appointed general-in-chief, 365, ii. 65;

compared with McClellan, i. 365;

gains advancement because unopposed and unnoticed by politicians, 366;

expels slaves from camp, ii. 8;

favors recall of McClellan from Peninsula, 65, 66;

allowed free hand by Lincoln, 73;

inferior to McClellan, 74;

his telegraphic dispute with McClellan, 78, 79;

begs McClellan's assistance after Pope's defeat, 80;

instructs McClellan to command defences of Washington, 83;

alarmed over safety of capital, 84;

has friction with Hooker, 145;

refuses to give Hooker garrison of Harper's Ferry, 146;

urges Meade to attack after Gettysburg, 149;

wishes Buell and Rosecrans

to invade Tennessee, 155;

superseded by Grant, 276;

on bad terms with Blair, 287, 288.

Hamlin, Hannibal,

nominated for Vice-President, i. 171;

reasons why not renominated, ii. 263.

Hanks, John,

aids Lincoln to split rails, i. 16;

on Lincoln's first sight of slavery, 17;

brings rails split by Lincoln into Republican Convention, 162.

Hanks, Nancy,

mother of Lincoln, i. 2;

descends from a "poor white" family, 7;

her character, 7, 8, 9;

marries Thomas Lincoln, 8;

her death, 11.

Hardin, Colonel John J.,

defeats Lincoln and Baker for Congress, i. 71;

defeated by Lincoln, 73.

Harlan, James,

in Senate in 1861, i. 296.

Harrison, W.H.,

campaign for, in 1840, i. 61.

Hawkins, George S.,

opposes compromise in 1861 as futile, i. 204.

Hayti,

recognized, ii. 18.

Heintzelman, General Samuel P.,

opposes McClellan's plan of campaign, i. 336;

appointed corps commander, 344;

on force necessary to protect Washington, ii. 32.

Henderson, John B.,

approves Lincoln's emancipation scheme, ii. 27.

Henry, Fort,

captured, i. 354.

Herndon, William H.,

law partner of Lincoln, i. 67;

prevents Lincoln from association with Abolitionists, 95, 96;

aids Lincoln in organizing Republican party, 111;

visits East to counteract Greeley's influence against Lincoln, 113.

Herold, David E.,

tried for assassination of Lincoln, ii. 350-352;

hanged, 352.

Hickman, John,

calls Lincoln's emancipation scheme unmanly, ii. 23.

Hicks, Governor Thomas H.,

opposed to secession, i. 258;

suggests referring troubles to Lord Lyons as arbitrator, 281.

"Higher Law,"

Seward's doctrine of, i. 90.

Hitchcock, General Ethan A.,

considers Washington insufficiently protected, ii. 40.

Holt, Joseph,

succeeds Floyd in Buchanan's cabinet, i. 199;

joins Black and Stanton in coercing Buchanan, 200;

fears attempt of South to seize Washington, 209.

Hood, General John Bell,

succeeds Johnston, ii. 283;

defeated by Sherman, 283.

Hooker, General Joseph,

allows slave owners to reclaim fugitives, ii. 8;

replaces Burnside in command, 138;

letter of Lincoln to, 139, 140;

his abilities, 140;

in Chancellorsville campaign, 140-142;

throws away chance of success, 141;

fails to use all of troops, 142;

orders retreat, 142;

wishes to resume attack, 143;

first prevented, then urged by Lincoln, 143, 144;

wishes to capture Richmond, 144;

follows Lee to North, 145;

instructed by Lincoln to obey Halleck, 145, 146;

irritated by Halleck, resigns, 146;

sent to aid Rosecrans, 165;

storms Lookout Mountain, 166, 167.

House of Representatives,

election of Lincoln to, and career in, i. 73-81;

members of, 74;

debates Mexican war, 74, 75;

struggles in, over Wilmot proviso, 79;

refuses to pass Lincoln's emancipation bill of 1849, 79-81;

settles question of admission of Kansas, 109;

proposes Constitutional amendment in 1861, 202;

rejects plan of Peace Congress, 203;

leaders of, in 1861, 297;

thanks Captain Wilkes, 381;

approves emancipation proclamation, ii. 120;

fails to pass thirteenth amendment, 318;

later passes amendment, 325-327.

Houston, Samuel,

opposes secession in Texas, i. 187.

Hunter, General David,

asked by Lincoln to aid Fremont, i. 349;

succeeds Fremont, 351;

proclaims martial law and abolishes slavery in Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina, ii. 7;

his order revoked, 7;

organizes a negro regiment, 15.

Hunter, R.M.T.,

on Confederate peace commission, ii. 305;

retort of Lincoln to, 307.

Hyer, Tom,

hired by Seward's supporters in Republican Convention, i. 167.

carried by Democrats in 1862, ii. 124.

Indiana,

carried by Democrats in 1862, ii. 124;

Copperheads in, 183, 184.

Internal improvements,

craze over, in Western States, i. 53.

Iverson, Alfred,

works in Georgia for secession, i. 186;

threatens Houston with assassination, 187;

wishes to keep Washington as capital of Confederacy, 209.

in Shenandoah valley, ii. 53;

his raid down valley in 1862, 54;

escapes pursuing forces, 56;

joins Johnston and attacks McClellan, 58;

compels McClellan to retreat to James River, 61;

defeats Banks, 76;

reinforced, 76;

marches around Pope, 76;

on too good condition of Federal armies, 87;

breaks Federal right at Chancellorsville, 141;

accidentally shot by his own soldiers, 141.

Johnson, Andrew,

in Congress with Lincoln, i. 74;

in Senate in 1861, 297;

instructed by Lincoln to reorganize government in Tennessee, ii. 219;

stern opinion of treason, 229;

repudiates Sherman's terms with Johnston, 239;

his nomination for vice-presidency aided by Lincoln, 263, 264;

protested against, by Tennesseeans, 295;

his accession to presidency welcomed by radicals, 349;

refuses to commute Mrs. Surratt's sentence, 352.

Johnson, Bushrod R.,

captured at Fort Donelson, i. 355.

Johnson, Herschel V.,

nominated for Vice-President in 1860, i. 164;

votes against secession in 1860, 187.

Johnson, Oliver,

supports Lincoln in 1864, ii. 256.

Johnston, General A.S.,

plans to crush Grant and Buell in detail, i. 361;

commands at battle of Shiloh, 361;

killed, 362.

Johnston, Joseph

succeeds Jackson at Harper's Ferry, i. 299;

aids Beauregard at Bull Run, 301;

on condition of Confederate army, 302;

evacuates Manassas, 341;

fears that McClellan will storm Yorktown, ii. 38;

begins attack on McClellan, 58;

retreats from Sherman after Vicksburg, 162;

terms of Sherman with, in 1865, 238, 239, 240;

campaign against Sherman in 1864, 283;

removed by Davis, 283;

campaign against Sherman in Carolinas, 331;

plan of Lee to join, 331;

surrenders, 340.

Johnston, Sally,

marries Thomas Lincoln, i. 11;

her character, 11, 12.

Jones, Abraham,

ancestor of Lincoln, i. 4.

Judd, N.B.,

asked by Lincoln to help his canvass in 1860, i. 162;

urges Lincoln to avoid danger of assassination, 213.

Julian, George W.,

in House in 1861, i. 297;

on Republican dissatisfaction with Lincoln, ii. 104, 105, 246.

invaded by Bragg, ii. 154.

Keyes, General Erasmus D.,

favors McClellan's plan of campaign, i. 336;

appointed corps commander, 344;

on force necessary to protect Washington, ii. 32;

on impossibility of taking Yorktown, 38.

Know-Nothings,

their career in 1854-1856, i. 100, 101;

attempt to draw out Lincoln in 1860, 175.

commands against Pope, ii. 76;

prepares to invade Maryland, 84;

his contempt for McClellan, 84;

at Antietam, 85-87;

at Fredericksburg, 136, 137;

outmanoeuvred by Hooker, 141;

at Chancellorsville, 141, 142;

hopes to conquer a peace, 143;

enters Pennsylvania, 145;

retreats after Gettysburg, 148;

sends reinforcements to Bragg, 163;

campaign in Virginia against Meade, 168, 169;

his campaign against Grant, 279, 280;

suggests a conference with Grant, 329;

notifies Davis that Richmond must fall, 330, 333;

his chance of escape, 331;

attacks Federal lines, 332;

tries to escape, 336, 337;

surrenders at Appomattox, 338, 339;

asks for food, 339.

Liberia,

recognized, ii. 18.

Lincoln, Abraham,

his ignorance concerning his ancestry i. 1;

sensitive regarding it, 1, 2;

his own statements, 2, 6;

anxious to appear of respectable stock, 2;

his genealogy as established later, 3-6;

his reputed illegitimacy, 7;

his birth, 8;

his references to his mother, 8;

his childhood, 8, 9;

befriended by his step-mother, 12;

his education, 12;

early reading, 12, 13;

early attempts at humorous writing, 13;

storytelling, 14;

youthful exploits, 14;

let out by his father, 15;

helps his father settle in Sangamon County, Ill., 16;

works for himself, 16;

his trip to New Orleans for Offut, 16, 17;

impressed with slavery, 17;

in Offut's store, 18;

fights Armstrong, 18, 19;

later friendship with Armstrong, 19;

borrows a grammar, 19;

his honesty, 19, 20;

loses situation, 20;

involved in border quarrels, 24;

his temperance considered eccentric, 25;

careless habits of dress, 26;

in the country groceries, 28;

coarseness of speech, 28, 29;

his sympathetic understanding of the people, 31-34;

his standards dependent on surroundings, 32;

enlists in Black Hawk war, 35;

chosen captain, 35;

his services, 36.

Frontier Politician.

Announces himself a candidate for the legislature, 37, 38;

a "Clay man," 38;

his campaign and defeat, 39;

enters grocery store, fails, 39, 40;

pays off debt, 40;

studies law, 40;

postmaster at New Salem, 40, 41;

settles account with government, 41;

surveyor, 41, 42;

elected to legislature, 42;

borrows money to ride to capital, 43;

his career in legislature, 43;

love affair with Ann Rutledge, 43, 44;

his gloom, 44-47;

its inexplicable character, 46, 47;

affair with Mary Owens, 48 and n.;

again a candidate, his platform, 49, 50;

calms excitement in campaign, 50, 51;

his fairness, 51;

his retort to Forquer, 52;

elected as one of "Long Nine," 52;

favors unlimited internal improvements, 53;

acknowledges his blunder, 54;

his skill as log-roller, 54, 55;

gains popularity in county, 55;

protests against anti-abolition resolutions, 56;

admitted to bar, settles in Springfield, 56;

partnership with Stuart, 57;

studies debating, 57;

political ambitions, 57, 58;

shows evidences of high ideals, 58, 59;

incidents of his canvass in 1838, 59;

opposes repudiation, in legislature, 59, 60;

reflected in 1840, unsuccessful candidate for speaker, 60;

jumps out of window to break a quorum, 60;

in campaign of 1840, 61;

his courtship of Mary Todd, 62, 63;

fails to appear on wedding day, 63;

married, 63;

character of his married life, 64, 65;

quarrels with Shields, 65, 66;

later ashamed of it, 66;

improves prospects by a partnership with Logan, 67;

later joins with Herndon, 67;

his competitors at the bar, 68;

considers law secondary to politics, 68;

his legal ability, 68-70;

a "case lawyer," 68;

his ability as jury lawyer, 69;

refuses to conduct a bad case, 70;

on Whig electoral ticket in 1844, 71;

later disillusioned with Clay, 71;

fails to get nomination to Congress, 71;

alleged understanding with Baker and others, 72;

renews candidacy in 1846, 72;

nominated, 73;

elected, his vote, 73.

In Congress.

Agrees with Whig programme on Mexican war, 75;

introduces "Spot Resolutions" against Polk, 75;

his speech, 76;

his doctrine of right of revolution, 76, 77;

votes for Ashmun's amendment condemning war, 77;

defends himself from charge of lack of patriotism, 77;

his honesty, 77, 78;

damages Whigs in Illinois, 78;

favors candidacy of Taylor, 78;

his speech in House for Taylor against Cass, 79;

votes for Wilmot Proviso, 79;

his bill to prohibit slave trade in District of Columbia, 79, 80;

obtains support of Giddings, 80;

fails to obtain commissionership in Land Office, 81;

declines governorship of Oregon, 81.

Candidate for Senate.

Accepts compromise although recognizing its futility, 92;

favors Scott in 1852, 93;

answers Douglas's defense of Nebraska bill, 95;

escapes connection with Abolitionists, 95;

renews attack upon Douglas, 96;

candidate for Senate, 96;

leads in first ballots, 96;

injured by Abolitionist praise, 97;

urges friends to secure election of Trumbull, 97;

his alleged bargain with Trumbull, 98;

receives vote for Vice-President in Republican National Convention, 101;

his surprise, 101;

his opinion of Kansas question, 105;

delivers speech at organization of Republican party, 111;

meets disapproval at Springfield, 111, 112;

in campaign of 1856, 112;

encounters hostility of Greeley in the East, 112;

journey of Herndon in his behalf, 113;

nominated by State Convention for senatorship, 114;

damaged by Whig support of Douglas, 116, 117;

prepares letter of acceptance, 117, 118;

reads paragraph on situation to friends, 118;

alarms advisers by his plainness of utterance, 119;

insists on asserting the irrepressible conflict, 119;

statesmanship of his course, 120;

challenges Douglas to joint debate, 121;

misrepresentations of his position on slavery, 122-124;

his appeal to "the fathers," 124, 125;

his accusation against the South, 125-128;

his crucial question to Douglas, 128;

Douglas's reply, 128, 129;

his position on Dred Scott decision, 129, 130;

accused of duplicity, 130;

his views as to slavery under the Constitution considered, 131-136;

on Abolitionists, 134, 135;

on negro race, 136;

his freedom from animosity toward opponents or slaveholders, 137-139;

does not denounce slaveholders, 138;

his fairness a mental trait, 139, 140;

on popular sovereignty, 141;

convicts Douglas of ambiguity, 142;

alleged purpose to discredit Douglas as presidential candidate, 143, 144;

feels himself upholder of a great cause, 144-146;

his moral denunciation of slavery, 145, 146;

his literary form, 147;

elevation of tone, 147, 148;

disappointed at defeat by Douglas, 149;

exhausted by his efforts, 150;

asked to contribute to campaign fund, 150.

Candidate for Presidency.

Makes speeches in Ohio, 151;

calls Douglas pro-slavery, 151, 152;

invited to speak in New York, prepares address, 152;

journey through Kansas, 152, 153;

his New York address, 153-155;

states the situation, 154, 155;

praised by newspapers, 155;

tour in New England, 155;

comprehensive nature of his speeches, 156, 157;

ignores disunion, 157;

by dwelling on wrong of slavery, makes disunion wrong, 159, 160;

slow to admit publicly a desire for presidency, 161;

enters field in 1859, 160;

nominated as candidate by Illinois Republican Convention, 162;

his managers at National Convention, 167;

yelled for by hired shouters, 168;

supposed to be more moderate than Seward, 168;

his own statement of principles, 169;

votes secured for, by bargains, 169, 170;

nominated on third ballot, 170, 171;

accepts nomination in dejection, 171;

his nomination a result of "availability," 172;

little known in country at large, 173;

anxious to avoid discussion of side issues, 175, 176;

opposed by Abolitionists, 176, 177;

supported by Giddings, 177;

elected, 178;

the choice of a minority, 178, 179.

President-elect.

His trying position during interregnum, 181;

his election the signal for secession, 184;

damaged by persistent opposition of New York "Tribune," 191;

his opinion of the proposed constitutional amendment to guarantee slavery, 202;

declared elected by electoral count, 208;

alleged plot to assassinate, 208, 210;

maintains silence during winter, 209, 210;

privately expresses dislike of compromise, 210;

declares against interfering with slavery, 210;

pronounces for coercing seceded States, 211;

his journey to Washington, 211-214;

warned of plot against, 212;

speeches in Pennsylvania, 212;

induced to avoid danger, 213, 214;

accused of cowardice, 214;

his own opinion as to plot, 215;

question of his real danger, 215-217 and n.;

visited by Peace Congress, 217-219;

impresses visitors by his appearance, 219;

inauguration of, 219-222;

his address, 220, 221;

states intention to enforce laws, 221;

repeats opposition to extension only of slavery, 222;

his previous denunciations remembered by South, 223, 224;

shows statesmanship in emphasizing Union, 227, 228.

President—First Term.

Appears tranquil after entering office, 228;

not over-confident, but resolved on doing his duty, 230;

disheartened by lack of support at North, 231, 232;

not trusted by leaders of Republican party, 232, 233;

feels isolation, 233, 234;

his cabinet, 234;

seeks representatives of all views, 234, 235;

prefers individual strength to unity in cabinet, 235;

criticised by radical Republicans, 235;

has difficulties in satisfying Cameron, 236;

dissuades Seward from refusing to join cabinet, 237, 238;

his statement of purpose to Virginia commissioners, 240;

annoys South by failing to notice it, 241;

irritates Northern extremists, 242;

asks opinion of Scott as to relieving Sumter, 244;

asks advice of cabinet, 245, 246;

promises South to take no action without warning, 245;

again asks cabinet, 246;

forms plan to relieve Fort Pickens, 247;

spoils plan to relieve Sumter by sending Powhatan to Pensacola, 248;

announces intention to provision Sumter, 248;

admits blame for failure, 249;

question of his fault in delaying to relieve fort, 250;

issues proclamation calling for volunteers for three months, 252, 253;

his purpose, 253;

expects Northerners to equal Southerners as fighters, 253, 254;

calls Congress for special session, 254;

wishes to gain Kentucky, 254, 255;

dreads effect of Baltimore riot on Border States, 258;

offers to send troops around Baltimore, 259;

soothes Maryland, 260;

cut off from North for a week, 261;

tries in vain to prevent Virginia from seceding, 263;

tries to secure Lee, 263;

successful in his policy for retaining Kentucky in Union, 267;

unable to reach North Carolina, Tennessee, or Arkansas, 269;

tries to aid Missouri loyalists, 270;

confident in efficiency of North, 271;

his capacities unknown to people, 273;

question of his "inspiration," 274;

his masterfulness not realized, 274;

question as to his relations with advisers, 275;

obliged to restrain Chase and Seward, 275-280;

his relations with Chase, 276;

receives Seward's "Thoughts," 276, 277;

his reply to Seward, 279;

realizes his own responsibility and accepts it, 280, 281;

receives absurd advice, 281, 282;

proclaims blockade of Southern ports, 283;

advised to "close" ports, 284;

sees necessity of admitting war, 285;

decides to act efficiently without regard to Constitution, 285, 286;

instructs Scott to watch Maryland legislature, 286;

issues order to arrest Maryland secessionists, 287;

orders Scott to suspend writ of habeas corpus, 287;

denounced by Taney, 288;

issues proclamation authorizing further suspension, 289;

states his argument to Congress, 289, 290;

calls for more volunteers, 291;

takes pains with message which he sends to Congress, 292;

on neutrality of Kentucky, 292;

on blockade, 293;

on secession, 293-295;

appeals for ample means to end war, 296;

appoints McClellan to command Army of Potomac, 303;

avoids connection with Ball's Bluff affair, 309;

appoints McClellan to succeed Scott, 310;

sees that popular demand for action must be followed, 314;

puzzled by McClellan's refusal to move, 316;

forced to bear military responsibility, 318, 319;

his freedom from self-seeking, 320, 321;

urges McClellan to advance, 322, 323;

discouraged by McClellan's illness, consults McDowell and Franklin, 323, 324;

consults McClellan, 325;

exasperates McClellan by his action, 325, 326;

appoints Stanton to succeed Cameron, 326;

his lack of personal feeling against Stanton, 326, 327;

his patience toward Stanton, 328;

his letter to Halleck, 327, 328;

wishes a direct attack, 330;

accused by McClellan's friends of meddling, 331;

decides to force action, 331;

issues General War Order No. 1, 332;

its purpose political rather than military, 332, 333;

orders McClellan to move South, 333;

asks McClellan to justify his plan, 334;

calls council of generals, 335, 336;

accepts McClellan's plan, 337;

insists on preservation of capital, 337;

political reasons for his anxiety to hold Washington, 337-339;

reasons why his plan should have been adopted, 339;

never convinced of superiority of McClellan's scheme, 340;

issues General War Order to secure Washington, 341;

unmoved by abuse of McClellan's enemies, 342;

relieves McClellan of general command, 343;

forced by Congress to divide Army of Potomac into corps, 344;

appreciates importance of Western operations, 347;

urges on Western generals, 347;

unable to supply troops, 348;

appoints Fremont to command Department of West, 349;

tries to guide Fremont, 349;

appealed to by Mrs. Fremont, 350;

removes Fremont, his reasons, 350, 351;

sees military importance of Cumberland Gap, 351;

urges construction of a railroad there, 352;

urges Buell on, 352;

annoyed by Buell's refusal to move, 353;

death of his son, 355;

discusses plan to capture New Orleans, 358;

suddenly obliged to consider foreign affairs, 368;

his corrections on Seward's instructions to Adams, 373, 375;

his statement of foreign relations in message of December, 1861, 377, 378;

avoids either timidity or defiance, 379, 380;

objects from beginning to seizure of Mason and Slidell, 382;

proposes to arbitrate the matter, 384;

thinks England's claim just, 384;

wisdom of his course in surrendering the envoys, 385-387;

unable to prevent slavery from entering into war, ii. 2;

disapproves of Fremont's order freeing slaves of rebels, 6, 7;

by rescinding it, makes an enemy of Fremont, 7;

revokes order of Hunter freeing slaves, 7;

takes responsibility of matter upon himself, 8;

prevents Cameron from urging arming of negroes, 9;

advises recognition of Hayti and Liberia, 10;

in message suggests compensated emancipation and colonization, 10, 11;

approves bill abolishing slavery, with compensation, in District, 11, 12;

signs bill prohibiting return of fugitive slaves, 13;

signs bill abolishing slavery in United States Territories, 13, 14;

signs bill to emancipate slaves of rebels, 14, 15;