Barberino et la littérature provençale en Italie au moyen âge, Paris, 1883. O. Schultz, Die Lebensverhältnisse der Italienischen Trobadors, Berlin, 1883.

30. Schultz, Die Briefe des Trobadors Raimbaut de Vaqueiras an Bonifaz I., Halle, 1883.
31. Zingarelli, Intorno a due Trovatori in Italia, Florence, 1899.

CHAPTER VIII

Milà y Fontañals, Los trovadores en España, Barcelona, 1861, remains the best work on the subject. On Portugal, the article in Gröber's Grundriss, ii. 2, p. 129, by C. Michaelis de Vasconcellos and Th. Braga is admirable: see the bibliographical references there given and the introduction to R. Lang, Das Liederbuch des Königs Denis von Portugal, Halle, 1894.

32. The date of this poem is disputed, see Dr Dejeanne's edition of Marcabrun, p. 235.
33. F. Guessard, Grammaires Provençales, Paris, 1858; E. Stengel, Die beiden ältesten prov. Gram., Marburg, 1878.

CHAPTER IX

Troubadour influence in Germany is discussed at greater or less length in most histories of German literature. See Jeanroy, Origines, p. 270 ff. A. Lüderitz, Die Liebestheorien der Provenzalen bei den Minnesingern der Slauferzeit, Literarhistorische Forschungen, Berlin, 1904.

For France. A. Jeanroy, De nostratibus medii aevi poetis qui primum Aquitaniae carmina imitati sint, Paris, 1889.

For England. Schofield, English Literature from the Norman Conquest to Chaucer, London, 1906. O. Heider, Untersuchungen zur mittelenglischen erotischen Lyrik, Halle, 1905. A. Brandl, Spielmann's verhältnisse in frühmittelenglischer Zeit, Sitzungs-berichte der Königl. preuss., Akademie, 1910.

34. Bédier, Chansons de Croisade, Paris, 1909, p. 112.
35. See introduction to Leo Wiese, Die Lieder des Blondel de Nesle, Dresden, 1904, p. 19 ff.
36. Romania, viii. p. 370.
37. K. Böddeker, Altenglische Dichtungen des MS. Harl. 2253, Berlin, 1878.
38. Modern Language Review, vol. 1. p. 285; vol. ii. p. 60, articles by Prof. Skeat.
39. P. Leinig, Grammatik der provenzalischen Leys d'amors verglichen mit der Sprache der Troubadours, Breslau, 1890. M. Gatien. Arnoult, Monuments de la littérature romane, Toulouse, 1841.
40. Histoire critique de l'Académie des Jeux Floraux, by F. de Gélis from the origin to the 17th century will appear shortly in the Bibliothèque meridionale, Toulouse. Useful anthologies of modern Provençal are Flourilège prouvençau, Toulon, 1909: Antologia provenzale, E Portal, Milan, Hoepli, 1911 (Manuali Hoepli).


INDEX.

Alamanon, Bertran d', 104

Alba, 33, 128

Albigeois, 13, 23, 75, ff.

Alcuin, 7

Alfonso II. of Aragon, 51, 59, 69, 74, 110, 113

Alfonso VIII. of Castile, 110, 113, 114

Alfonso X. of Castile, 118, 124

André le Chapelain, 19, 130

Aquino, Rinaldo d', 82

Aquitaine, 42

Arabs, 8, 105

Aragon, 54, 71, 110

—— Pedro II. of, 78, 83, 113

Arles, 5

Aurenga, Raimbaut d', 35, 85, 64

Auvergne, 3

—— Dauphin of, 134

—— Peire d', 36, 67, 70, 135

Azalais, 71, 79

Ballata, 33

Barral, 71, 79

Belenoi, Aimeric de, 118

Bethune, Conon de, 131

Bezaudun, Raimon Vidal of, 115, 122

Béziers, 50, 78

Blacatz, 103

Born, Bertran de, 13, 57, 111, 130

Bornelh, Giraut de, 23, 35, 37, 53, 68, 86, 113

Brunei, Uc, 113

Cabestanh, Guillem de, 73

Cabreira, Guiraut de, 122

Caen, Raoul de, 6

Cairel, Elias, 12

Calanso, Guiraut de, 115, 122

Calha, Albertet, 12

Calvo, Bonifacio, 100, 118

Carcassonne, 78

Cardenal, Peire, 11, 82, 84, 92, 117, 118

Castile, 54, 71

—— Sancho III. of, 67

Catalonia, 3, 5, 71, 109, 121 ff.

Cercamon, 9, 42

Chabaneau, 20

Chanso, 23

Cigala, Lanfranc, 39, 100, 116

Circ, Uc de San, 100, 113

Corbiac, Peire de, 93

Comjat, 23

Compostella, 109, 124

Courts of Love, 19

Cunizza, 101

Daniel, Arnaut, 55

Dante, 24, 53, 55, 57, 63, 104, 108, 131

Denis, 124

Descort, 33, 97

Die, Countess of, 11, 65

Dietmar von Aist, 128

Dominic, 77, 80

Ebles II., 46

Eleanor of Aquitaine, 42, 46, 59, 130

Escas Amanieu des, 121

Escondig, 33

Estampida, 33

Este, 95

Ezzelino III., 101

Faidit, Gaucelm, 99, 135

Ferdinand III. of Castile, 104, 116

Figueira, Guillem, 82, 138

Flamenca, 23

Florence, 100

Frederick II. of Sicily, 88, 105

Friedrich von Hausen, 129

Galicia, 123

Gasson, 3, 9, 115

Genoa, 78, 100

Gerona, Serveri de, 120

Guido delle Colonne, 106, 107

Guido Guinicelli, 106

Guiot de Dijon, 132

Hautefort, 60, 111

Henry II. of England, 47, 59, 63

Henry III. of England, 104, 117

Innocent III., 76, 77

Inquisition, 80

Isabella of Angoulême, 117

Jaime I. of Aragon, 85

Jaufre, Roman de, 23

Languedoc, 3

Lemosin, 5

Lentino, Jacopo da, 82

Leys d'Amors, 16, 23, 33, 138

Limousin, 3, 4, 8, 123

Louis VII. of France, 60, 69

Louis VIII. of France, 89

Lyons, 5, 77

Malaspina, Marquis of, 100

Malmesbury, William of, 41

Manfred II., 100, 102

Mantua, 101

Marcabrun, 35, 43, 68, 85, 110, 135

Mareuil, Arnaut de, 50, 53

Marseilles, 5, 10

—— Barral of 71, 79

—— Folquet of, 10, 13, 72, 78, 91

Marie of Champagne, 130

Marvejols, Bernard Sicart de, 84, 117, 118

Mauleon, Savaric de, 135

Minnesingers, 128

Miraval, Raímon de, 39, 83

Montanhagol, Guillem de, 117

Montaudon, Monk of, 11, 69, 79, 113

—— Beatrice of, 97

Montpelier, Germonde de, 89

—— William VII. of, 51, 79

Muret 78, 114

Music, 26 ff.

Narbonne, 5, 59, 67

Navarre, 54, 110

—— Guillem de Tudela of, 120

Nesles, Blondel de, 131, 134

Nostradamus, 19

Novara, 102

Orange, William IV. of, 96

Partimen, 130

Pastorela, 33

Pegulhan, Aimeric de, 99, 107, 114, 138

Perdigon, 11

Pisa, 100

Planh, 30

Poitou, 4

Poitiers, 6, 8

—— William of, 6, 41, 65, 90

Portugal, Denis of, 124

Provence, 3

—— Beatrice of, 102

Puegsibot, Gausbert de, 14

Puy, 69

Raynouard, 19

Richard Coeur de Lion, 55, 58, 69, 72, 134

Riquier, Guiraut, 92, 118

Rogier, Peire, 66

Rovenhac, Bernart de, 118

Roussillon, 3

—— Girart de, 22

Rudel, Jaufre, 23, 44

Rudolf, Count of Neuenberg, 82

Savoy, 96

Serena, 33

Simon de Montfort, 78

Sirventes, 30, 135

Sordello, 96, 101, 116

Stanza, 24, ff.

Tenso, 21, 31, 130

Thibaut IV. of Champagne, 131

Tor, Guillem de la, 100

Toronet, 79

Toulouse, 5, 13, 78, 80, 84, 138

—— N'At de Mons of, 117

—— Peire Raimon of, 113

—— Raimon V. of, 49, 50, 60, 67, 111

—— Raimon VI. of, 78, 80, 114

Tripoli, Countess of, 44

Trobar clus, 34

Turin, 96

Ussel, Gui d', 14

Vaqueiras, Raimbaut de, 96, 100

Vaudois, 76

Venice, 100

Ventadour, 11

—— Bernart of, 11, 13, 46, 68, 128, 130, 133, 135

Verona, 96

Vers, 23

Vidal, Peire, 71, 95, 97, 100, 112, 115, 127, 138

Virgin Mary, 15, 91

Zorzi, Bartolomeo, 100, 118