35-6: cuál: supply había contado, as after quién.
35-7: batalla de las Pirámides: won by General Napoleon Bonaparte, in 1798, in the neighborhood of the Pyramids of Ghizeh, in Egypt. The French pretended to be defending Egypt against the Turks.
35-8: Luis XVI: (diez y seis— cf. note Carlos XII, p. 16, 2) Louis was guillotined in 1793 by the republican government (la Convention) which had usurped his power.
35-9: ninguno: cf. note conoce nadie, p. 2, 5.
35-10: del César: of the emperor. Cf. the manner in which the name of Caesar has become a fixed title in Czar and Kaiser.
35-11: a España: a geographical name (not preceded by the article) is preceded by the preposition a when it is the direct object of a verb.
35-12: quijotescas: quixotic, extravagantly romantic.
36-1: Sansón: cf. note Sansón, p. 41, 1.
36-2: Milón de Crotona: cf. note varón ilustre, p. 33, 6.
36-3: Rey Católico: Ferdinand V of Spain, husband of Isabella I, the patroness of Columbus. He occupied the throne after her death.
36-4: Quirinal: the Italian royal palace, formerly the summer residence of the popes.
36-5: Alejandro Borja: Rodrigo Borgia, a Spaniard, became pope in 1492. Died 1503.
36-6: como bueno: like a hero.
36-7: Cosenza ... Pavia: the first three cities are in southern Italy; Pavia is a town of northern Italy (near Milan), the scene of a battle in which Francis I of France was defeated by the Spanish in 1525. He remained a prisoner in Spain till 1526.
36-8: Murat: the apothecary is not quite able to repress his hatred of Murat, Napoleon's brother-in-law and commander at Madrid, particularly detested because of his barbarous massacre of the Madrileños after the dos deMayo (cf. note 2 de Mayo, p. 35, 5).
36-9: Francisco I: (primero) cf. note on Pavía above. Cf. also remark on doce in note Carlos XII, p. 16, 2.
36-10: en esto: hereupon; at this moment.
37-1: vendrán: cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
37-2: vecinos: (lit. neighbors) citizens; townspeople.
37-3: que no: = y no (used adversatively).
37-4: Fernando: cf. note Fernando VII, p. 34, 5.
37-5: Galicia: cf. note gallego, p. 33, 1.
37-6: a que: cf. note a que, p. 2, 1.
37-7: mancebo: clerk, especially a drug clerk.
37-8: recado de escribir: writing materials.
37-9: Deuda: debit.
38-1: Vos: cf. note Vos, p. 27, 4.
38-2: habréis matado: cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
38-3: Pireneos: Pyrenees Mountains, dividing Spain from France.
38-4: a la derecha: in this phrase, and in a la izquierda (to the left), the feminine is always used. Cf. the French usage.
38-5: Volvamos a empezar: cf. note se volvió a reír, p. 2, 3.
38-6: ¿Quién calcula eso?: who can calculate that? (a vivid form).
39-1: orden: denoting a succession or arrangement, is masculine; denoting a command, it is feminine.
39-2: suma por separado: add up separately.
39-3: nos hemos bebido: cf. note lo que me digo, p. 7, 5.
39-4: o sean: (followed by a singular substantive, o sea) or.
40-1: Ya es hora: it is time now.
40-2: ¡Que entren: cf. note que ... muera, p. 3, 6.
40-3: En esto: cf. note en esto, p. 36, 10.
40-4: vecinos: cf. note vecinos, p. 37, 2.
40-5: toque de agonía: passing bell; knell for the dying.
40-6: ni: even. Observe that ni, like many of the Spanish negative pronouns and adverbs, sometimes loses its negative value. Cf. note conoce nadie, p. 2, 5, and the use of ninguno, p. 35, line 23.
41-1: Sansón: Samson, who destroyed the Philistines by pulling down the column of their temple. Vide Book of Judges, xiii-xvi.
41-2: Pavía: cf. note Cosenza ... Pavía, p. 36, 7.
41-3: hierros: here used poetically for espadas, swords.
41-4: adheridos: cf. note olvidado, p. 31, 1.
41-5: no se esperaba: cf. note lo que me digo, p. 7, 5.
41-6: no tenéis para qué: you have no reason.
41-7: no los toquéis: cf. note no seas, p. 6, 7.
42-1: la Coruña: the principal port of Galicia (cf. note gallego, p. 33, 1).
42-2: Vierais: cf. note dijérase, p. 35, 2.
43-1: creáis a puño cerrado: believe implicitly (lit. with clenched fists).
43-2: presumo de liberal: I pride myself on being a liberal (and hence inclined to anti clericalism as well as republicanism).
43-3: ¡cuidado que: take note that.
43-4: Delfinado: Dauphiné, a province in the southeast of France, bordering on Italy.
43-5: que lo que sea no lo sé: for I don't exactly know what it is.
44-1: y maldita la falta que me hacía: and little need had I. Maldito is often used colloquially as a negative word.
44-2: ¡hombre! ¡me gusta!: well! I like that! The vocative hombre is frequently used to express surprise, expostulation, etc. Here it is evidently addressed to a mere schoolboy.
44-3: tierra adentro: inland.
44-4: Piamonte: Piedmont, a province of northern Italy.
44-5: que aprendan: cf. note ¡Que... muera, p. 3, 6.
44-6: a ver: let us see. A ver may sometimes be rendered more freely, as here! look here!
44-7: rendidos: worn out.
44-8: veintisiete: cf. note veintiún, p. 22, 2.
44-9: Gerona: a city of Cataluña (province of northeastern Spain). It surrendered to the French in 1808, after heroically sustaining a siege for seven months.
44-10: no creáis: cf. note no seas, p. 6, 7.
44-11: ello es: cf. note ello es, p. 6, 1.
44-12: Perpiñán: Perpignan, a Mediterranean port of France a few miles from the Spanish frontier.
44-13: Dijon: a large French city, about two hundred miles southeast of Paris, in the direction of Geneva.
44-14: el por qué: the reason (lit. the wherefore).
44-15: pasaba: allowed.
44-16: sin embargo de: (== a pesar de) in spite of.
44-17: divertidos: cf. note olvidado, p. 31, 1.
44-18: en tanto que: while.
45-1: Prefecto: prefect, the head of a French department, corresponding in a way to the governor of a state in the United States.
45-2: boletas de alojamiento: billets (tickets directing soldiers in what house to lodge).
45-3: a la izquierda: cf. note a laderecha, p. 38, 4.
45-4: ventana de reja: grated window.
45-5: diputado á Cortes: deputy, member of the legislative body (Cortes).
45-6: Almería: city and province on the southern coast of Spain.
45-7: cosa que puede preguntarse: a thing that will bear inquiring into.
45-8: habrá contado: cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
45-9: que lo busque: cf. note que ... muera, p. 3, 6.
45-10: Le Pape!: (French) the Pope!
45-11: con un palmo de boca abierto: open-mouthed; agape.
45-12: papá abuelo: cf. note papá abuelo, p. 15, 5.
45-13: A ver: cf. note a ver, p. 44, 6.
45-14: Toma: cf. note calla, p. 31, 5.
45-15: ¡Y si está parado!: but it is stopped. Cf. p. 4, line 12 and note.
46-1: Le Pontife: (French): the pontiff, the Pope.
46-2: Oui, monsieur. Le Pape! Pie sept: (French) yes, sir. The Pope! Pius VII.
46-3: Pío VII: (sétimo or séptimo) cf. note Carlos XII, p. 16, 2. Pius VII was pope 1800-1823.
46-4: En aquel entonces: at that time.
46-5: recibo de contribución: tax receipt.
46-6: sér: used as a noun, is by some accented to distinguish it from the verb.
47-1: brillaban que era un contento: shone (so) that it was a delight.
47-2: en cambio: on the other hand.
48-1: que cuanto veíamos: (= que tanto cuanto veíamos): than everything we saw.
48-2: el Oriente: the reference is to Bonaparte's Egyptian campaign in 1798. Cf. note batalla de las Pirámides, p. 35, 7.
48-3: Silla de San Pedro: papal throne.
48-4: he de deciros: cf. note había de conocer, p. 3, 4.
48-5: por lo que a mí hace: as far as I am concerned; as for me.
49-1: por el que: el que, la que, etc., are frequently used as pure relatives with the value of el cual, etc.
49-2: a Roma: cf. note a España, p. 35, 11. Rome was the capital of the estados pontificios, which included a large part of Italy. In the papal states the Pope exercised temporal as well as spiritual power.
49-3: Quirinal: cf. note p. 36, 4.
49-4: Sant-Angelo: (Italian), a fortified castle on the Tiber at Rome, defending the papal palace, the Vatican.
49-5: bandera tricolor: the tri-colored flag, the red, white, and blue flag adopted in France at the time of the Revolution.
49-6: consummatum est: (Latin), it is finished (the last words of Christ on the cross).
49-7: hachazos: cf. note pistoletazo, p. 18, 3.
49-8: Sala de las Santificaciones: one of the apartments of the Vatican.
49-9: el Rey de Roma: i.e. the Pope.
50-1: roquete y muceta: rochet (surplice with narrow sleeves) and purple mantle (worn over the rochet).
50-2: estados Romanos: cf. note a Roma, p. 49, 2.
50-3: cuatro reales de vellón: four reales make a peseta, approximately of the same value as the papetto (Italian), a papal coin worth a little more than a lira or approximately twenty cents of our coin.
50-4: puerta del Popolo: (Italian: Porta del Popolo) one of the gates of Rome.
50-5: voy allá (or allá voy): I am coming to that.
51-1: Ello fué: cf. note ello es, p. 6, 1.
51-2: a Cataluña: cf. note el Principado, p. 16, 9, and note a España, p. 35, 11.
51-3: se me ha olvidado: I have forgotten.
51-4: Bailén: a city of southern Spain (Andalusia), the scene of a signal victory of the Spanish over the French, who capitulated to the number of 20,000 (1808). Zaragoza, a city in northeastern Spain (Aragon), the scene of two sieges (1808-1809), the Spanish holding out with desperate heroism against the French invaders, and only surrendering after 50,000 of themselves had perished.
51-5: paladín: this term was applied to the knights of Charlemagne, and by extension, to any knight errant, or chivalrous and warlike hero.
51-6: cruzado: crusader (from cruz, cross, which was worn as a badge).
51-7: Fernando VII: cf. note Fernando, p. 34, 5. Ferdinand welcomed the intervention of the French in Spain to support him in his absolutism against the advanced party, which clamored for constitutional liberties. The French expedition (1823) was completely successful, the resistance being so slight that the French describe the invasion as a promenade militaire.
51-8: en contra nuestra: in opposition to us.
52-1: seguían con sus gorros encasquetados: kept on their caps (lit. continued with, etc.).
52-2: como quien hace: like (one) who makes.
52-3: pulcra y pobremente: neatly though poorly. When two or more adverbs ending in mente are joined by a conjunction, the first one loses this termination.
52-4: calle de Amargura: the Via Dolorosa, or road passed over by Jesus bearing the cross to the place of crucifixion.
53-1: Santo Padre: holy Father, i.e. the Pope, while Padre Santo is one of the Fathers of the church, as Saint Augustine, etc.,—a distinction not always observed,—cf. line 22.
53-2: Lo de menos: a far less important matter.
53-3: Vive le Pape: (French) long live the Pope.
54-1: la orden: cf. note orden, p. 39, 1.
54-2: Chateaubriand (1768-1848): a great French writer. He chose to be a kind of official paladin of Catholicism.
54-3: del hacha: cf. note al ave, p. 25, 3.
55-1: echar por tierra: throw to the ground.
55-2: Don Quijote, Sancho Panza: the would-be knight errant and his squire, the chief figures of Cervantes' immortal story of Don Quixote, published in 1605. The passage is from part II, cap. XLII, sub fine.
55-3: Guerra de la Independencia: (1808-1814): the war waged against Napoleon, who invaded Spain in 1808.
55-4: ha de transigir: must compromise. Cf. note había de conocer, p. 3, 4.
55-5: según que: nearly always según is followed by the verb without the intervening que.
55-6: muy de cerca: very intimately.
56-1: abuelo: cf. note papá abuelo, p. 15, 5.
56-2: Linares: mining town near Almería.
56-3: Gádor: mining town near Almería.
56-4: Usted irá: and you are going—
56-5: Almería: cf. note p. 45, 6.
56-6: a la galera: beyond the wagon.
56-7: quitarse el sombrero: cf. note se la, p. 4, 6.
56-8: ¿Por qué he de negarlo?: why should I deny it? Cf. note había de conocer, p. 3, 4.
56-9: andar largo: to go far.
56-10: eche V. por esa vereda: strike into that path.
57-1: A ver: cf. note a ver, p. 44, 6.
57-2: por más señas: what is more (a formula used in citing an additional circumstance, detail, or argument).
57-3: Siéntese V.: observe that this form may come from sentar as well as from sentir.
57-4: cigarro de papel: cigarette.
57-5: Vaya: cf. note ¡calla! p. 31, 5.
57-6: Delgadillo: pretty thin.
58-1: echó unas yescas: struck a light (yesca, tinder).
58-2: Flojillo es: it (the cigar) is pretty thin.
58-3: Gérgal: town of southern Spain, near Almería.
58-4: un polaco: many Poles served under Napoleon. It was expected that he would restore Poland to a place among the nations. It had been partitioned between Russia, Austria, and Germany in the latter part of the eighteenth century.
58-5: año 23: cf. p. 51 and note on Fernando VII, p. 51, 7.
58-6: Estará apuntado: cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
58-7: rezan: (lit. pray) tell, recount (colloquialism).
58-8: se lo cree a puño cerrado: cf. notes lo que me digo, p. 7, 5, and creáis, etc., p. 43, 1.
58-9: tres duros y medio: a humorous expression, duro (dollar) equal to 20 reales, being used for score.
58-10: mes de San Juan: i.e. June.
58-11: el polaco aquel: (colloquial) that Pole.
58-12: bribonazo: great rogue. The ending azo is often merely augmentative. Cf. also note pistoletazo, p. 18, 3.
58-13: otro: Napoleon III, emperor of France (1852-1870).
58-14: mamelucos de Oriente: The Mamelukes were a body of militia, operating in Egypt, under Turkish command. The curate apparently regards the Turks as a necessary barrier for preventing the Russians from overflowing Occidental Europe. Some commentators have succeeded in finding this calamity foretold in the Book of Revelation.
58-15: Gádor: cf. note Gádor, p. 56, 3.
58-16: rusos y moscovitas: These words are synonymous.
58-17: Constitución: most of the political activity of Spain, during the nineteenth century, was expended on the creation and maintenance of a constitution, in spite of domestic opposition, and even of foreign intervention. Cf. note Fernando VII, p. 51, 7.
58-18: Fiñana: a town near Almería. Cf. note p. 45, 6.
58-19: según supe: cf. note según que, p. 55, 5; cf. also note supe, p. 63, 2.
58-20: llevará: must have passed (i.e. in Paradise). Cf. note llevarían, p. 6, 2, and note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
59-1: Alcazaba: the cerro de Alcazaba, a peak of the Sierra Nevada range, about halfway between the cities of Granada (note 1, 2) and Almería.
59-2: candil: an iron kitchen lamp attachable to the wall.
59-3: llevaba: cf. note llevarían, p. 6, 2.
59-4: a la media hora: after half an hour.
59-5: se me ha olvidado: cf. note, p. 51, 3.
59-6: en cuanto a: as regards.
59-7: cómo miraría: how he must have viewed.
59-8: didon: a term used as an insulting equivalent for Frenchman, derived from dis done (say!) so frequent in colloquial French.
59-9: gabacho: used as a synonym of the preceding. Properly, it is applied to natives of the Pyrenean frontier towns, whose dialect is full of French elements—hence the extension of the term.
60-1: tengo de costumbre: I am accustomed.
60-2: picar un cigarro: crumble the tobacco for making a cigarette.
60-3: caídos: sunken; hecho: transformed into.
60-4: calle de la Amargura: cf. note, p. 52, 4.
60-5: Mí querer morir: The speech of the Pole is ungrammatical, and his verbs are all in the infinitive.
60-6: franchute: a contemptuous term, synonymous with Frenchman.
60-7: cayó redondo: cf. note, p. 9, 3.
60-8: ¡Suba V. ese mulo!: fetch up that mule.
61-1: ¿Dónde va V.?: Properly dónde is used after verbs of rest, and adónde after verbs of motion.
61-2: judío: cf. note Por judío, p. 33, 11.
61-3: Otro: cf. note a otro, p. 10, 1.
61-4: el que más: (sc. ama).
61-5: cuidado con lo que me dices: be careful what you say to me.
61-6: rompo la crisma: cf. note me matan, p. 3, 1. crisma: (lit. chrism, holy oil used in the sacrament of baptism) head.
61-7: a la muerte: muerte, being personified, takes the preposition a. Cf. lines 26 and 28 above.
62-1: si reflexionarais en que: if you think of (the fact) that. Verbs of thinking are followed by the preposition en.
62-2: será un quinto: is probably a conscript. Cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
62-3: ¡que diablo!: why, surely! The expression has the value of a mere interjection.
62-4: Batíos: cf. note llevaos, p. 30, 5.
62-5: que sea: cf. note ¡Que muera! p. 3, 6.
62-6: no seáis: cf. note no seas, p. 6, 7.
62-7: ¡Basta de letanías!: enough of talk, or moralizing! (lit. litanies).
62-8: ¿qué hacemos?: cf. note me matan, p. 3, 1.
63-1: estaba malo: I was sick. Note the different value of ser malo, to be bad, wicked.
63-2: supe: I learned (a frequent value of the preterite of saber).
64-1: fué a parar nada menos que a Suecia: drifted into no less remote a place than Sweden.
64-2: Marqués de la Romana: a Spanish patriot and general, whom Napoleon sent with 15,000 Spaniards to Denmark. When Spain clashed with Napoleon (1808) he reëmbarked most of his troops and returned to fight against him.
64-3: tomé de ordenanza a Risas: I took Risas along as my orderly.
64-4: miedo cerval: mortal fear (cerval, adj. from ciervo, deer, stag).
64-5: Polonia: Poland.
64-6: tal: is occasionally used for tal cosa, i.e. as a sort of neuter. Cf. note ni es tal tierra, p. 68, 1.
64-7: espirituosas: cf. note estupefacto, p. 9, 1.
64-8: ora ... ora: either ... or.
64-9: guerra de España: cf. note Guerra de la Independencia, p. 55, 3.
64-10: Varsovia: Warsaw, the largest city and former capital of Poland.
64-11: sin perjuicio de que ... saliese: without preventing his setting out.
64-12: a las pocas horas de haber echado a andar: a few hours after starting. Cf. note a la media hora, p. 59, 4. Echar a, followed by an infinitive, means to begin, to set about. Hence echar a andar, to begin to march or go, etc.
64-13: de lo más singular: an idiomatic substitution of the singular for the plural.
65-1: aquí: after de aquí (hence) supply some verb like resultó.
65-2: el que ... ella se brindara: que ella se brindara is treated as a substantive clause, which el precedes as it would a mere noun.
65-3: por creer: because he believed.