The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Commercial Products of the Vegetable Kingdom, by P.L. Simmonds,.

Preparation.—In Asia Minor, men, women, and children, a few days after the flower falls from the poppies, proceed to the fields, and with a shell scratch the capsules, wait twenty-four hours, and collect the tears, which amount to two or three grains in weight from each capsule. These being collected and mixed with the scrapings of the shells, worked up with saliva and surrounded by dried leaves, it is then sold, but, generally speaking, not without being still more adulterated with cow's dung, sand, gravel, the petals of flowers, &c. Different kinds of opium are known in the markets of Europe and Asia.

The first in point of quality is the Smyrna, known in commerce as the Turkey or Levant. It occurs in irregular, rounded, flattened masses, seldom exceeding two pounds in weight, and surrounded by leaves of a kind of sorrel; the quantity of morphia said to be derived from average specimens is eight per cent.

Second, Constantinople Opium, two kinds of which are found in the market, one in very voluminous irregular cakes, which are flattened like the Smyrna; this is a good quality. The other kind is in small, flattened, regular cakes, from two to two and a half inches in diameter, and covered with the leaves of the poppy; the quantity of morphia is very uncertain in this description of opium, sometimes mounting as high as 15 per cent., and sometimes descending so low as six, showing the great variety in the quality of the drug.

Third, Egyptian Opium, occurs in round flattened cakes, about 3 inches in diameter, and covered externally with the vestiges of some leaf. It is distinguished from the others by its reddish color, resembling "Socotrine Aloes." The quantity of morphia in this is inferior to the preceding. It has one quality which, when adulterated, ought to be known, that is a musty smell. By keeping it does not blacken like the other kinds.

Fourth, English Opium, is in flat cakes or balls enveloped in leaves. It resembles fine Egyptian opium more than any other kind. Its color is that of hepatic aloes, and in the quantity of morphia it is inferior to the preceding, but in the strength of the mass it is said by one of its most extensive cultivators to be superior.

Fifth, French, and sixth German Opium, require no particular remarks. By a recent notice I find the French are cultivating the poppy in Algeria, from which they get opium giving a small per centage of morphia.

Seventh, Trebizond or Persian Opium, is sometimes met with of a very inferior quality in the form of cylindrical sticks, which by pressure have become angular.

Eighth, Indian Opium, divided into four kinds, Cutch, Malwa, Patna and Benares. Of these Cutch is but little known or cultivated. It occurs in small cakes covered with leaves, and its color is much inferior to Smyrna. Malwa opium is to be met with of two kinds. The inferior is in flattened cakes, without any external covering, dull, opaque, blackish brown externally, internally somewhat darker, and soft. Its color is somewhat like the Smyrna, but less powerful, and with a slight smoky smell. Superior Malwa is in square cakes, about three inches in length and one inch thick. It has the appearance of a well prepared, shining, dry, pharmaceutical extract; its color is blackish brown, its odor less powerful than Smyrna; it is not covered by petals as the following kinds are, but smeared with oil; it is then rubbed with pounded petals.

The Behar, Patna, and Benares Opium, being strictly in the hands of Government, no adulteration can take place, without a most extensive system of fraud; but it will not be uninteresting to trace the progress of the opium from the hands of the natives, to the condition in which it is delivered to the public by the Government.

From the commencement of the hot season to the middle of the rains the Government is ready to receive opium, which is brought by the natives every morning, in batches, varying in quantities from twenty seers to a maund. The examining officer into each jar thrusts his examining rod, which consists of a slit bamboo, and, by experience, he can so judge of the qualities of the specimens before him, which are sorted into lots of No. 1 to No. 4 quality. Opium of the first quality is of a fine chesnut color, aromatic smell, and dense consistence. It is moderately ductile, and, when the mass is torn, breaks with a deeply notched fracture, with sharp needle-like fibres, translucent and ruby red at the edges. It is readily broken down under water, and the solution at first filters of a sherry color, which darkens as the process proceeds. One hundred grains of this yield an extract to cold distilled water of from 35 to 45, and at the temperature of 212 degs., leaves from 20 to 28 per cent., having a consistency of 70 to 72, the consistence of the factory.

The second quality is inferior to the first, and the third quality is possessed of the following properties, black paste, of a very heavy smell, drops from the examining rod, gives off from 40 to 50 per cent, of moisture, and contains a large quantity of "Pasewa;" while the fourth or last number embraces all the kinds which are too bad to be used in the composition of the balls, comprising specimens of all varieties of color and consistence. This number is mixed with water, and only used as a paste to cement the covering of the balls.

The three first qualities are emptied from their jars into large tanks, in which they are kept until the supply of the season has been obtained. The opium is then removed and exposed to the air on shallow wooden frames, until it becomes of the consistency of from 69 to 70, when it is given to the cake maker, who guesses to a drachm the exact weight, and envelops the opium in its covering of petals, cemented by a covering of quality number 4. The balls are then weighed and stored, to undergo a thorough ventilation and drying. Formerly the covering of the balls was composed of the leaves of tobacco; but the late Mr. Flemming introduced the practice of using the petals of the poppy, which was such an improvement that the Court of Directors presented him with 50,000 rupees. The balls, forty in number, are packed in a mango wood case, which consists of two stories with twenty pigeon holes in each, lined with lath and surrounded by the dried leaves of the poppy. Sometimes these balls are so soft as to burst their skins, and much of the liquid opium running out, is lost. In 1823, many of the chests of Patna lost five catties from this cause, and to this day we have the same thing continuing to occur. Patna chests are covered with bullock hides, Benares with gunnies.

For the successful cultivation of opium, a mild climate, plentiful irrigation, a rich soil, and diligent husbandry, are indispensable. In reference to the first of these, Malwa is placed most favorably. The country is in general from 1,300 to 2,000 feet above the level of the sea: the mean temperature is moderate, and range of the thermometer small. Opium is always cultivated in ground near a tank or running stream, so as to be insured at all times of an abundant supply of water. The rich black loam, supposed to be produced by the decomposition of trap, and known by the name of cotton soil, is that prepared for opium. Though fertile and rich enough to produce thirty successive crops of wheat without fallowing, it is not sufficiently rich for the growth of the poppy until largely supplied with manure. There is, in fact, no crop known to the agriculturist, unless sugar cane, that requires so much care and labor as the poppy. The ground is first four times ploughed on four successive days, then carefully harrowed; when manure, at the rate of from eight to ten cart loads an acre, is applied to it; this is scarcely half what is allowed a turnip crop at home. The crop is after this watered once every eight or ten days, the total number of waterings never exceeding nine in all. One beegah takes two days to soak thoroughly in the cold weather, and four as the hot season approaches. Water applied after the petals drop from the flower, causes the whole to wither and decay. When the plants are six inches high, they are weeded and thinned, leaving about a foot and a-half betwixt each plant; in three months they reach maturity, and are then about four feet in height if well cultivated. The full-grown seed-pod measures three and a-half inches vertically, and two and a-half in horizontal diameter. Early in February and March the bleeding process commences. Three small lancet-shaped pieces of iron are bound together with cotton, about one-twelfth of an inch of the blade alone protruding, so that no discretion as to the depth of the wound to be inflicted shall be left to the operator; and this is drawn sharply up from the top of the stalk at the base, to the summit of the pod. The sets of people are so arranged that each plant is bled all over once every three or four days, the bleedings being three or four times repeated on each plant. This operation always begins to be performed about three or four o'clock in the afternoon, the hottest part of the day. The juice appears almost immediately on the wound being inflicted, in the shape of a thick gummy milk, which is thickly covered with a brownish pellicle. The exudation is greatest over night, when the incisions are washed and kept open by the dew. The opium thus derived is scraped off next morning, with a blunt iron tool resembling a cleaver in miniature. Here the work of adulteration begins—the scraper being passed heavily over the seed-pod, so as to carry with it a considerable portion of the beard, or pubescence, which contaminates the drug and increases its apparent quantity. The work of scraping begins at dawn, and must be continued till ten o'clock; during this time a workman will collect seven or eight ounces of what is called "chick." The drug is next thrown into an earthen vessel, and covered over or drowned in linseed oil, at the rate of two parts of oil to one of chick, so as to prevent evaporation. This is the second process of adulteration—the ryot desiring to sell the drug as much drenched with oil as possible, the retailers at the same time refusing to purchase that which is thinner than half dried glue. One acre of well cultivated ground will yield from 70 to 100 pounds of chick. The price of chick varies from three to six rupees a pound, so that an acre will yield from 200 to 600 rupees worth of opium at one crop. Three pounds of chick will produce about two pounds of opium, from a third to a fifth of the weight being lost in evaporation. It now passes into the hands of the Bunniah, who prepares it and brings it to market. From twenty-five to fifty pounds having been collected, is tied up in parcels in double bags of sheeting cloth, which are suspended from the ceilings so as to avoid air and light, while the spare linseed oil is allowed to drop through. This operation is completed in a week or ten days, but the bags are allowed to remain for a month or six weeks, during which period the last of the oil that can be separated comes away; the rest probably absorbs oxygen and becomes thicker, as in paint. This process occupies from April to June or July, when the rain begins. The bags are next taken down and their contents carefully emptied into large vats from ten to fifteen feet in diameter, and six or eight inches thick. Here it is mixed together and worked up with the hands five or six hours, until it has acquired an uniform color and consistence throughout, become tough and capable of being formed into masses. This process is peculiar to Malwa. It is now made up into balls of from eight to ten ounces each, these being thrown, as formed, into a basket full of the chaff of the seeds pod. It is next spread out on ground previously covered with leaves and stalks of the poppy; here it remains for a week or so, when it is turned over and left further to consolidate, until hard enough to bear packing. It is ready for weighing in October or November, and is then sent to market. It is next packed in chests of 150 cakes, the total cost of the drug at the place of production being about fourteen rupees per chest, including all expenses. About 20,000 chests are annually sent from Malwa, at a prime cost charge of two lacs and 80,000 rupees. It may easily be supposed that manipulations so numerous, complex, and tedious, as those described, give the most ample opportunities for the adulteration to which the nature of the drug tempts the fraudulent dealer.

In order to enable the cultivator to carry on his agricultural operations, he receives from time to time certain advances, the amount of which reaches in the aggregate to about one-half of the value of the estimated out-turn of produce. If the land has been under cultivation in previous seasons, its average produce is known; if it be new land, and considered by the Sub-Deputy Agent as eligible, then the cultivator, in addition to the usual advances, receives an advance of so much per biggah to enable him to bestow a certain amount of extra care in tilling and dressing the soil. The first advance is made on the completion of the agreement or bundobust, and this takes place in September and October. The second advance is made on the completion of the sowings in November, and the final or Chook payment is made immediately after the delivery and weighing of the produce. Nothing therefore can be fairer to the cultivator than this system of advances; he is subject to no sort of exaction, in the shape of interest or commission on the money which he receives, and it puts within his power the certain means of making a fair profit by the exercise of common care and honesty. It is an established rule in the Agency that the cultivator's accounts of one season shall be definitively settled before the commencement of the next, and that no outstanding balances shall remain over. When a cultivator has from fraud neglected to bring produce to cover his advances, the balances due by him are at once recovered, if necessary by legal means; whereas, if he can satisfactorily show that he has become a defaulter from calamity and uncontrollable circumstances, and that the liquidation of his debt is placed entirely beyond his power, his case is then made the subject of report to the Government by the Agent, with the request that the debt may be written off to profit and loss. These provisions are most wise, for outstanding balances may be made the means of oppression, and to their operation may be traced a considerable amount of litigation and agrarian crime in the indigo districts of lower Bengal. It is clear that when such balances become so large that the cultivator cannot discharge them, he is no longer a free agent, but is perfectly subservient to the will of his creditor, for whom he must cultivate whether he desire it or not. Such burdens may even be handed down from father to son. The fairness of the Agency system, and the justice with which the cultivators are treated, are best evidenced by the readiness with which they come forward to cultivate, and also by the comparative rarity of agrarian crime, arising out of matters connected with the poppy cultivation.

1. N. Tabacum, a native of several parts of America, but principally known as Virginian tobacco, having a stem rising from four to six feet or more in height, bearing pink flowers. Of this there are three chief varieties known in America by the popular names of Orinoco, Broad-leaved and Narrow-leaved. Lindley enumerates eight varieties of N. Tabacum.

2. N. macrophylla, or large-leaved tobacco, an ornamental annual, also with pink flowers, native of America, which rises to the height of six feet.

3. N. fruticosa, or shrubby tobacco, an ornamental evergreen shrub, native of China, with pink blossoms, which grows to about three feet.

4. N. undulata, or suaveolens, sweet-scented or New Holland tobacco, a green house perennial, native of New South Wales, with white flowers, which is only two feet high.

5. N. rustica.—The common green or English tobacco, an annual plant, native of America, producing white flowers, which seldom grows higher than three feet.

6. N. paniculata, or panicled tobacco, an annual plant bearing greenish yellow flowers, native of Peru, rises to the height of three feet.

7. N. glutinosa, or clammy-leaved tobacco, also an annual plant, native of Peru, growing to the height of four feet, with bright scarlet flowers.

8. N. plumbaginifolia, or curled-leaved tobacco, an ornamental deciduous annual, native of America, with white blossoms, rising to the height of two feet.

9. N. pusilla, or primrose-leaved tobacco, an ornamental deciduous biennial, with white flowers, native of Vera Cruz, rising to three feet.

10. N. quadrivalvis, four-valved, or Missouri tobacco, an ornamental annual, native of North America, with white flowers, seldom growing higher than two feet.

11. N. nana, or rocky mount tobacco, a curious greenhouse annual, native of North America, with white blossoms, rising only three inches high.

12. N. Langsdorffii, or Langsdorff's tobacco, an ornamental annual, with greenish yellow flowers, native of Chili, reaching five feet high.

13. N. cerinthoides, or honey-wort tobacco, an ornamental annual, with greenish yellow flowers, native country unknown.

14. N. repanda, or Havanna tobacco, an annual with white flowers, native of Cuba, rising two feet high.

There are a few species, natives of the Province of Buenos Ayres, which may be particularised. N. bonariensis, having white flowers; N. glauca, yellowish green flowers; N. longiflora, white flowers; and N. viscosa, pink flowers.

1. The samples were dried and the woody fibre and extract were also dried at 212 degs. The watery infusions of all contained ammoniacal salts. The salts from the ash, which were soluble in water, consisted of sulphates, carbonates, phosphates, and chlorides; the bases being potassa and lime. The solution by hydrochloric acid contained lime, alumina, phosphate of lime, and oxide of iron.

3. Contained oxide of manganese in small quantity; sulphates in watery solution of ash abundant. Hydrochloric solution contained an abundance of lime.

4. A trace of manganese; a trace only of phosphoric acid in watery solution.

5. Contained abundance of oxide of manganese.

6. Abundance of oxide of manganese.

7. A mere trace of oxide of manganese, and a trace of oxide of iron; only a trace of alumina.

8. A trace of oxide of manganese; quantity of oxide of iron very great; only a trace of alumina.

In the last two periods five per cent is added to all the duties.

Thus, while the consumption of tea and coffee has increased even beyond the ratio of the population, the consumption of tobacco has decreased.

This table also exemplifies the greater productiveness of a low duty compared with a high one; for instance, coffee in 1801, at 1s. 7d. per lb., yielded £77,654; in 1821, at 1s. per lb., £379,650; and, in 1841, at 6d. per lb., £710,524; tobacco in 1821, at 4s. per lb., yielded £3,164,673, and 1841, at 3s. per lb., £3,314,215. But the difference in duty in the latter case was not sufficient to curtail the profits of the smuggler to any material extent.

Cigars afford a remarkable example of the amount of duty being increased by diminishing the rate. In 1828, when the duty was 18s. per lb., duty was paid on 8,600 lbs. only, yielding £7,740. In 1830, when the duty was reduced to 9s. per lb., duty was paid on 66,000 lbs., yielding £29,700; and such has been the increase of consumption, that, in 1841, duty was paid on 213,613 lbs., yielding £100,899.

We would further illustrate the position by the following facts:

In 1798, Ireland, with a population of 4,000,000, consumed 8,000,000 lbs. of tobacco, and now, with more than double the population, she consumes about 3,000,000 lbs. of tobacco less than at the former period. The reason is obvious: in 1789 the duty was 8d. per lb; now it is 3s. In 1798, England and Scotland, with a population of 10,000,000, consumed 10,000,000 lbs. of tobacco, being one half of the relative consumption of Ireland at the same period; the duty in England and Scotland being then 1s. 7d. per lb., and in Ireland only 8d.

But the quantity of tobacco on which duty is paid does not even approximately show the quantity consumed. If the duty now paid on tobacco in the United Kingdom retained the same relative proportion to the population that it held in Ireland in 1798, the duty in 1841 would have been actually levied upon 53,711,856 lbs., instead of 22,094,772 lbs.; and such we believe to be about the actual amount of consumption, the great bulk of the supply being furnished by the illicit trader.

In Prussia, it appears that the consumption of tobacco is at the rate of three pounds per head; while, in England, if we were to judge from the amount on which duty is paid, it is considerably less than one pound per head.

Assuming the actual consumption at only 45,000,000 lbs., or two pounds per head, we believe that a reduction of duty to 1s. per pound would so effectually destroy the illicit trader, that the revenue would gain by the change, not only by bringing upwards of 30,000,000 lbs. under duty, which at present escape, but by the great increase of the consumption consequent upon the encouragement given to the fair trader.

We would not, however, treat the question merely as a matter of revenue. We would strongly represent the injustice which this exorbitant duty inflicts upon those who pursue a legitimate trade, by enabling the smuggler to lessen the extent of their transactions by more than half what they would otherwise be; and we would further earnestly urge upon your consideration the demoralising tendency of such a systematic and extended violation of the law, not only upon those engaged in the illicit trade, also upon those parties who are found to connive at the practice from a sense of the gross injustice and impolicy of a duty so disproportioned to the value of an article of such extensive consumption.

We would refer to the opinion of a committee of the House of Commons on the growth of tobacco in Ireland, in 1840, as follows:—'That it further appears, from the evidence, that smuggling of foreign tobacco is at present carried on to a great extent, and that all the measures now adopted, at great expense to the country, are and will be ineffectual to repress it so long as the temptation of evading a duty equal to twelve times the value of the article on which it is imposed, remains."

We beg, therefore, respectfully to express our opinion, that if the duty on tobacco were reduced to one shilling per pound, it would be alike beneficial to the interests of legitimate commerce; to the consumers, who consist almost entirely of the poorer classes; to the revenue, by increasing the productiveness of the duty, and by greatly diminishing the expenditure so ineffectually incurred to suppress the illicit trade; and to the general morals of society by removing a powerful inducement to infringe the laws.

Salts of potash	34.15
Salts of lime	51.38
Magnesia	4.09
Phosphates	9.04

ANALYSIS OF FIVE SAMPLES OF TOBACCO.
	No. 1.	No. 2.	No. 3.	No. 4.	No. 5.
	Grown on argillaceous soil		Grown in calcareous soil.
Potash	29.08	30.67	9.68	9.36	10.37
Soda	2.26	—	—	—	.36
Lime	27.67	24.79	49.28	49.44	39.58
Magnesia	7.22	8.57	14.58	15.59	15.04
Chloride of sodium	.91	5.95	4.61	3.20	6.39
Chloride of potassium	—	—	4.44	3.27	2.99
Phosphate of iron	8.78	6.03	5.19	6.72	7.56
Sulphate of lime	6.43	5.60	6.68	6.14	9.42
Silica	17.65	18.39	5.54	6.28	8.34
	100.	100.	100.	100.	100.

Potash	12.14
Soda	0.07
Lime	45.90
Magnesia	13.09
Chloride of sodium	3.49
Chloride of potassium	3.98
Phosphate of iron	5.48
Phosphate of lime	1.49
Sulphate of lime	6.35
Silica	8.01
	100.00

All the ingredients which are necessary to replace 100 lbs. of the ash of tobacco leaves are present in the following mixture:—
Bone dust, sulphuric acid	23	lbs.
Carbonate of potash (dry)	31	"
Carbonate of soda (dry)	5	"
Carbonate of Magnesia	25	"
Carbonate of lime (chalk)	60	"
	144	"

Nicotine	0.06
Nicotianine	0.01
Extractive matter, slightly bitter	2.37
Gum, with a little malate of lime	1.74
Green resin	0.26
Vegetable albumen	0.26
Substance analogous to gluten	1.04
Malic acid	0.51
Malate of ammonia	0.12
Sulphate of potash	0.04
Chloride of potassium	0.06
Potash combined with malic and nitric acids	0.90
Phosphate of lime	0.16
Lime in union with malic acid	0.24
Silica	0.08
Woody fibre	4.96
Water (traces of starch)	87.21
	100.1

COMPARATIVE SCALE OF POPULATION AND CONSUMPTION OF TEA, COFFEE,
AND TOBACCO, IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, COMPILED FROM PARLIAMENTARY PAPERS.

STATEMENT OF IMPORTS, SALES, AND STOCKS OF TOBACCO AND STEMS, IN BREMEN, FROM 1840 TO 1850.

Cuba tobacco	8.64	of nicotine.
Maryland	5.28
Virginia	10.00
Ile et Vilaine	11.20
Lot et Garonne	8.20

Tobacco dried at 212 degs.	Per cent of extract, &c. soluble in water.	Per cent of woody fibre &c. insoluble in water.	Per cent of ash after treatment with carbonate of ammonia.	Per cent of matter soluble in water in the ash.	Per cent of matter soluble by hydrocloric acid in the ash.	Per cent of insoluble matter, as silica, &c. in the ash.	Per cent of alcohol obtained from fermentated infusion.	Per cent of saccharine matter deduced from the obtained alcohol.
1. Light Missouri leaf and stalk	49	54.9	20.97 white	2.17	11.73	5.9	—	—
2. Light Missouri leaf only	50	47.7	19.7 white	1.77	12.83	5.1	0.75	1.50
3. Dark Missouri leaf and stalk	50	52.4	16.47 white	4.2	10.14	2.13	—	—
4. Dark Missouri leaf only	51	50.6	13.8 white	2.17	8.73	2.9	0.35	0.71
5. Light Virginia leaf and stalk	51.5	53.1	16.4 gray- white	2.53	8.54	5.33	—	—
6. Light Virginia leaf only	54	46.1	11.97 green- gray	2.0	6.86	3.11	1.045	2.09
7. Dark Virginia leaf and stalk	48.5	51.8	14.7 gray	4.8	8.40	1.5	—	—
8. Dark Virginia leaf only	52	49.8	12.53 gray	2.63	8.20	1.7	1.46	2.93

	Rate of duty.	Consumption per head. ozs.
1801	{1s. 7 3-10d. England }	17
	{1s. 0 7-10d. Ireland.}
1811	2s. 2 13-20d.	19½
1821	4s. 0d.	11 45
1831	3s. 0d.	12 35
1841	3s. 1 8-10d.	12 4-5
1851	3s. 1 4-5d.	21

	Population	Tea	Coffee	Tobacco
1801	16,338,102
Duty,		65 a 95 per ct	19d. per lb.	19d. per lb.
			& 12½ per ct.	& 12½ per ct.
	Lbs.,	23,163,999	871,846	16,895,752
1811	18,547,720
Duty		96 per cent.	8d. per lb.	26½d. per lb.
	Lbs.,	24,461,308	6,895,619	21,376,370
1821	21,193,458
Duty,		96 a 100 per ct.	12d. per lb.	4s. per lb.
	Lbs.,	26,043,257	7,593,001	1,823,365
1831	24,271,763
Duty		96a 100 per ct.	6d. per lb.	3s. per lb.
	Lbs.,	30,648,348	22,740,627	19,418,941
1841	26,855,928
Duty,		26¼d. per lb.	6d. per lb.	3s. per lb.
	Lbs.,	36,396,073	28,420,980	22,094,772

	Consumption.		Duty.
1801	10,514,998	lbs.	1s.	7d.
1811	14,923,243	"	2s.	2½d.
1821	12,983,198	"	4s.	0d.
1831	15,350,018	"	3s.	0d.
1841	16,083,593	"	3s.	0d.
1851	28,062,841	"	3s.	0d.

	1848. lbs.	1849. lbs.	1850. lbs.	1851. lbs.	1852. lbs.
Unmanufactured	34,090,360	41,546,848	35,166,358	31,061,953	33,205,635
Manufactured and snuff	1,512,714	1,905,306	1,557,618	2,331,886	2,930,299
	35,603,074	43,452,154	36,723,876	33,393,839	36,135,934

	1848. £	1849. £	1850. £	1851. £	1852. £
On raw tobacco	4,267,579	4,328,217	4,337,258	4,386,910	4,466,533
Cigars, snuff, &c.	97,655	96,814	92,873	98,858	94,298
	4,365,234	4,425,031	4,430,131	4,485,768	4,569,831

	MARYLAND				VIRGINIAN
Year	Stock 1st of January	Imports	Sales	Stock last of December	Stock 1st of January	Imports	Sales	Stock last of December
1840	4,890	14,570	18,399	1,061	245	3492	3422	285
1841	1,061	19,629	18,321	2,369	285	3466	3025	726
1842	2,369	20,821	19,067	4,123	726	6729	5898	1557
1843	4,123	18,483	15,004	7,602	1557	5541	4242	2856
1844	7,602	16,978	18,338	6,242	2856	5092	4282	3666
1845	6,242	24,251	24,571	5,922	3666	1588	3099	2155
1846	5,922	26,785	23,788	8,919	2155	2386	2456	2085
1847	8,919	21,743	20,681	9,981	2085	911	2079	917
1848	9,981	12,084	9,935	12,130	917	847	1054	710
1849	12,130	19,285	22,112	9,303	710	1173	1734	149
	KENTUCKY				STEMS
Year	Stock 1st of January	Imports	Sales	Stock last of December	Stock 1st of January	Imports	Sales	Stock last of December
1840	181	3,803	3,699	285	2853	3362	4564	1651
1841	285	5,206	4,941	550	1651	7085	7054	1682
1842	550	9,407	8,939	1018	1682	4151	5386	447
1843	1018	7,485	6,441	2062	447	3969	3447	969
1844	2062	9,736	9,569	2229	969	4753	5513	209
1845	2269	11,439	10,328	3340	209	5273	4152	1330
1846	3340	5,028	6,099	2269	1330	6092	4716	2706
1847	2269	3,816	5,013	1072	2706	6788	8038	1456
1848	1072	4,448	4,980	540	1456	4912	4473	1895
1849	540	4,620	4,746	414	1895	5188	5083	1000

	1838. hhds.	1839. hhds.
Virginia	26,000	45,000
Kentucky	27,000	35,000
Maryland	16,000	16,000
Ohio	3,000	4,000
	72,000	100,000

	hhds.
The quantity manufactured in 1851, was stated at	55,000
Exportations for the year estimated at	120,000
	175,000

	hhds.
Virginia	27,000
Maryland	33,000
Western States, including frosted	65,000
Total production	125,000
Deficiency in the year's crop	50,000

COMPARATIVE SCALE OF POPULATION AND CONSUMPTION OF TEA, COFFEE, AND TOBACCO, IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, COMPILED FROM PARLIAMENTARY PAPERS.

STATEMENT OF IMPORTS, SALES, AND STOCKS OF TOBACCO AND STEMS, IN BREMEN, FROM 1840 TO 1850.

COMPARATIVE SCALE OF POPULATION AND CONSUMPTION OF TEA, COFFEE,
AND TOBACCO, IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, COMPILED FROM PARLIAMENTARY PAPERS.