Lite, vb. to dye, to stain. Dalr., I, 48, 24; Douglas, IV, 190, 32. O. N. lita, to dye, Shetland, to litt. See Wall.

Litling, sb. dyeing. Sat. P., 48, 1. See lit.

Loft, sb. upper room, gallery. O. N. lopt, Norse loft, Aberdeen laft. See Skeat.

Loft, vb. to equip with a loft. C.S., 96. See loft, sb.

Lokmen, sb. pl. executioners. Wallace, 134. O. Dan., O. Sw. lagman. O. N. lögmaðr, literally "the law-man," was the speaker of the law. In Iceland, particularly, the lögmaðr was the law-speaker. In Norway a lögman seems also to have meant a country sheriff or officer, which comes closer to the use in Wallace. A little doubtful.

Lopprit, pp. clotted. Douglas, II, 157, 28; III, 306, 4. O. N. hlaupa (of milk), to curdle (of blood), to coagulate. So Norse lopen, løpen (from læupa, løypa), thick, coagulated. Dan. at löbe sammen, to curdle, löbe, make curdle, löbe, sb. curdled milk. O. N. hlöypa mjolk, id., literally "to make milk leap together." O. Sw. löpa. In Cu. milk is said to be loppert when curdled.

Loun, lown, adj. quiet, calm, sheltered. O. N. logn, O. Sw. lughn. See Wall under lownd.

Loup, lowp, vb. to leap, to jump. O. N. hlaupa, to leap, Norse læupa, run, O. Sw. löpa, Dan. löbe. Cp. Cu. lowpy-dike, a husband of unfaithful habits, and the secondary meanings of Norse laupa given in Aasen.

Loup, lowp, sb. a jump, a spring. Bruce, VI, 638; X, 414; Sco. Pro. 3. See the verb.

Louse, lowse, adj. loose, free, unfettered. Wyntoun, IX, 2, 63; Douglas, I, 95, 9; I, 95, 23. O. N. lauss, Norse læus, loose. See Wall. Sco. to be louse, to be abroad, about. The Norse word is similarly used. Cp. Germ. los, and Dan. lös. Waddell has the word godlowse, godless.

Louse, lowse, vb. to make loose, release. C.S., 121; Lyndsay, 460, 232; K.Q., 34. O. N. lauss. The O. N. vb. was løysa. See louse, adj.

Low, vb. to humble. R.R., 148. Same as Eng. to lower. So in Sco. to hey, to heighten.

Low, vb. to flame, to flare up, kindle. Dunbar, G.T., 45; Ramsay, II, 17; Psalms, LXXVI. O. N. lǫga, to burn with a flame, Norse lǫga, laaga, to blaze, but cp. the Sco. sb. lowe.

Lowe, sb. flame. O. N. lǫgi, Norse laage. See Skeat.

Lowne, vb. to shelter. Bruce, XV, 276; M. E. lounen, to shelter. See lowne, adj. Douglas, II, 236, 31, lownit, pp. serene, tranquil.

Luck, vb. to succeed. Montg., C., 643. O. N. lukka, reflexive, to succeed (bene succedere, Haldorson), lukka, sb. luck. O. Sw. lukka, löcka and lykka. In Scand. dial. the latter umlauted form only is found for the vb., but Norse sb. lukka, Dan. sb. lykke. Undoubtedly Norse influence in Sco.

Lucken, vb. to give luck, cause to succeed. Sco. formation from luck. Cp. slok and sloken.

Lufe, loof, sb. the palm of the hand. O. N lófi, the hollow of the hand, the palm, Norse love, id., Sw. dial. love.

Lug, sb. the ear. See Skeat and Wall. Cp. Norse lugga, to pull, and lug as a sb. originally "that which is pulled." In Cu. lug means "the handle of a pail." Compare the Eng. to lug, to carry.

Lythe, vb. to listen. Dunbar, 192, I. O. N. hlyða, to listen, Dan. lytte, O. Sw. lyÞa, id.

Maik, sb. companion, partner, consort. Dunbar, T.M.W., 32; Philotus, 2. O. N. maki, partner, an equal, Norse make, Dan. mage, O. Sw. maki, M. E. make, consort, partner.

Maikless, adj. without peer. Wyntoun, IX, Prol. 48; Montg. "The Lady Margaret Montgomery," 8. O. N. maki + laus, Norse makalæus, Dan. magelös, extraordinary.

Mauch, adj. full of maggots. Dunbar, F., 241. O. N. maðkr, a maggot, W. Norse, with assimilation, makk, E. Norse mark, Dan. madik, Sw. dial. mark, O. Sw. matk, and madhker. The k is a diminutive ending, cp. Eng. moth < O. E. maða. In the Sco. word ð fell out and a was lengthened for compensation. Cp. Cu. mawk, a midge, Eng. dial. mawkish. Skeat cites Eng. dial. form mad.

Melder, sb. flour, meal just ground. Burns, 127, 113. O. N. meldr, flour, or corn in the mill, Norse melder, wheat about to be ground, or flour that has just been ground, melderlas, a load of wheat intended for the mill, meldersekk, a bag of flour. Cp. Cu. melder, the quantity of meal ground at one time.

Mense, vb. to do grace to. Lyndsay, 529. See mensk, sb. The change of sk to s is characteristic of Sco. See mensk.

Mensedom, sb. wisdom. Psalms, CV, 22. See mensk.

Mensk, mense, sb. proper conduct, more generally honor. Dunbar, T.M.W., 352; Wyntoun, VIII, 42, 143; Burns, 90, 1. O. N. mennska. For discussion of this word see Wall. Deriv. menskless, menskful, menskly.

Midding, mydding, sb. a midden. C.S., 12; Lyndsay, 216, 269. Dan. mödding, older möghdyngh, O. N. mykidyngja, Sw. dial. mödding, Cu. middin.

Mon, man, maun, vb. must, O. N. monu (munu), will, shall, Norse mun, will, but used variously. Dan. monne, mon, as an auxiliary vb. used very much like do in Eng. Sw. mån, Cu. mun. The form of the Sco. word is the same in all persons. So in Norse.

Myth, vb. to mark, recognize. Wallace, V, 664; Douglas, I, 28, 26. O. N. miða, to show, to mark a place, Norse mida, mark a place, mid sb. a mark by which to find a place. O. E. miðan, meant "to conceal, lie concealed," same as O. H.G. midan, vitare, occultare, Germ. meiden, vermeiden, avoid.

Neiris, sb. pl. the kidneys. C.S., 67. O. N. nyra, a kidney, Norse nyra, O. Dan. nyre, Sw. niura, Sw. dial. nyra, M. E. nere. Cp. Sco. eir, an eir, for a neir, as in Eng. augur, an augur, a naugur.

Nevin, vb. to name. Gol. and Gaw., 506; Howlate, II, 3, 7. O. N. nefna, Norse nevna, Dan. nævne, to name, O. E. namnian.

Nieve, neefe, neve, sb. the hand, the fist. O. N. hnefi, Norse neve, hand, fist, Shetland nev, Cu. neif, neive, neef. Wall considers this an unrecorded Eng. word, which is possible. Its general distribution in Scand. dial. and elsewhere in Scand. settlements, as Northern and Central England, Southern Scotland, Shetland, etc., as well as its absence in all other Gmc. languages, indicates, however, that the word is Scand. in Eng. diall.

Nout, nowt, sb. cattle. O. N. naut, cattle, Norse næut id. Dan. nöd, Sw. noet, Shetland nød. In M. Sco., also written nolt.

Nyk, nek, vb. to shake the head in denial of anything, "to nyk with nay." Gol. and Gaw, 115; Philotus, 32. Norse nikka, to bow slightly, nikk, a slight bow, Sw. neka, to deny, say no, M. E. nicken.

Nyte, vb. to deny. Gol. and Gaw., 889; Wyntoun, VIII, 2, 16. O. N. næita, to deny, refuse, Norse neitta, neikta, nekta, id., neiting, a denial, neitan, id., Dan. nægte.

Onding, sb. terror. Psalms, LXXXVIII, 15. See ding.

Onfarrand, adj. ill-looking. Douglas, III, 250, 26. See farrand.

On loft, adv. up. Gol. and Gaw., 485; Bruce, XIII, 652. O. N. á loft, up into the air. See Skeat aloft. Sco. Pro. 27, upon loft, up.

On loft, adv. aloud. Dunbar, T.M.W., 338. See above.

Outwale, sb. the best, the choice. Lyndsay, XX, 4. Eng. out + O. N. val; similar formation to Norse udvalg, utval.

Pirrye, sb. whirlwind. Sat. P., I, 178. See bir.

Pocknet, sb. from O. N. poki, pouch and net, a net. A Dumfriesshire word. Not found in any Sco. text but given by Worsaae, p. 260, and in Jamieson, where the following description is given of pocknet fishing.

  P. Dorneck, Dumr. Statist. Acc., II, 1.

Quey, quoy, sb. a young cow, a yearling. Douglas, II, 178, 19; II, 299, 8; Burns, 595. O. N. Norse kviga, Dan. dial. kvie. Cp. Shetland hwäi and kwäi. Cu. why, wheye (guttural wh).

Quhelm, whelm, vb. to overturn, to turn upside down. Douglas, II, 64, 14; II, 264, 16. Burns, 66, 1, also written quhelme, whamle, whemle. In Cu. whemmel, M. E. hwēlmen. See Skeat under whelm. Cp. Norse kvelm and hvelm. The O. N. hvelfa, N. Norse kvelva, means "to turn upside down."

Quyok, quyach, diminutive of quey, q. v.

Ra (rē), sb. a sail-yard. Douglas, II, 274, 16. O. N., Ic. rá, Dan. raa, Norse raa, Sw. ra, Shetland roe, a sail-yard.

Rad, red, adj. afraid. Bruce, XII, 431; Dunbar, T.M.W., 320; Montg. C. and S., 1392. O. N. hræddr, timid, frightened, Norse rædd, Dan. ræd, Sw. rädd, id., M. E. rad. Cp. O. N. hræða, to frighten, Norse rædda.

Radness, sb. timidity, fear. R.R., 1166; 1660. Deriv. from rad, q.v.

Radeur, sb. fear. L.L., 1489. Sco. formation from rad adj., afraid. M. E. reddour, redour is a different word from O. Fr. reidur, later roideur, see B-S.

Ragged, adj. full of rag, ragwort. Burns, 103, 85. See ragweed.

Ragweed, sb. an herb, ragwort. Burns, 6, 5, 9. O. N. rögg, M. E. ragge for which see B-S. Cp. Sw. dial. ragg, rogga.

Raise, raize, vb. to incite, stir up. Burns, 6, 5, 4; and 7, 1, 1. Used here as Sco. bait would be used, otherwise generally as Eng. raise, from O. N. ræisa.

Rake, raik (rēk), vb. to go, walk, wander, also depart. Dunbar, T.M.W., 524; Gol. and Gaw., 72; Psalms, XVIII, 10. O. N. ræika, to wander, Norse ræka, to wander about aimlessly. Cp. Cu. rake, a journey, "He's teann a rake ower to Kendal." See also Wall.

Ramfeezled, adj. exhausted, fatigued. Burns, 42, 1, 3. One of a number of words in Sco. formed with ram, cp. ramshackle, ramstam, rammous, etc. The second element probably the same as Eng. fizzle in the expression to fizzle out, fail, come to nought. See fizz in Skeat. See rammys.

Rammeist, vb.pret. ran wild, frenzied. Montg., F., 511. Cp. rammous adj. Probably the same used as a vb. Cp. Norse ramsa, to slash together, do a thing hurriedly, also to make a noise.

Rammys, rammous, adj. excited, violent. R.R., 113. O. N. ramr, rammr, strong, vehement, Norse ram, powerful, risky, hazardous. Cl. and V. cites the N. Eng. form ram, bitter, which is the same word.

Ramstam, adj. indiscreet, with an idea of rushing into anything thoughtlessly. Burns, 32, 22. O. N. rammr, vehement, and stam, stiff, hard, unbending. Cp. Cu. ram, strong, and rammish, violent, and American slang rambunktious, obstreperous.

Ranegill, sb. a scapegrace, a worthless fellow. Johnnie Gibb, 179, 11. Cp. Norse rangel, ranglefant, a loafer, rascal. Doubtful.

Rangale, sb. rabble, mob. Wyntoun, VIII, 36, 35; Bruce, XII, 474. O. N. hrang, noise, tumult, especially the noise a crowd makes.

Red, vb. to clear away, clear up, set to rights. R.R., 1242; Isaiah, LX, 10. O. N. hryðja, to clear away, Norse rydja, rydda, Sw. rödja, Dan. rydde. Cp. Eng. rid, O. Fr. hredda, O. E. hreddan, Norse redda, save, liberate. Germ. retten is another word.

Red up, vb. open up. Isaiah, XL, 3; LXII, 10. O. N. hryðja upp, Norse rydde op, clear up. In Ramsay, II, 225, red up pp. means dressed. See also Wall under red.

Redding, sb. growing afraid. Lyndsay, 356, 1263. See rad, red.

Reese, vb. to extol. Ramsay, I, 262. Eng. raise. See also raise above, as used in Burns.

Restit (very frequently reestit), adj. dry, withered. Burns, 6, 5. Dan. riste, to dry something over a rist, ristet, dried. O. N. rist, a gridiron. Cp. Cu. reestit, rancid, rusty.

Rive, ryfe, rif (rīv), vb. to tear, break open, cleave. Lyndsay, 434, 156; Wynyet, II, 6514; Psalms, XXIX, 5. O. N. rifa, to tear, Norse riva, reiva, Dan. rive, Sw. rifwa, M. E. raven id. Cp. Dunbar, T.M.W., 350, "rif into sondir," tear to pieces, and Norse "rive sonde." Cu. reavv, and ryve.

Rock, sb. a loom, spinning wheel, spinning distaff. Lyndsay, 109, 3330; Burns, 223, 112, 3; 240, 148, 1. O. N. rokkr, a loom, Norse rokk, Dan. rok, spinning wheel.

Rocking, sb. "a chat, a friendly visit at which they would spin on the rock which the visitor carried along with her" (Wagner). Burns, 4, 28. See rock.

Rove, rufe, sb. rest, repose. Montg., M.P., VI, 20; Scott, 62, 19. O. N. ró, Norse, Dan. ro, quiet, rest, Orm. ro (see Brate). Final epenthetic v also occurs in other words in Sco. Cp. qhwov for qwho, cruive, besides crue, etc.

Rowste, vb. "to cry with a rough voice." Douglas, III, 304, 11. O. N. raust, the voice. Dan. röst, Sw. röst, Norse ryest. Cp. O. N. rausa, to talk loud or fast. Shetland ruz (Cl. and V.). The Sco. vb. seems to be formed from a sb. rowste, which occurs in Orm.

Rowt, rout, vb. to cry out, roar. Lyndsay, 538, 4353; Montg., F., 501; Rolland, IV, 406. O. N. rauta, O. Ic. rǫuta, to roar, to bellow, Norse rauta, ræuta, Sw. dial. röta, id. The Sw. word exhibits the E.Scand. monophthongation, which took place in Dan. about 900.

Rowt, sb. loud clamor. Poet. R., 157; Ramsay, I, 251. See vb. rowt.

Ruckle, rickle, sb. a little heap of anything. Lyndsay, 539, 4356; Burns, 596; M.W., 114, 3. See Wall under rook. Ruckle is the form of the word in Edinburgh dial. May be Eng. Skeat considers Eng. ruck Scand. and rick Eng., but in Scotland the one may be simply a variant of the other, not necessarily a doublet. Cp. fill and full.

Ruik, a heap. Lyndsay, 454, 2079; 494, 3075. Spelled ruck, meaning "a cock of hay," in Ramsay's "The Gentle Shepherd," 160. See Wall, under rook. Cp. Cu. ruck, the chief part, the majority.

Roop and Stoop. Ramsay, II, 527; M.W. 203, 8; 214, 5. Cp. rubb og stubb, every particle. Aasen defines "löst og fast, smaat og stort, selja rubb og stubb," sell everything, dispose of all one has; literally "stump and piece," "rump and stump." Used exactly the same way in Sco. Of very frequent occurrence in this sense in Norway.

Rund, roond, roon, sb. the border of a web, the edge. Burns, 596. O. N. rond, rim, border, Dan. rand, a line, seam, the border, Norse rand, rond, a streak, seam, edge, border. Cp. Cu. randit, streaked, Norse randet, id.

Runsik, vb. to ransack. Wallace, VII, 120. O. N. rannsaka, to search a house, Norse ransaka, from ran, house, and saka, söka, seek. See Skeat, and Kluge and Lutz.

Rusare, sb, a flatterer. R.R., 3356. See ruse.

Ruse, roose, russ (rūs), vb. to praise, to boast, pride oneself. Douglas, II, 57, 8; Rolland, I, 389; R.R., 2823. O. N. rósa, older hrósa, to praise, Norse rosa, Dan. rose, Sw. rosa, M. E. (h)rosen, Lincolnshire rose, reouse, Cu. roose.

Ruse, sb. praise, a boast. Dunbar, T.M.W., 431; Sat. P., 12, 17. O. N. hrós, praise, Norse, Dan. ros.

Saikless, adj. innocent. Lyndsay, 545, 4563. O. N. saklauss, O.  E. saclēas. The O. E. word is a loan-word from O. Nh. See Steenstrup, 210-211. In modern Eng. dial. the form is generally sackless.

Saiklessness, sb. innocence, innocency. Psalms, XXVI, 6, 11; LXXIII, 13. See saikless.

Sait, sb. session, court. Dunbar, 79, 41. O. N. sǽti, seat, sitting, Norse sæte, id. See Skeat under seat.

Saucht, adj. reconciled, also at ease, undisturbed, tranquil. Bruce, N, 300; Douglas, II, 91, 22. O. E. saht, borrowed from O. N. See Kluge, P. G.² I, 934. For discussion of O. E. seht and sehtian see Steenstrup, 181-182. In Howlate, III, 16, sacht vb. pret., made peace.

Say, sb. a milk-pail, also tub. Jamieson, Dumfries. O. N. sár, a large cask, Norse saa, a pail, a water-bucket, a wooden tub, Dan. saa, vandsaa, waterpail, Sw. så, id.

Scait, sb. the skate fish. Dunbar, 261, 9. O. N. skata, Norse skata, the skate, M. E. scate. Ir. scat, sgat, id., is a loan-word from O. N. (Cp. Craigie, p. 163). O. N. sk becomes quite regularly sg in Ir. and Gael. Cp. also sgeir < skar. Cu. skeatt exhibits regular i-fracture from older a.

Scaith, scath, vb. to injure. Bruce, IV, 363; XII, 392; R. R., 1323. Not from O. Nhb. sceðða, but from O. N. skaða, Norse skade, with which the vowel corresponds.

Scar, sb. a precipitous bank of earth, a bare place on the side of a steep hill, a cliff. Ramsay, II, 205; Burns, 10, 11. Also written skard, scair, scaur. O. N. sker, a skerry, an isolated rock in the sea. Norse skjær, a projecting cliff, a bank of rocky ground, Dan. skjær, skær, a rock in the water near the land, Sw. skär, M. E. sker, scerre. Cp. Cu. skerr, a precipice. The fundamental idea is "something cut apart, standing by itself." Root the same as in the Norse skera, to cut, Eng. shear and shore, sea-shore. Cp. the O. E. vb. scorian cited by Sweet.

Scarth, sb. the cormorant. Dunbar, T.M.W., 92; F., 194; Douglas, I, 46, 15. O. N. skarfr, Norse skarv, cormorant. Shetland, scarf.

Schoir, sb. a threat, menace. Bruce, VI, 621; Gol. and Gaw., 103. B-S. derive from O. Sw. skorra, O. N. skera.

Scol, vb. to wish one health, an expression used in drinking, just as the Norse skaal is used. Montg. S., 69, 13. O. N. skal, Norse skaal, a drinking cup. Cp. Sco. skull, a goblet. Ir.-Gael. scala, sgaile, a beaker, is a Norse loan-word (Craigie).

Scoug, scog, vb. to shelter. M.W., 20, 19; Isaiah, XVIII, 6. O. N. skuggi, shade, Norse skugge, to shade, Sw. skugga, sb., Dan. skygge, to shade. Spelled scug also in Sco.

Scratch, sb. an hermaphrodite. Jamieson. O. N. skratti, a monster. This form exists in Yorkshire, otherwise the form in Eng. dial. is scrat. See Wall.

Scrip, a coarse or obscene gesture. Wallace, VI, 143. Probably from O. N. skripi. Cp. skripatal, scurrilous language, skripalæti, buffoonery, scurrilous gestures. With the Sco. word cp. the Norse skripa, vb., skripa, sb. f., and Ic. skrípr, sb. m. See Aasen.

Scud, vb. to hurry away, hasten on. Burns, 55, 1, 4. Eng. scud Skeat derives from Dan. skyde, Sw. skutta. The Sw. form is nearest, the Dan. form shows umlaut. The corresponding O. E. word is scēotan.

Scudler, a male kitchen servant. Wallace, 5, 10, 27. Cp. O. N. skutilsvæinn, a page at a royal table. Skutil is the same as O. E. scutel, a dish, a trencher. In O. N. it means also "a small table." The unpalatalized sc, as well as the usage, would indicate that the word is a loan-word.

Seir, ser, adj. various, separate. Rolland, Prol., 295; R.R., 990; "Freires of Berwick," 321. O. N. sér, for oneself, separately. Originally the dative of the refl. pron., but used very frequently as an adverb.

Semeley, adv. proper, looking properly. Wallace, I, 191; Wyntoun, IX, 26, 53. Seimly, semely-farrand, good-looking, handsome, also means "in proper condition." Redundant, since semely and farrand in Sco. mean the same. O. N. sæmiligr. See Skeat.

Shacklet, adj. crooked, distorted. Burns, 322, I, 7. O. N. skakkr, skew, wry, distorted, skakki-fótr, wry leg, Norse skakk, crooked, so Sw. dial. skak, Dan. skak, slanting. The palatal sh is unusual, but cp. dash from daska. Norse words generally preserve sk in all positions, genuine Eng. words do not. See Part I, 12 and 13.

Shiel, sb. shelter, protection. Burns, 226, 119, 3. O. N, skjól, shelter, cover, refuge, Norse skjul, skjol, pron. shul, shol, Dan. skjul, id., skjule, to conceal. Shielin, sb. shelter, may be formed from the vb.

Shore, vb. to threaten. Ramsay, I, 261. Origin rather doubtful. Has been considered Scand. See schoir.

Sit (sīt), vb. to grieve. Wallace, I, 438. O. N. sýta, Norse syta, to care. See syte, sb.

Sitefull, adj. sorrowful, distressing. Douglas, I, 40, 19. Cp. Norse suteful. See syte, sb.

Skail, skale, scale, vb. to scatter, disperse, dismiss, part, leave. A very common word. O. N. skilja, separate, O. Dan. skiliæ, Norse, skilja, Dan. skille, Sw. dial. skila. The long vowel is unusual. Cp. skeely in N. Sco. from O. N. skilinn. The same change of i to an e-vowel is observed in gleit and quey.

Skail, sb. a storm, a strong wind that "skails." Isaiah, XXVIII, 2. See skail, vb.

Skath, skaith, scaith, sb. harm, misery. O. N. skaði, harm, damage, Norse skade, id., Dan. skade, O. E. sceaða.

Skant, sb. want, poverty. Burns, 290, I, 3. O. N. skammt. See Skeat. Cp. skerum skamti, in short measure.

Skantlin, sb. little. Burns, 5, 5, 7. As adv. generally skantlins, scantlings, scarcely. O. N. skamt.

Skantly, adv. with difficulty, hardly. C.S., 69. See skant.

Skar, sb. a scarecrow, a fright. Lyndsay, 437, 1633. From vb. skar, to frighten, Eng. scare, M. E. skerren. O. N. skirra. See Skeat.

Skeigh, adj. originally meant timid, then very frequently, dainty, nice, finally, proud. Dunbar, T.M.W., 357. Burns, 193, 46, I. Norse sky, Dan. sky, adj. and also vb. sky, to avoid. B-S. compares Sw. skygg also, which is the same word, but the vowel is long. The Sco. word, furthermore, seems to suggest an older diphthong. It could, however, not be O. E. sceah, which gave M. E. scheah and should have become schee in N. Sco. Doubtful.

Sker, adj. timid, easily frightened. Dunbar, T.M.W., 357; Lyndsay, 227, 126. O. N. skjarr, shy, timid, Sw. dial. skar, M. E. scer, Cu. scar, wild.

Skewyt, vb. pret. turned obliquely. Wallace, IX, 148. O. N. skæifr, O. Ic. skeifr, oblique, Norse skæiv, skjaiv, crooked, Dan. skjæv. The Dan word exhibits monophthongation of æi to æ (not to e, i, as in sten).

Skill, sb. motive, reason. Gol. and Gaw., 147; Bruce, I, 214, 7. See Skeat, and Kluge and Lutz. In Dunbar, 307, 63, "did nane skill," did not do a wise thing.

Skog, scoug, sb. place of retreat, shelter, protection. Dalr., I, 30, 29; Isaiah, XXXII, 2. O. N. skuggi, shade, Norse skugge, O. Sw. skuggi.

Skogy, adj. shady. Douglas, III, 1, 21, 16. See scoug.

Skrech, skrik, sb. a scream, yell. C.S., 39; Rolland, IV, 336. O. N. Norse skrik, a cry, a yell, skrikja, vb. Dan. skrig. Cu. skrike to scream. Eng. shriek < O. E. *scrician.

Skryp, sb. bag. Dunbar, F., 509. O. N. skreppa, a bag, Norse skreppa, Dan. skreppe, Sw. skräppa, id.

Skugg, sb. a shadow. Dunbar, III, 24, 12. O. N. skuggi. See skog. Cp. skog, vb. to hide. Isaiah, XXVIII, 15.

Skyle, vb. to hide, cover. Jamieson, quotation from Henryson. O. N. skjúla, O. Ic. skjóla, to screen, shelter, Norse skjula, Dan. skjul, Sw. skyla, Fer. skỹla, Shetland skail, skol, cover, protect. Our word corresponds most closely to the Fer. word. Both are developed out of O. N. skjúla. Cp. O. N. mjúkr > meek, in standard Eng. Norse skjula has preserved the original unumlauted vowel. The O. N. word was pronounced sk-iula or sk-júla. Cp. skjenka, which is N. Norse dial. sheinka. From skj developed sh in shielin.

Skyrin, adj. shining, conspicuous because of brightness, showy. Burns, 210, 87, 3. O. N. skirr, clear, bright, skira, to make clear, skýra, to purify. (Cp. Norse skjerr-torsdag, O. N. skiriþorsdagr, Maundy Thursday.) O. E. scir > N. Eng. sheer.

Slaik, vb. to smooth, to lick. L.L., 457, 2173. O. N. slæikja, to lick, Norse sleikja, Dan. slikke, O. Sw. slekia, Sw. dial. släkja. The Eng. word slick, with a short vowel, corresponds exactly to the Dan. word, but may be native. Cp. M. L. G. slicken. Slikke in Dan. may be a loan-word from L. G. The Sco. slaik corresponds in every way to the O. N., and is certainly a loan-word proved by quality and quantity of vowel.

Slak, sb. a pit, a hollow in the ground, hollow place. Bruce, XIV, 536; R.R., 769. O. N. slakki, a slope, Norse slakke, Dan. slank. Exhibits W. Scand. assimilation of nk to kk. Cu. slack, a shallow dell (Dickinson), Kent, slank.

Sle, adj. experienced, skillful. Bruce, XVI, 355; XVII, 44. O. N. slægr, O. Ic. slægr, Eng. sly. See Skeat.

Sleek, adj. neat, prancing, said of a horse. Burns, 7, 1, 1. O. N. slikr, smooth. Sleikit, smooth, Dunbar, 567, 38; Burns, 117, 114. See Skeat, under sleek, slick.

Sleuth, sb. track. Bruce, VII, 1 and 44. O. N. slóð, track, trail. Cp. Norse slod, slode.

Sloke, vb. to quench. Isaiah, I, 2, 3; and 49, 26. O. N. slökva, to quench. O. Ic. slækva, Norse slökka, id. The word does not show the Scand. umlaut o > ö. Cu. sleck has further developed the umlaut ö to e. Cp. O. Ic. æ < O. Nh. æ. All such words in Norse exhibit the intermediate stage ö up to the present time. In Ic. the ö developed to æ, in the first half of the 13th century. (See Noreen P. G.² I, 529.) In later O. Nhb. also æ > e.

Sloken, slokyn, vb. to quench, to satisfy. Dunbar, T.M.W., 283; K.Q., 42; M.W., 116, 35. O. N. slokna, Norse slokna, inchoative of slökva. It may, however, be an infinitive in en from slökkva, see slock.

Slokning, sb. the act of quenching, also the power of quenching. Douglas, II, 26, heading of Chapter XII; Montg. C. and S., 1377. Pr. p., see sloken. Cp. O. N. slokning, Dan. slukning.

Slonk, sb. a ditch, a depression in the land, also a slope on the mountain side. Winyet, II, 19, 5; Wallace, III, 4. Dan. slank, a depression in the land, a hollow, O. N. slakki, Norse slakke. The non-assimilation proves E.Scand. source. Cp. Sw. dial. slakk adj. bending, e.g., "bakken jär no na slakk," the hill slopes a great deal, again a W. Scand. form in Sw. dial. The word is probably related to Eng. slack, loose, lax, Dan. slak, Norse slāk.

Slut, sb. a slattern, an untidy woman. Dunbar, 119, 71. O. N., O. Ic. slöttr. See Skeat.

Smaik, sb. a coward. Sat. P., 39, 175; Lyndsay, 425, 1320, and 434, 1562. O. N. smöykr, adj. timid, M. L. G. smeker means "a flatterer," besides the vowel, as well as the final r of the L. G. word, is against a L. G. origin of the Sco. word. The Sco. ai indicates an original diphthong. Cp. Cu. smaik applied to a small boy, or any small being.

Snape-dike, sb. an enclosure. Jamieson, Ayr. Cp. O. N. snap, a pasture for cattle, especially a winter pasture (Haldorson), snapa, vb. to nibble, M. E. snaipen. The vowel in the Sco. word proves an original open a, hence it is from the vb. snapa. O. N. snap, sb. would have given snăp. Our word is snēp.

Snib, sneb, vb. to snub, check, reprove. Sat., P., 33, 18; L.L., 3387. Dan. snibbe, M. E. snibben. Eng. snub and M. E. snubben correspond to O. N. snubba with original unumlauted vowel.

Snite, vb. to blow the nose, to snuff a candle. Jamieson. O. N. snýta, Norse snyta, used exactly the same way, Dan. snyde. Sw. snute and M. L. G. snuten have unumlauted vowel which would have given snoot, snowt, or snoit in Sco.

Sock, vb. to examine, investigate. Fergusson, 169. Probably from O. N. sækja, to seek, Norse söka, sökja, Dan. söge since O. Nhb. sæca later became sēca and developed as W. S. sécan.

Solande, sb. a soland goose. Dalr., I, 25, 1. O. N. súla + n (Skeat). The d is epenthetic. The n is the post-positive definite article, a peculiarly Scand. characteristic.

Sop, sb. a round, compact body. Bruce, III, 47. O. N. soppr, a ball (Skeat), Norse sopp, id. Cp. Cu. sop, "a milk-maid's cushion for the head."

Soum, sb. The rope or chain a plow is drawn by. Dunbar, III, 126, 21. O. N. saumr, a seam, trace. In Bruce, X, 180, hede-soyme, sb. the trace.

Soym, sb. trace of a cart. Bruce, X, 233. From O. N. saumr, a seam (Skeat), Norse saum, Dan. söm. For oy in place of ou, as we should expect, cp. gowk and goilk, lowp and loip, etc., and the Norse laupa and loipa.

Spae, spa, vb. to prophesy. Douglas, II, 142, 2; II, 2; Burns, 37, 2, 2. O. N. spá, to prophesy, Norse spaa, Dan. spaa, id. Cp. spaamand, spaafolk, and Sco. spaeman, spaefolk, spaewife.

Spay, spe, sb. prophecy, omen, augury. Dalr., II, 5, 8; Isaiah, XLVII, 12. O. N. spá, a prophecy. Vǫluspá, the vala's prophecy, M. E. spa.

Spaequean, sb. fortune teller, spaewife. Isaiah, XLVII. O. N. spákona, a woman who spaes. The compound may, however, be Sco.

Spale, sb. lath, chip, splinter. R.R., 1979; Burns, 132, 114. Norse spela, spila, speil, a splinter, a chip, also spol. O. N. spölr, a rail, bar, lattice work, sometimes means "a short piece of anything." Cu. speal. The O. E. word is speld. Cp. Fr. espalier.

Spenn, vb. to button, to lace. Jamieson. O. N. spenna, to clasp. Norse spenna, lace, spenne sb. a buckle, Dan. spænde, Sw. spänne, to lace. The O. E. word is spannan, without umlaut. The meaning as well as the form of the Sco. word is Scand.

Sprack, adj. lively, animated. Jamieson. O. N. sprǽkr, quick, strong, sprightly, Norse spræk, spry, nimble, Dan. spræk, M. E. sprac. This is one of a few undoubted Scand. words found in South Eng. diall.

Spil, sb. a stake. Douglas, III, 250, 16. O. N. *spílr, variant of spölr. Cp. Norse spil, in the diall. of Western Norway. See spale.

Sprattle, vb. to walk through mud, to scramble through wet and muddy places as the result of which one's clothes become soiled. Burns, 10, 11, 3; also 68, 1, 3. O. N. spretta, Norse spretta to spurt, sputter, splash, Sw. spritte. On assimilation of nt, cp. sprent. The l is frequentative. Exhibits characteristic Sco. change of e to a before t. Cp. wat for wet, swat for sweat.

Sprent, vb. to start, spring. Wallace, N, 23. O. Dan. sprenta, spurt out, spring, start, O. N. spretta, Norse spretta, shoot forth, spurt. In Cu. a pen is said to sprent when it scatters the ink over the paper. So in Norse. The Sco. word agrees more closely in meaning with the Norse than with the Dan. but exhibits E. Scand. non-assimilation of nt to tt which took place in Norse before 1000. Sw. diall. which otherwise have many W. Scand. characteristics have both sprenta and spritta. The word sprætte also occurs in later Dan.

Sprent, sb. a spring, as the back spring of a knife. Wallace, IV, 238. See sprent, vb.

Stakker, stacker, vb. to stagger. Brace, II, 42; Gol. and Gaw., II, 25. O. N. stakra. See B-S. under M. E. stakerin. Cp. Norse stakra, to stagger, to fall.

Stang, vb. to sting. R.R., 771. O. N. stanga, to prick, goad, also to butt, Norse stanga, Dan. stange, id., M. E. stangen.

Stapp, vb. to put into, to stuff, fill. Dunbar, T.M.W., 99; Montg. C. and S., 1552; Isaiah, VI, 6; M.W. 21, 12. O. N. stappa, to stamp down, Norse stappa, to stuff, fill, same as O. E. stempan, Eng. stamp, Dan. stampe. The assimilated form stampa occurs in Norse beside stappa. The usage in Sco. is distinctively Norse and the vowel is the Norse vowel. Not the same as Eng. stop, O. E. (for)stoppian in Leechdoms. With the last cp. Dan. stoppe used just like Eng. stop.

Starn, sb. the helm of a vessel. Dunbar, F., 450. O. N. stjorn, steerage, helm, Norse stjorn, vb. stjorna, to steer, cognate with Eng. steer, O. E. styrian. For a similar difference between the Eng. and the Norse word cp. Eng. star and Norse stjerne.

Starr, sb. sedge, heavy coarse grass. Jamieson. See Wall under star.

Stern, starn, sb. star. C.S., 48; Dunbar, G.T. 1; Lindsay, 239, 492. O. N. stjarna, Dan. stjerne, star, Norse stjerna.

Stert, vb. to start, rush. Poet. R., 109, 8. O. N. sterta. For discussion of this word see Skeat.

Stoop, sb. See roop.

Storkyn, vb. to become rigid, stiffen. Dunbar, 248, 48. Norse storkna, coagulate, become rigid. See Wall under storken.

Stot, sb. a young bull, bullock. Montg., C. and S., 1099; A.P.B. 1, 306; Burns, 231, 129, 4. Stratmann derives M. E. stot, "buculus," from Sw. stut; and stot, "caballus," from O. E. stotte. O. N. stútr is rather the source of the former. Norse stut, Dan. stud.

Stour, sb. a pole. Douglas, III, 248, 27. O. N. staur, a pole, a stake, Norse staur, Sw. stör, Dan. and Dano-Norse stör. See the quotation under pocknet.