Lincoln's only hearer at "mass meeting" to organize Republican party, i. 111.

Palmerston, Lord,

drafts British ultimatum in Mason and Slidell case, i. 383;

shows it to Queen, 383.

Paris, Comte de,

on condition of Union army in 1861, i. 312;

on McDowell's advance from Washington to aid McClellan, ii. 50.

Patterson, General Robert,

commands force in Pennsylvania, i. 299;

fails to watch Johnston, 301.

Payne, Lewis,

accomplice of Booth, tried and hanged, ii. 350-352.

Peace Congress,

its composition and action, i. 203;

repudiated by South, 203, 204.

Pea Ridge,

battle of, i. 351.

Pemberton, General John C.,

surrenders Vicksburg, ii. 159, 160.

Pendleton, George H.,

in House in 1861, i. 297.

Pennsylvania,

carried by Democrats in 1862, ii. 124;

regained by Republicans, 201;

renominates Lincoln, 260.

Penrose, Captain ——,

on Lincoln's rashness in entering Richmond, ii. 336.

Perryville,

battle of, ii. 154.

Peters, ——,

refuses to trust a Republican, i. 204.

Phillips, Wendell,

remark on nomination of Lincoln, i. 173;

denounces Lincoln, 177;

welcomes secession, 195;

upholds right of South to secede, 231;

opposes Lincoln's renomination, ii. 255.

Pickens, Fort,

relief of, in 1861, i. 247, 248.

Pickens, Governor F.W.,

sends commissioners to Buchanan regarding dissolution of Union by South Carolina, i. 185.

Pierce, Franklin,

elected President, i. 93;

defeated for renomination, 101.

Pierpoint, Francis H.,

recognized as governor of Virginia, ii. 217.

Pillow, Fort,

massacre at, ii. 133.

Pillow, General Gideon J.,

runs away from Fort Donelson, i. 354.

Pinkerton, Allan,

discovers plot to assassinate Lincoln, i. 212

Plug Uglies,

feared in 1861, i. 212;

mob Massachusetts troops, 257.

Polk, James K.,

carries Illinois in 1844, i. 71;

brings on Mexican war, 74, 85;

his policy attacked by Lincoln's "Spot Resolutions," 75;

asks for two millions to buy territory, 86.

Pomeroy, Samuel C.,

senator from Kansas, i. 297;

an enemy of Lincoln, ii. 250;

urges Chase's friends to organize to oppose Lincoln's renomination, 250.

Pope, General John,

recommended by Halleck for promotion, i. 355;

prevented by Halleck from fighting, 364;

urges recall of McClellan from Peninsula, ii. 65;

his military abilities, 74;

commands Army of Virginia, 74;

shows arrogance and lack of tact, 74, 75;

fails to cut off Jackson from Lee, 76, 77;

insists on fighting, 77;

beaten at Bull Run, 77;

discredited, 80.

Popular sovereignty,

doctrine of, in Compromise of 1850, i. 91, 92, 94;

used by Douglas to justify repeal of Missouri Compromise, 94, 95;

theory of, destroyed by Dred Scott decision, 103;

attempt of Douglas to reconcile, with Dred Scott case, 107.

Porter, General Andrew,

favors McClellan's

plan of campaign, i. 336.

Porter, David D.,

takes Powhatan under Lincoln's orders, i. 247;

refuses to obey Seward's order, 248;

aids Grant at Vicksburg, ii. 159;

confers with Lincoln, 237;

upholds Sherman in referring to Lincoln as authorizing Johnston's terms of surrender, 240.

Porter, General Fitz-John,

favors McClellan's plan of campaign, i. 336;

sent to meet McDowell, ii. 51.

Powell, L.W.,

denounces Lincoln's emancipation scheme, ii. 23.

in Confederate cabinet, i. 206.

Reconstruction,

constitutional theory of, ii. 216, 217;

begun by appointment of military governors, 217, 218;

Lincoln's plan for, 219, 220;

blocked by refusal of Congress to receive representatives, 221;

usually associated with new constitutions, 221, 222;

method laid down in amnesty proclamation, 222-226;

difficulties in way of, 228, 229;

extremist proposals concerning, 229;

Reconstruction bill passed, 230-232;

bill for, vetoed by Lincoln, 233, 334;

later statements of Lincoln concerning, 236-238;

involved in Sherman's terms of surrender given to Johnston, 238, 239;

Lincoln's scheme discussed, 242-244;

problem of, in 1865, 328, 329;

intention of Lincoln to keep, in his own control, 329, 330.

Republican party,

its origin, i. 100;

in campaign of 1856, 101, 102;

organized in Illinois, 111;

defined by Lincoln, 134;

its programme put forth by Lincoln, 150, 151, 156, 157;

in Illinois, nominates Lincoln for presidency, 161, 162;

convention of, in 1860, 166-171;

candidates before, 166, 167;

balloting, in convention, 169, 170;

nominates Lincoln, 171;

chooses Lincoln because available, 172, 173;

its campaign methods, 173, 174;

denounced by Abolitionists, 177;

elects Lincoln, 178, 179;

its moral attitude toward slavery the real cause of secession, 222-224;

its legal position on slavery, 221, 222;

its leaders distrust Lincoln, 233, 234;

dissatisfied with Lincoln's cabinet, 235, 236;

dissatisfied with Lincoln's emancipation policy, ii. 22, 23;

torn by factions, 97-99;

Abolitionist members of, denounce Lincoln, 98, 99;

leaders of, condemn Lincoln, 104;

majority of, continues to support him, 105;

influence of Greeley upon, 105-107;

upholds Emancipation Proclamation, 120;

loses in congressional elections of 1862, 124, 125;

radical wing of, demands dismissal of Seward, 176, 177;

regains ground in 1863, 201;

extreme faction of, still distrusts Lincoln and Seward, 213;

members of, denounce Lincoln for vetoing reconstruction bill, 234, 235;

movement in, to nominate Chase, 245-252;

movement in, to nominate Fremont, 255-258;

masses of, adhere to Lincoln, 260, 261;

fails to postpone nominating convention, 261;

nominates Lincoln, 262, 263;

nominates Johnson for Vice-President, 263, 264;

receives reluctant support of radicals, 265;

damaged by Greeley's denunciations of Lincoln, 266, 267, 270;

dreads defeat in summer of 1864, 273, 274;

damaged by draft, 274;

radical element of, forces dismissal of Blair, 287, 288;

conduct of campaign by, 289, 290;

gains election in 1864, 291, 292;

makes thirteenth amendment a plank in platform, 318, 319;

radical members of, rejoice at accession of Johnson after murder of Lincoln, 349.

Reynolds, Governor,

calls for volunteers in Black Hawk war, i. 35.

Rhode Island,

renominates Lincoln, ii. 251.

Richardson, W.A.,

remark on congressional interference with armies, i. 362.

Rives, W.C.,

remark of Lincoln to, on coercion, i. 219.

Rosecrans, General William S.,

succeeds Buell, ii. 155;

disapproves Halleck's plan to invade East Tennessee, 155;

fights battle of Stone's River, 155;

reluctant to advance, 156;

drives Bragg out of Tennessee, 156, 157;

refuses to move, 163;

finally advances to Chattanooga, 163, 164;

defeated at Chickamauga, 164;

unnerved after Chickamauga, 164;

cheered by Lincoln, 164;

besieged in Chattanooga, 165;

relieved by Grant, 165.

Russell, Earl,

his prejudices in favor of South, i. 371;

recognizes belligerency of South, i. 372;

revises Palmerston's dispatch in Trent affair, 383;

condemns Emancipation Proclamation, ii. 132;

calls Alabama affair a scandal, 172.

Rutledge, Ann,

love affair of Lincoln with, i. 43, 44.

in Senate in 1861, i. 297.

Saxton, General Rufus,

permitted to raise negro troops, ii. 17.

Schofield, General John M.,

treats with Johnston, ii. 240;

his removal from Missouri refused by Lincoln, 254.

Schurz, General Carl,

refused permission by Lincoln

to leave army to support his canvass, ii. 262.

Scott, Winfield,

in Mexican war, i. 75;

supported by Lincoln for President, 93;

suggests division of country into four parts, 191;

his help expected by Secessionists, 207;

advises reinforcement of Southern garrisons, 207;

threatens Southerners with violence, 208;

warns Lincoln of plot to murder, 213;

his military preparations, 219, 220;

thinks Sumter must be abandoned, 244, 245;

assembles troops at Washington, 255;

wishes to induce Lee to command Northern army, 263;

instructed to watch Maryland legislature, 286;

authorized to suspend writ of habeas corpus, 287;

has difficulties with McClellan, 310;

retires, 310.

Seaton, William W.,

promises to help Lincoln's emancipation bill, i. 80.

Secession,

mention of, avoided by Douglas and Lincoln, i. 157;

question of its justification in 1860, 158-160;

process of, in 1860-61, 182-187;

discussed by Buchanan, 188-190;

admitted by Northern leaders, 192, 193, 231;

threatened by New York Democrats, 197;

Lincoln's view of, 221, 293, 294;

Southern theory of, 224, 225;

its success makes union, not slavery, the issue at stake, 226-228;

renewed by Border States, 262-269;

recognized as not the ultimate cause of war, ii. 2;

again asserted by Lincoln to be cause of war, 107, 108.

Sedgwick, General John,

beaten at Chancellorsville, ii. 142.

Semmes, Captain Raphael,

his career with the Alabama, ii. 172.

Senate of United States,

proposes "Union-saving devices," i. 202;

defeats Crittenden compromise, 203;

rejects plan of Peace Congress, 203;

leaders of, in 1861, 296;

passes thirteenth amendment, ii. 318.

Seward, Frederick,

warns Lincoln of plot in 1861, i. 213.

Seward, W.H.,

appeals to higher law, i. 90;

candidate for Republican nomination to presidency, 166;

opposed by Greeley, 167;

methods of his supporters, 167;

considered too radical, 168;

defeated by a combination, 169-171;

deserves the nomination, 172;

adopts conciliatory attitude in 1860, 197;

sends son to warn Lincoln, 213;

meets Lincoln at Washington, 214;

his theory of irrepressible conflict, 223;

wishes to submit to South, 231;

secretary of state, 234;

tries to withdraw consent, 237, 238;

attempt of Davis to involve, in discussion with Confederate commissioners, 238, 239;

refuses to receive them, 239;

announces that Sumter will be evacuated, 239;

reproached by commissioners, 240;

opposes reinforcing Sumter, 245, 246;

authorized to inform Confederates that Lincoln will not act without warning, 245;

makes mistake in order concerning Powhatan, 248;

said to have led Lincoln to sign papers without understanding contents, 250;

made to feel subordination by Lincoln, 276;

submits thoughts for President's consideration, 276-278;

wishes foreign war, 277;

offers to direct the government, 277, 278;

reasons for his actions, 278;

repressed by Lincoln, 279, 280;

advises against a paper blockade, 284;

wishes to maintain friendly relations with England, 371;

angered at Russell's conduct, 373;

writes menacing instructions to Adams, 373-375;

his attitude in Mason and Slidell affair, 382;

drafts reply to England's ultimatum, 384;

disavows Wilkes's act and surrenders envoys, 385;

advises Lincoln to withhold Emancipation Proclamation until after a victory, ii. 115;

suggests promise to maintain freedom of slaves, 131;

dealings with England, 171, 172;

rejects offer of French mediation, 173;

denounced by radicals, 176;

plan to force his resignation, 176;

offers resignation, 177;

withdraws it at Lincoln's request, 178;

on Copperhead societies, 182;

denounced by Chandler, 213;

on bad terms with Blair, 287;

his remarks used against Lincoln, 290;

sent by Lincoln to confer with Confederate peace commission, his instructions, 306;

shown Lincoln's dispatch to Grant, 329;

attempt to assassinate, 350.

Seymour, Horatio,

elected governor of New York, ii. 124;

denounces tyranny of Lincoln, 189;

tries to prevent draft, 196;

asks Lincoln to delay enforcement until Supreme Court gives judgment, 196;

inefficient at time of draft riots, 197.

Shackford, Samuel,

investigates Lincoln's ancestry, i. 3.

Shellabarger, Samuel,

in House in 1861, i. 297.

Shepley, Governor G.F.,

remark of Lincoln to, ii. 220.

Sheridan, General Philip H.,

at battle of Chattanooga, ii. 166, 167;

his campaign against Early, 284, 285;

plans to cut off Lee, 232;

wins Five Forks, 333;

at Appomattox, 337, 338.

Sherman, John,

in Senate in 1861, i. 296.

Sherman, General W.T.,

unappreciated by Halleck, i. 365;

authorized by Cameron to use slaves, ii. 8;

assaults Vicksburg, 158;

pursues Johnston, 162;

sent to reinforce Rosecrans, 165;

storms Missionary Ridge, 167;

relieves Burnside, 167;

confers with Lincoln, 238;

his terms to Johnston in 1865 involve political reconstruction, 238, 239;

his terms annulled by Stanton 239;

shows resentment toward Stanton, 240;

makes terms with Johnston, 240;

refers to Lincoln as authority, 240;

his terms disapproved by Grant, 241;

appointed to command in West, 277;

drives Johnston southward, 283;

defeats Hood at Atlanta, 283;

thanked by Lincoln, 283;

marches to the sea, 300;

marches north through Carolinas, 331;

ready to join Grant, 333.

Shields, General James A.,

paper duel of Lincoln with, i. 65, 66;

loses reëlection to Senate, 96;

his force joined to McDowell's, ii. 51.

Shipley, Mary,

ancestor of Lincoln, i. 5.

Short, James,

lends Lincoln money, i. 42.

Sickles, Daniel E.,

threatens secession of New York city, i. 197.

Sigel, General Franz,

replaces Fremont, ii. 74.

Slavery,

its entrance into politics described, i. 82-86;

compromises concerning, in Constitution, 83;

settled by Missouri Compromise, 83;

attitude of South toward, 84;

necessity of extending area of, in order to preserve, 84, 85;

Lincoln's description of struggle over, 124-132;

attitude of Lincoln toward, 145, 146, 159;

moral condemnation of, by North, the real cause of secession, 222-224;

wisdom of Lincoln in passing over, as cause of war, 226-228;

forced to front as real cause of war, ii. 2, 3;

comes into question through action of Federal generals, 5-9;

attempts of Fremont and Hunter to abolish, revoked by Lincoln, 6, 7;

acts of Congress affecting, 11-15;

Emancipation Proclamation against, 110-119, 130;

regard for, hinders War Democrats from supporting Lincoln, 272;

not touched as an institution by Emancipation Proclamation, 316;

necessity of a constitutional amendment to abolish, 317;

desire of Copperheads to reëstablish, 319, 320.

Slaves,

during Civil War, called "contraband" by Butler, ii. 5;

escape to Northern armies, 6;

declared free by Fremont, 6;

this declaration revoked by Lincoln, 6, 7;

declared free by Hunter, 7;

inconsistent attitude of generals toward, 8;

proposal of Cameron to arm, cancelled by Lincoln, 8, 9;

protected from return to owners by Congress, 12;

armed, 15-18, 315, 316;

not paid equally with whites until 1864, 18;

armed in 1863, 132, 133;

threatened with death by South, 133.

Slidell, John,

seized by Wilkes, i. 380;

imprisoned in Fort Warren, 381;

released, 385.

Smith, Caleb B.,

delivers votes to Lincoln in convention of 1860, i. 170;

secretary of interior, 234;

opposes relieving Sumter, 245, 246.

Smith, General C.W.,

praised by Halleck, i. 355.

Smith, General W.F.,

favors McClellan's plan of campaign, i. 336.

Smoot, Coleman,

lends Lincoln money, i. 43.

South,

its early sectionalism, i. 83;

demands political equality with North, 84;

its inferior development, 84;

gains by annexation of Texas, 85, 86;

enraged at organization of California as a free State, 87, 88;

threatens disunion, 88;

demands Fugitive Slave Law, 88;

asserts doctrine of non-intervention in Territories, 88;

not satisfied with Compromise of 1850, 92;

fails to secure Kansas, 98;

applauds Brooks for his assault on Sunnier, 100;

enraged at Douglas's opposition to Lecompton Constitution. 108;

reads Douglas out of party, 116, 142;

its policy described by Lincoln, 125-128;

fairness of Lincoln toward, 138, 139;

demands that North cease to call slavery wrong, 154, 155;

question of its justification in seceding, 158, 159;

its delegates disrupt Democratic party, 163-165;

scatters vote in 1860, 178;

process of secession in, 182-187;

agitation of dis-unionists in, 183;

State loyalty in, 184;

justified by Greeley and others, 192, 193;

threatens North, 195, 196;

repudiates Peace Congress, 203, 204;

its leaders in Congress remain to hamper government, 204, 205;

forms Confederacy, 205;

expects Scott to aid, 207;

wishes to seize Washington, 209;

impressed by Lincoln's inaugural, 221;

its real grievance the refusal of North to admit validity of slavery, 222-224;

its doctrine of secession, 224, 225;

"Union men" in, 225, 226;

makes secession, not slavery, the ground of war, 225;

irritated at failure of secession to affect North, 241;

purpose of Lincoln to put in the wrong, 242;

rejoices over capture of Sumter, 251;

compared with North in fighting qualities, 253, 254;

elated over Bull Bun, 302;

its strength overestimated by McClellan, 315, 316;

expects aid from Northern sympathizers, 367;

hopes of aid from England disappointed, 369;

after Chancellorsville, wishes to invade North and conquer a peace, ii. 143;

welcomes Vallandigham, 187, 188;

economically exhausted in 1863, 199, 200;

reconstruction in, 216-244;

applauds McClellan, 286, 287;

evidently exhausted in 1864, 300, 308;

hopes of Lincoln to make its surrender easy, 308, 309.

South Carolina,

desires secession, i. 179;

suggests it to other States, 182;

secedes, 184, 185;

sends commissioners to treat for division of property with United States, 185;

refusal of Buchanan to receive, 199, 200;

refuses to participate in Peace Congress, 204;

besieges Fort Sumter, 243.

Spangler, Edward,

aids Booth to escape, ii. 347;

tried by court martial, 350, 351;

condemned, 352.

Speed, Joshua,

letter of Lincoln to, on slavery, i. 17;

goes with Lincoln to Kentucky, 63.

Spottsylvania,

battle of, ii. 279.

Sprague, Governor William,

of Rhode Island, ii. 251.

Stanton, Edwin M.,

attorney-general under Buchanan, i. 198;

joins Black in forcing Buchanan to alter reply to South Carolina Commissioners, 200;

share in Stone's punishment, 309;

appointed secretary of war, 326;

his previous insulting attitude toward Lincoln, 326, 327;

discussion of his qualities, good and bad, 327, 328;

an efficient secretary, 328;

sneers at generals who favor McClellan's plans, 336;

shows incompetence in organizing army, 343, 344;

praises Wilkes for capturing Mason and Slidell, 381;

communicates Lincoln's approval to McClellan, ii. 32;

loses head during Jackson's raid, 53;

bitter letter of McClellan to, 62;

becomes McClellan's merciless enemy, 63;

tries to prevent reappointment of McClellan, 81;

wishes to take troops from Meade for Rosecrans, 168;

repudiates Sherman's terms with Johnston, 239;

insults Sherman, 239, 240;

his relations with Grant, 277;

at time of Early's attack on Washington, 281;

on bad terms with Blair, 287;

persuades Lincoln to use an escort, 343;

plan to assassinate, 350.