Scandinavian Influence...

Donnart, adj. stupid, stupefied. Mansie Wauch, 96, 29. Norse daana, Sw. dåna, to faint. For the r cp. dumbfoundered, M.W., p. 210, 25. An excrescent r appears in a number of words, so in dynnart, a variant of the word above, Dunbar, T.M.W. 10. Cp. daunert, in stupor, Johnnie Gibb, 56, 44, and dauner, to wander aimlessly, Psalms CVII, 40.

Doock, duck. sb. a kind of coarse cloth. Jamieson. Probably in this case, as the form of the word indicates, from O. N. dúkr, O. Sw. dūker, cloth. Cp. Norse dūk, Dan. dug, Sw. dial. duk. Skeat derives the Eng. duck from Du. dock, but the Sco. word agrees more closely with the Norse.

Dosen, adj. stupefied. Burns 220, 107, 2. Cp. Cu. dozent, stupefied, and Mansie Wauch, 207, 24, dozing, whirling, sprawling. The Norse work dusen has the same meaning as dosen above. The form dosynt, pp. dazed, stunned (Burns), is to be explained from a Sco. vb. dosen (not necessarily dosnen in Scotland), corresponding to M. E. dasin, O. N. dasa. See Skeat under doze.

Dowff, douf, dolf, adj. deaf, dull, melancholy, miserable. Douglas, II, 63, 11; Burns, 44, 4. O. N. daufr, deaf, Norse dauv, drowsy, dull, dauva, make drowsy. See dowie.

Dowie, dowy, adj. melancholy, dismal. O. N. doufr, dead, drowsy. Norse dauv, dau, id. Cp. Sco. doolie and Ir. doiligh, mournful, O. N. daufligr, dismal.

Dowless, adj. careless, worthless. Isaiah, 32, 11. O. N. duglauss, Norse duglaus, good for nothing, said of a person who has lost all courage or strength, as opposed to duglegr, capable. Norse dugløysa, weakness, inability. Cp. Dan. due, to be able. Germ. taugen.

Draik, vb. to drown, drench. Lyndsay, 247, 714; draikit, Isaiah, I, 22. Apparently from O. N. drekkja, to drown, to swamp. The vowel is difficult to explain. The Cu. form drakt, drenched, wet, indicates a verb, drak. The change in vowel would then be similar to that in dwall from O. N. dvelja, Eng. dwell. Uncertain.

Dram, sb. a drink. Fergusson, 40; Mansie Wauch, 9, 9; 90, 2. Norse dram, a drink, always used with reference to a strong drink, so in Sco. Dan. dram, as much of a strong drink as is taken at one time (Molbeck). O. Sw. dramb, drinking in general, carousing. This usage of dram is distinctively Scand. and Sco. Cp. Eng. dram, Sco. vb. dram, to furnish with drinks.

Drawkit, adj. drenched. Dunbar 142, 102; Douglas, I, 56, 12; III, 303, 8. See draik. The vowel is difficult to explain. Absence of n before the k proves that it is either a Scand. loanword direct, or a Sco. formation from one. There is no Scand. word from which drawkit could come. It may be a Sco. formation from draik. For change of ai to aw cp. agent and awgent; various and vawrious, in Aberdeen dial. The M. Dan. drockne, N. Norse drokna, would hardly account for aw in drawkit.

Drook, to drench, to drown. Isaiah, XVI, 9; LV, 10; Psalms, VI, 6. Cannot come from O. N. drekkja. Probably from O. N. drukna, to drown, Norse drukna, O. Dan. dronkne, by lengthening of the vowel. Cp. Cu. drookt, severely wet. The following infinitive forms also occur, draik, drowk, drawk.

Droukit, adj. drenched. Fergusson, 40. See drook.

Drucken, druken, adj. drunken, addicted to drink. O. N., Norse drukken, pp. of drikka, to drink. Early E. Scand. has the unassimilated form. Cp. O. Dan. dronkne, drone. Later Dan. drougne, drocken. Early Sw. drokken.

Duddy, adj. ragged. Fergusson, 146; Burns, 68, 48. See duds. Cp. Cu. duddy fuddiel, a ragged fellow.

Duds, sb. pl. rags, clothes, O. N. dudi, "vestes plumatae" (Haldorson), duda (duða), to wrap up heavily, to swaddle. Gael. dud, rag, is a loan-word from O. N. It is possible that the word may have come into Lowland Sco. by way of Gael.

Egg, vb. to urge on, to incite. O. N. eggja, goad, incite, Norse egga, Dan. egge, id. The word is general Gmc., but this specific sense is Scand. Cp. O. Fr. eggia, to quarrel, to fight. M. L. G. eggen, to cut, to sharpen a sword.

Egging, sb. excitement, urging. Bruce, IV, 539. See egg.

Eident, ydan, ythand, adj. diligent. Dalr., I, 233, 35; Fergusson, 94; Douglas, I, 86, 17. O. N. iðinn, assiduous, diligent, iðja, to be active. Norse idn, activity, industry. Cp. Dan. id, idelig.

Elding, sb. fuel. Dalr., I, 10, 8. O. N. elding, firing, fuel. Norse elding, id. Cu. eldin. From O. N. eldr, fire. Cp. Shetland eld, fire. See N.E.D.

Eldnyng, sb. passion, also jealousy. Dunbar, 36, 204; 119, 126, literally "firing up." O. N. eldr, fire. Cp. Sw. elding.

Encrely, ynkirly, adv. especially, particularly. Bruce, I, 92; I, 301; X, 287. O. N. einkarlegr, O. Dan. enkorlig, O. Sw. enkorlika, adj. adv. special, especially. Cp. Norse einkeleg, unusual, extraordinary. See B-S and Skeat's glossary to Barbour's Bruce.

End, sb. breath. Sat. P., 42, 63. See aynd.

End, vb. to breathe upon. Dalr., I, 29, 6. O. N. anda, Norse anda, breathe, M. E. anden.

Erd, vb. to bury. Dunbar, F., 372; Douglas, II, 266, 10; Bruce, XX, 291. O. N. jarða, to bury, O. Sw. iorþa. O. E. eardian meant "to dwell, inhabit." See further Wall. A case of borrowed meaning, the form is Eng.

Erding, sb. burial. Bruce, IV, 255; XIX, 86. See erd vb.

Espyne, sb. a long boat. Bruce, XVII, 719. O. N. espingr, a ship's boat, Sw. esping.

Ettil, etil, sb. aim, design. Douglas, II, 249, 13; II, 254. See ettil vb.

Etlyng, sb. aim, endeavor, intention. Bruce, II, 22; I, 587; R.R., 1906. Probably a deriv. from ettle, see below, but cp. O. N. etlun, design, plan, intention.

Ettle, ettil, vb. to intend, aim at, attempt. O. N. ætla, intend, O. Dan. ætlæ, ponder over, Norse etla, intend, determine, or get ready to do a thing. Cu. ettle, York, attle. In Isaiah, LIX, colophon, ettle signifies "means, have the meaning."

Falow, vb. to match, compare. R. R., 3510. Also the regular form of the sb. in Sco., O. N. félagr. See Skeat, B-S under fēlaȝe. The Sco. vowel is long as in O. N. and M. E. The tendency in Sco. is toward a in a great many words that have e in Eng. Cp. Aberdeen wast for west; laft for left; stap for step; sattlit for settled, S. Sco. wat for wet. Similar unfronting of the vowel is seen in prenciple, reddance, enterdick.

Fang, vb. to catch, seize. O. N. fanga, to fetch, capture. Norse fanga, Dan. fange. This word in Northern England and Scotland is to be regarded as a Scand. loan-word. The word fangast, a marriageable maid, cited by Wall, proves this. Literally the word means something caught (cp. Norse fangst). This meaning could not possibly have arisen out of the O. E. word, but is explained by the Norse use of it and the peculiar Norse custom, cp. fanga kǫnu, to wed a woman, kvan-fang, marriage, fangs-tið, wedding-season, Norse bryllöp < brudlaup, the "bride-run." Wall suggests that it may come from the root of O. E. pp. gefangen. Its presence in S.Eng. diall. in the meaning "to struggle, to bind," may be explained in this way.

Farandness, sb. comeliness, handsomeness. R.R., 1931. See farrand. Cp. cunnandness, from pr. p. cunnand.

Farrand, adj. appearing, generally well-appearing, handsome, e.g., a seemly farrand person. The word frequently means "fitting, proper," O. N. fara, to suit, to fit, a secondary sense of fara, to go.

Feir, fer, adj. sound, unharmed. O. N. færr, safe, well, in proper condition, originally applied to a way that was in proper condition or a sea that was safe, e.g., Petlandsfjörðr var eigi færr, the Pentland Firth was not safe, could not be crossed. Norse før also has this same meaning, also means "handy, skillful," finally "strong, well-built." Dan., Sw. för, able. So in Dunbar, 258, 51. Sometimes spelled fier.

Fell, sb. mountain. O. N. fjald, Norse fjell. See Wall.

Fillok, sb. a giddy young woman. Douglas, III, 143, 10; Lyndsay, 87, 2654. Diminutive of filly, q.v.

Filly, sb. a chattering, gossipy young woman. Ramsay, II, 328. Sco. usage. See Skeat under filly, O. N. fylja.

Firth, sb. a bay, arm of the sea. O. N. fjörðr, O. Sw. fjördher. See Skeat.

Flake, sb. a hurdle. Douglas, IV, 14, 10. O. N. flaki, a hurdle, or shield wicker-work. Norse flake, Sw. flake and O. Sw. flaki. Cu. flaks, pieces of turf, is probably the same. Cp. Norse flake, in kote-flake.

Flat, adj. dull, spiritless. Rolland, Prol. 16. O. N. flat, Norse flat, ashamed, disappointed, fara flatt fyrir einem, to fare ill, be worsted, O. Dan. flad, weak.

Fleckerit, pp. adj. spotted. Gol. and Gaw., 475. O. N. flekkr, a spot, flekkóttr, spotted. The r in the Sco. word is frequentative, not the inflexional ending of the O. N. See also Skeat under fleck.

Flegger, sb. a flatterer. Dunbar, F., 242. Dan. dial. flægger, false, flægre, to flatter.

Flingin tree, sb. a piece of timber hung by way of partition between two horses in a stable (Wagner), Burns, 32, 23. O. N. flengja, Norse flenga, flengja, to fling, to sling. Sw. flänga, O. Ic. flengja, to whip up, to cause to hurry, to ride furiously. The Norse and the Dan., like the English, do not have the primary meaning seen in O. Ic. and N.Sw. See further Skeat.

Flit, vb. to move, change abode. O. N. flyttja, Norse flytta, O. Dan. flyttæ, O. Sw. flyttia, to move, M. E. flytten. The O. N. flyttja meant "to migrate," as also the M. E. word, otherwise the usage is the same in all the Scand. languages. Sco. flit is to be derived from O. N. not from Sw.

Flyre, vb. to grin, leer, whimper, look surly. Montg. F., 188. Dunbar, T.M.W., 114. O. N., flira, Norse flira, smile at, leer, laugh, Dan. flire to leer, M. E. fliren. The three words flina, flira and flisa in Scand. mean the same. Cu. fliar, to laugh heartily. See also Wall.

Flytting, sb. furniture, moveable goods. Wyntoun, VIII, 38, 50. In Wallace simply in the sense of removal. O. N. flutning, transport, carriage of goods. The Sco. word is probably a deriv. from flyt, as indicated also by the umlauted vowel.

Forelders, sb. pl. parents. Gau. 15, 2. Dan. forældre, Sw. föräldrar, Norse foreldre, parents. In the sense "ancestors" the word is general Gmc, but the above use is specifically Scand. In Sco. the word usually has the general sense. Gau has Dan. elements that are not to be found in other Sco. works.

Forjeskit, adj. jaded, fatigued. Burns, 44, 29. Dan. jask adj., jaske vb. to rumple, put in disorder, jask, a rag, jasket, hjasket left in disordered condition. Dan. dial. jasked, clumsy, homely. Sw. dial. jaska, to walk slovenly and as if tired, jasked, adj. in bad condition. R.L. Stevenson in "The Blast" uses forjaskit in the sense of "jaded." The prefix for may be either Eng. or Dan.

Forloppin, adj. renegade. Sat., p. 44, 243. The pp. of loup, to leap, to run, with intensive prefix for. See loup. Cp. the Norse forloppen from læupa, used precisely in the same way, and the Dan. dial. loben. Forloppin as sb., Dunbar, 139. See also loppert.

Fors, sb. a stream. O. N. fors, N.Ic. and Norse foss, Dan., Sw. foss, stream, waterfall, O. N. forsa, to foam, spout. The word is very common in Norway, not so common in Sweden and Denmark.

Forth, sb. Dunbar, 316, 63. Same as firth.

Fra, Frae, prep. and conj. from, since. Aberdeen form fae. O. N. frá, from, Dan. fra, Norse fra, Sw. frå. Deriv. from "from," according to Wall, by analogy of o', etc. I do not believe so. It is first found in Scand. settlements and is confined to them. Besides m would not be likely to fall out. The case is quite different with f and n in "of" and "in" when before "the." Furthermore, the conjunctive use of fra as in Sco. is Norse.

Frecklit, freckled, adj. flecked, spotted, differing slightly from the Eng. use. Douglas, II, 216, 5; Mansie Wauch, 18, 5, "freckled corn." O. N. freknur. See Kluge and Lutz, and Skeat. In M.W. above: "The horn-spoons green and black freckled."

Frend, sb. relation, relative. Wyntoun, VII, 10, 354. O. N. frændi, kinsman, O. Dan. frændi, Norse frænde, Sw. frände, id. O. E. frēond, O. H.G. friunt, O. Fr. friond, friund, M. L. G. vrint, "friend." Cp. the Sco. proverb: "Friends agree best at a distance," relations agree best when there is no interference of interests, Jamieson.

Frestin, vb. to tempt, taunt, also to try. Gol. and Gaw., 902, 911; Ramsay, I, 271. O. N. fræista, to tempt, Norse freista, frista, to tempt, try, O. Sw. fresta, Dan. friste, Sw. dial. freista, to attempt, O. E. frāsian.

Ganand, adj. fitting, proper. Dunbar, 294; Douglas, II, 24, 19. Pr. p. of gane. Cp. Eng. fitting. See gane.

Gane, vb. to be suitable. L.L., 991; Rolland, II, 135. O. N. gegna, to suit, to satisfy, from gegn. O. Sw. gen, same root in Germ. begegnen. See further Kluge. Entirely different from gane, to profit.

Gane, vb. to profit. L.L., 131; R.R., 1873. O. N. gagne, to help, be of use, gagn, use, profit, Norse gagna, id., O. Sw. gaghna, to profit, Dan. gavne.

Gane, sb. the mouth and throat. Douglas, III, 168, 26. Cannot come from O. E. gin, O. N. gin, mouth, because of the quality of the vowel, is, however, Norse gan, gane, the throat, the mouth and throat, Sw. gan, gap, the inside of the mouth.

Gait, gate, gat, sb. road, way, manner. O. N. gata, O. Dan. gatæ, M. E. gāte. See Wall. Cp. Northern Eng. "to gang i' that rwoad," to continue in that manner.

Garth, gairth, sb. the yard, the house with the enclosure, dwelling. O. N. garðr, a yard, the court and premises, O. Sw. garþer, gardh, the homeplace, Dan. gaard, M. E. garth, and yeard from O. E. geard, Cu. garth, Shetland gard. Is in form more specifically Norse than Dan. Occurs in a number of place-names in South Scotland, especially Dumfries. See I, § 3.

Gatefarrin, adj. wayfaring, in the sense of fit to travel, in suitable apparel for travel. Johnnie Gibb, 12, 35. Wall distinguishes rightly between the O. N. and the Eng. use of the word fare. This Scand. use of the word is confined to Norway and Iceland, and is, at any rate in the later period, more characteristic of Icelandic than Norse. Cp. a similar use of the word sitta, in Norse, to look well, said of clothes that look well on a person. Not quite the same.

Gawky, adj. foolish. Burns, 78, 60. From gowk. Cp. gawkish.

Gedde, sb. a pike (fish). Bruce, II, 576; Sat. P. I, 53, 9. O. N. gedda, the pike, Dan. gjedde, Sw. gädda. Not in M. E., except in Sco. works, and does not seem to exist in Eng. diall.

Gemsal, yemseill, yhemsale, sb. concealment, secrecy. Bruce, XX, 231; Wyntoun, VIII, 19, 206; VIII, 36, 84. O. N. göymsla, O. Ic. geymsla, Norse gøymsla, gøymsel, concealment. Dano-Norse gjemsel. The ending sal is distinctively Scand. Cp. trængsel, misery; længsel, longing; hørsel, hearing; pinsel, torture; trudsel, threat; opførsel, conduct; Sco. tynsell, hansell, etc.

Genȝeld, sb. reward, recompense. Douglas, II, 100, 12; II, 111, 17; Scott, 59, 62. O. N. gegn-gjald, reward, O. Dan. gengæld, giengiald id., giengielde, to reward, Norse gjengjæld. Gen is the same as the gegn in gegna, to suit, -ȝeld can be either Scand. or Eng. The palatal g is also Scand. in this word. The compound genȝeld is Scand. In Sco. also spelled ganȝeld, gaynȝeild.

Ger, gar, vb. to make, cause, force. O. N. gera (Cl. and V.). O. Dan. göræ, Sw. göra, Norse gjera, to do, to make. O. Nh. görva. Gar is the modern form which exhibits regular Sco. change of er to ar. Cp. serk, sark; werk, wark.

Gestnyng, sb. hospitality. Douglas, III, 315, 8. O. N. gistning, a passing the night as a guest at a place, gista, vb. to spend the night with one, gestr, guest. O. Dan. gæstning, O. Sw. gästning, gistning.

Glete, gleit, vb. to glitter. Douglas, I, 33; II, 88, 16; Montg. C. and S., 1288; Dunbar, G.T., 66. O. N. glita, to glitter, Dan. glitte. Cp. Shetland glid, a glittering object. O. E. glitnian > M. E. glitenien, as O. E. glisnian > M. E. glistnian, N. Eng. glisten. The M. E. glitenian (N.Eng. *glitten) was replaced by the Scand. glitter.

Gleit, sb. literally "anything shining," used in Palace of Honour, II, 8, for polish of speech. See the vb.

Gley, sb. a look, glance, stare. Mansie Wauch, 85, 10; 117, 37. See Wall, gley, to squint, B-S. glien. Cp. Sw. dial. glia.

Gleg, adj. sharp. See Wall, deriv. glegly, quickly.

Glitterit, adj. full of glitter. Dunbar, T.M.W., 30. See glitter in Skeat.

Gowk, sb. a fool. O. N. gaukr, Norse gæuk, O. Sw. göker, Dan. gjög. In Sco. very frequently spelled goilk, golk. Cu. April-gowk, April fool.

Gowl, vb. to scream, yell. O. N. gaula, Norse gæula, to yell, to scream. Shetland gjol, gol, to howl, seems to be the same word, but the palatal before o is strange. Cp. Sco. gowle.

Gowlynge, sb. screaming, howling. R.R. 823, pr. p. of gowl. Cp. O. N. gaulan, Norse gæuling, sb. screaming.

Graip, sb. a dung-fork. Burns, 38, 1, 2. Johnnie Gibb, 102, 18; 214, 21. Norse græip, id., Dan. greb, a three-pronged fork.

Graith, adj. ready, direct. Bruce, IV, 759; Wallace, V, 76. O. N. græiðr, ready, Norse greid, simple, clear, ready. Deriv. graithly, directly, Gol. and Gau. 54. Cp. Yorkshire graidly, proper.

Graith, vb. make ready, dress, furnish, equip. C.S., 39; R.R., 424; Psalms XVIII, 32. O. N. græiða, to disentangle, set in order, make ready. Norse greide, to dress (the hair). Cu. graitht, dressed.

Grane, sb. twig, branch. Douglas, II, 10, 27; Dunbar, 76. O. N. græin, Norse grein, Dan. gren, O. Sw. gren, branch. The Dan. and Sw. forms show monophthongation. The Sco. word agrees best with the Norse.

Granit, adj. forked. Douglas, II, 133, 4. O. N. græina, to branch, divide into branches, separate. Norse græina, Sw., Dan. grena, id., O. Sw. grenadh, adj. forked, Cu. grainet.

Grayth, graith, sb. equipment, possessions. Dunbar, 229; Lyndsay, 154, 4753; Burns, 23, 18. O. N. græiða, means "tools, possessions," originally "order." Cp. the vb. In Douglas, III, 3, 25, graith means "preparation."

Graithly, adv. directly, speedily. Bruce, XIX, 708; X, 205. O. N. græiðliga, readily, promptly.

Grith, sb. peace, truce. Wallace, X, 884. O. N., O. Dan. grið, truce, protection, peace. O. Sw. grið, gruð. Occurs very often in the parts of the A-S. Chronicle dealing with the wars with the Danes, for the first time in 1002. "Frið and grið," meant "truce," or "peace and protection." See Steenstrup's discussion of these words, pp. 245-250.

Grouf, on growfe, adj. prone, on one's face. Douglas, IV, 20, 24; Dunbar, 136, 12. O. N. á grúfu, grovelling. Norse aa gruva, id., O. Sw. a gruvo. Sw. diall. gruva, å gruv, Dan. paa gru.

Grys, gryce, sb. a pig. Douglas, II, 143, 14; Lyndsay, 218, 300; Montg., F., 88. O. N. griss, a young pig, swine, O. Dan. gris, Norse gris.

Gukk, vb. to act the fool. Dunbar, F., 497. Probably to be derived from gowk, sb. a fool. It cannot very well come from geck, to jest, the vowels do not correspond. In Poet. R., 108, 5, gukit means "foolish, giddy."

Gyll, sb. cleft, glen, ravine. Douglas, III, 148, 2; Sat. P., 12, 71. O. N. gil, a narrow glen with a stream at the bottom, Norse gil, gyl, a mountain ravine. Cp. Cu. gill, ghyll.

Gylmyr, sb. a ewe in her second year. C.S., 66. O. N. gymbr, a ewe lamb a year old, also gymbr-lamb, Norse gymber, Dan. gimber, M. E. gimbir, gimbyr, Cu. gimmer. In northwestern England and Scotland assimilation of mb to mm took place. Our word has excrescent l, cp. chalmer, not uncommon.

Gyrth, sb. a sanctuary, protection. Bruce, IV, 47; II, 44; C.S., 115. O. N. grið, a sanctuary, a truce. O. Sw. grið, gruð, M. Norse gred, protection. Cu. gurth, cp. grith.

Gyrth sb. a hoop for a barrel, the barrel. R.R., 27, 81. O. N. gjörð, a girdle, a hoop, Dan. gjord, Norse gjord, gjaar, gjoir, hoop, girdle, O. E. form gyrd. Cp. O. N. girða, to gird, and girði, wood for making hoops.

Gyrthyn, sb. saddle-strap, saddle-band. Wyntoun, VIII, 36, 64. O. N. gjörð. See Skeat, girth. Our word is not nominative pl. as the editor of Wyntoun takes it, but is the singular originally pr. p. of girth, to gird, to strap. In Poet. R. 113, occurs the form girthing. Cp. Cu. girting, girtings.

Hailse, vb. to greet, salute. Bruce, II, 153; C.S., 141. O. N. helsa, older hæilsa, to hailsay one, to greet, O. Sw. helsa, Dan. hilse, Norse helsa, id., M. E. hailsen. This word is entirely different from O. E. healsian, which is heals + ian and meant "beseech, implore," literally "embrace." The form of this was halsian in O. Nhb., from which Sco. hawse, to embrace.

Hailsing, halsing, sb. a salute, greeting. Douglas, II, 243, 31; Dunbar "Freires of Berwick" 57; Rosw. and Lill. 589. O. N., O. Sw., Norse helsa, see above; Norse helsing, Dan. hilsning, a greeting. Hailsing formed direct from the vb. hailse.

Haine, vb. to protect, save. Fergusson, 171; Psalms LXXVIII, 50; LXXX, 19; we're hain'd, we are saved. O. N. hegna, to hedge in, protect, hegnaðr, defence, Norse hegna, Dan. hegne, O. Sw. häghna, to hedge in for the sake of protecting. Cu. hain.

Hained, pp. adj. sheltered, secluded, cp. a hained rig, Burns, 8, 1. In modern usage very frequently means "saved up, hoarded," so hained gear, hoarded money. See haine above.

Hainin' tower, sb. fortress. Psalms XVIII, 2; XXXI, 2; LXII, 7. See hain.

Haling (hēling), pr. p. pouring down. Douglas, II, 47, 31. O. N. hella, to pour out water, helling, sb. pouring. See Wall under hell. We should expect a short vowel as generally in Eng. diall. The form hale, however, occurs in Yorkshire too. Both are from O. N. hella. There is no Scand. or L. G. word with original a to explain hale, but cp. the two words dwell and wail, to choose. Dwell from O. N. dvelja, preserves both quality and quantity of the original vowel. The Sco. form is, however, dwall. Here the vowel has been opened according to Sco. tendency of changing e to a before liquids, cp. félag > falow, also frequently before other consonants. Cp. the same tendency in certain dialects in America, so tăll or even tǣl for tell, băll for bell, wăll for well, etc. If e before l in hell, to pour, was changed to a, as e in dwell, and later lengthened, we would have the form hǣl out of which hale would be regularly developed, and so a double development from the same word, hell and hale. Wail, to choose, might be explained in the same way from O. N. vb. velja. Well would be the regular form, but this is not found. The O. N. val, choice, is, however, sufficient to explain wail.

Hame-Sucken, sb. the crime of assaulting a person within his own house. O. N. hæim-sókn, O. Dan. hem-sokn, an attack on one's house. O. Sw. hem-sokn, O. E. hamsocn, E. ham-socne. See Steenstrup, pp. 348-349. The word seems to have come into Eng. during the time of the Danes in England, though both elements are Eng. as well as Scand. See Kluge, P. G.² I, 933.

Hammald, adj. domestic. Douglas, II, 26, 7. O. N. heimoll, heimill, domestic, O. Sw. hemoll, Norse heimholt. Excrescent d after l quite common in Scand. and appears in Sco. in a few words. See fald.

Hank, sb. thread as it comes from the measuring reel, a coil of thread. Burns, 584. See Skeat. Cu. hankle, to entangle, is probably the same word.

Hansel, sb. gift. O. N. handsal. Bruce, V, 120, hansell used ironically means "defeat." See Skeat.

Harn, sb. brain. O. N. hjarni, brain, O. Dan. hiærnę, Norse hjarne, Dan. hjerne, O. Sw. hiärne, härne.

Harsk, adj. harsh, cruel. Wyntoun, IX, 1, 27; Douglas, II, 208, 17. O. N. *harsk, bitter, as proved by Shetland, ask, hask, hosk, and Norse hersk. Cp. Dan. harsk. O. Ic. herstr, bitter, hard, severe, is probably the same word, st to sk. Cp. Cu. hask weather, dry weather. Shetland, hoski wadder, dry and windy weather (Jakobson, p. 68). Dan. dial. harsk, bitter, dry. For dropping of r, as in the Shetland form, cp. kask, from karsk, in "Havelok," cited in Skeat's list.

Harskness, sb. harshness. Dunbar, 104, 19. See harsk.

Harth, adj. hard. Dunbar, F., 181; O. N. harðr, Norse har(d), Dan. haar(d), hard.

Haugh, sb. a hill, a knoll. O. N. haugr, a hill, Norse haug, Old Gutnic haugr, Cu. howe. The O. Sw. högher, O. Dan. hög, höw, Dan. höi, Shetland hjog, hög, show later monophthongation. Cp. M. E. houȝ, hogh.

Haver-meal, sb. oat-meal. Burns, 187, 32, 1. Cp. Norse, havremjöl, O. N. hafrmjöl, Dan. havre meel. The first element of the compound is used especially in Scand. settlements in England and is probably due to Scand. influence. An O. S. hafore exists, but if our word is native, it ought to be distributed in South Eng. diall. as well. The second element of the compound may be Eng.

Haynd, sb. Douglas, III, 119, 6. See aynd.

Heid, sb. brightness. Rolland, I, 122. O. N. hæið, brightness of the sky, hæið ok sólskin, brightness and sunshine, hæiða, to brighten, hæiðbjartr, serene. Cp. heiðs-há-rann, the high hall of brightness, an O. poetical name for heaven. The Norse adj. heid, bright, like the Sco. word, shows change of ð to d.

Hendir, adj. past, bygone. Bruce, 10, 551. Dunbar's poem, This hendir Night. O. N. endr, formerly. Cp. ender-day in Skeat's list.

Hething, sb. scorn, mockery. Wyntoun, IX, 10, 92; Wallace, V, 739; Douglas, II, 209, 7. O. N. hǽðing, sb. scoffing, scorn, hǽða, to scoff, to mock, Norse, hæding, scorn, mockery, O. Sw. hädha, hödha.

Hing, vb. to hang. Lindsay, 527, 4033; Gol. and Gaw., 438; Psalms LXIX, 6. Same as Cu. hing, for which see Wall.

Hooli, hulie, adj. quiet, slow, leisurely, careful. Dalr., I, 149, 27; A.P.B., 41; Fergusson, 54. O. N., hógligr, easy, gentle, hógleiki, meekness, hóglifi, a quiet life, hóglyndr, good-natured.

Hugsum, adj. horrible. Wyntoun, VII, 5, 176. See ug, to fear.

Husband, sb. a small farmer. Bruce, X, 387; VII, 151. O. N. hús-bondi, a house-master. See Skeat. For full discussion of this word as well as bonde, see Steenstrup, 97-100.

Ill, adj. evil, wicked. Bruce, III, 10. O. N. illr, adj. bad, Norse ill, idl, cross, angry, Dan. ilde, adv. badly. As an adv. common in M. E. The adj. use of it more specifically Sco. as in Norse. See Skeat.

Irke, vb. to weary, to suffer. Dunbar, F., 429; R.R., 456; L.L., 2709. O. N. yrkja, to work, take effect, O. Sw. yrkja, O. Dan. yrki (Schlyter), Sw. yrke, to urge, enforce, Norse orka, be able, always used in the sense of "barely being able to," or, with the negative, "not being able to." Ramsay uses the word in the sense of "being vexed."

Irke, adj. weary, lazy. Dunbar, 270, 36; R.R., 3570. See irke, vb. Irkit, pp. adj. tired, Montg., M.P., 521.

Irking, sb. delay. Winyet, II, 76; I. Deriv. from irke, vb.

Ithandly, ythandly, ydanlie, adv. busily, assiduously. Dalr., II, 36, 12; R.R., 36, 95. O. N. iðinn, busy. See eident.

Karping, carping, sb. speech, address. Wyntoun, VIII, 18, 85; VIII, 18, 189; IX, 9, 34. See carp.

Keik, kek, vb. to peep, to pry. O. N. kíkja, to pry, Norse kika. Undoubtedly a Scand. loan-word, i>ei as in gleit, gley.

Kendle, kendill, kennle, vb. to kindle. Lyndsay, 161, 4970; Gol. and Gaw., 1221; Rolland, I, 609. O. N. kendill, kynda, M. E. kindlen. See Brate.

Kilt, vb. to tuck up, O. N. kelta, kjalta, O. Dan. kiltæ, the lap, Dan., Norse kilte, to tuck up, O. Sw. kilta, sb. For discussion of this word see Skeat.

Kist, kyst, sb. chest, box. O. N. kista, Norse, Dan. kiste, a chest. O. E. cest would have given kest, or chest. See also Curtis, § 392. The tendency in Sco. is to change i to e before st, not e to i. Cp. restit, gestning.

Kittling, kittlen, sb. kitten. Burns, 38, 2, 3; Mansie Wauch, 23, 19; 210, 10. O. N. ketlingr, diminutive of ketta, she-cat, Norse kjetling. Cp. Cu. kitlin. The same diminutive formation appears in Dan. kylling, older kykling, Norse kjukling, a chicken.

Knuse, knoose, vb. to bruise, to press down with the knees, to beat, also to knead. Ramsay, I, 236. See Jamieson for secondary meanings. O. N. knusa, to bruise, to beat, Norse knusa, Dan. knuse, crush, O. Sw. knosa, knusa, crush, press tight, beat. Cp. Goth. knusian. O. E. cnysian, shows umlaut.

Kow, sb. a fright, terror. Winyet, I, 107, 12. O. N. kúga, to cow. See cow, vb.

Lack, vb. to belittle, blame, reproach, despise. Mont., M.P., 43, 17; R.R., 3242; 3517; Gau., 17, 25. O. N. hlakka, to look down upon, O. Dan. lakke, to slander, O. Sw. belacka, id. See lak, sb.

Laiching, sb. sport, play. R.R., 647. From Sco. vb. laike, to play, O. N. læika. See lak.

Laif, lave, sb. the rest. O. N. læif, a leaving, pl. læifar, remnants, Norse leiv, id., løyva, to leave. Cannot come from O. E. lāf. See § 20.

Laigh, adj. low. Ramsay, II, 20; Mansie Wauch, 106, 23. Same as Eng. low, from O. N. lágr, O. Sw. lagher, O. Dan. lagh, lag, low. In Eng., O. N. ag > ǫw > ow. In Scotland ag > aw, did not become ow later. So the regular Sco. form is law, or, with guttural, lawch. In laigh, however, a has developed as a would when not before g or h. The form logh also occurs. In Dunbar occur low, law, laich, and loigh.

Laigh, vb. to bend down, to kneel. Psalms XCV, 6. See laigh, adj.

Laike, sb. the stake for which one plays. Montg., C., I, 109. O. N. læikr, a play, Norse leik, O. Dan. legh. Also means play in Sco., but the transferred meaning is common. It cannot come from O. E. lāc. The e-vowel in Cu., Westm., and S. Scotland proves an original æi-diphthong. See Part I, § 16.

Lairet, adj. bemired. Psalms LXIX, 2. Norse læir, clay. Dan. dial. ler, O. Sw. leer, ler, id., Eng. dial. lair. See Wall. Jamieson gives lair, vb. to stick in the mire, lair, sb. a bog, lairy, adj. boggy.

Lairing, sb. gutter, deep mud. Burns, 10, 11. O. N. læir, clay. Same as Yorkshire lyring, for which see Wall. Lyring seems to show original E. Scan. monophthongation of æi to e.

Lait, sb. manner, trick. R.R., 273, 25, 36. O. N., Ic. lát, manners, skipta lítum ok látum, change shape and manners. O. Sw. lat, manner, way of proceeding. Cp. O. N. láta-læti, dissimulation, látbragð, gestures, and Dan. lade, to dissimulate, pretend. Norse lata, id. Probably related to O. N. lát.

Layking, sb. jousting, a tournament. Wyntoun, VIII, 35. See laik.

Lak, sb. a plaything. Wallace, VIII, 1410. Norse leik, a game, leiker (pl.), games, toys. Sw. dial. leika, a doll, a play sister. Cp. Cu. lakin, a child's toy.

Lak, sb. contempt, reproach, disgrace. Rolland, I, 455; Rosw. and Lill., 784; R.R., 3092. O. N. lakr, defective, O. Dan. lak, fault, deficiency. Sw. lack, fault, slander. O. Sw. lakkare, a slanderer. Cp. Dan. lakkeskrift, a satirical piece. See lack, vb.

Leister, sb. a three-pronged salmon spear. Burns, 16, 1. Dumfries and Ayr., any spear for striking or spearing fish with. O. N. ljóstr, a salmon spear. Norse ljoster, ljøster, Dan. lyster, Sw. ljuster, vb. Ljostra, vb. in Norse, to spear fish. Cu. lister, leester. See also Worsaae, p. 260. Vb. leister in Sco., to strike fish with a spear or leister.

Link, vb. to walk briskly, smartly. Burns, 1291, 6, 5, 2. Norse linke, to hurry along, cp. Sw., Dan. linke, to limp along. Stevenson in Ille Terrarum 6, 3, uses link in the sense of "walking along leisurely," which is nearer the Dan. meaning of the word.