Footnote 11: (return)Despite The Pictish Nation, pp. 69 and 401. But see Skene, Chron. Picts and Scots (Annals of Tighernac) p. 75, where 150 Pictish ships are said to have been wrecked in 729 A.D.
Footnote 13: (return)Worsaae, The Prehistory of the North, pp. 184-7. Scandinavian Britain, pp. 34-42.
Footnote 6: (return)Haroldswick in Unst is said to have been called after King Harald. Tudor, O. and S., p. 570.
Footnote 7: (return)Ekkjals-bakki is clearly Oykel's Bank, the high bank or ὄχθη ὑψηλή of Ptolemy. "Ochill" is the same word. As for Bakke, see Coldbackie and Hysbackie near Tongue.
Footnote 9: (return)The late Dr. Joass had identified the site of the burial mound. It is said to be Croc Skardie on the S.E. bank of the River Evelix, near Sidera. Skardi is a Norse word, and probably means a gap, or a twin-topped hillock, which it is.
Footnote 11: (return)See Skene's Chronicles of the Picts and Scots, pp. 8, 9 and lxxv, and Celtic Scotland, vol. i, 339, note.
Footnote 2: (return)An able paper on this subject by the late Mr. R.L. Bremner was read to the Viking Society, and it is hoped may be printed. But Brunanburgh is usually located south of the Humber, or in the Wirral in Cheshire. See Scandinavian Britain, pp. 131-4 where it is located on the west coast, and on this coast it probably was.
Footnote 13: (return)See Genealogie of the Earles, pp. 1 and 2, as to the "boundaries of Southerland."
Footnote 14: (return)F.B., vol. i, pp. 221-9. See Trans. of O.S., Hjaltalin and Goudie, App. pp. 203-212. See also St. Olaf's Saga, c. cix. See also generally Vigfusson's Prolegomena to Sturlunga Saga, Introduction, p. xcii, vol. i.
Footnote 18: (return)O.S., ch. 80. But see Heimskringla, Saga Library, i, 96 and St. Olaf's Saga, ch. cv and cvii.
Footnote 19: (return)See Blackwood's Magazine, April 1920; an able and interesting article intituled A Branch of the Family, by J. Storer Clouston.
Footnote 23: (return)F.B., 115. O.P., 783. F.B., 186. O.S., 10, 11. O.S., 8. Skene, Celtic Scotland, i, 374-9.
Footnote 31: (return)Thorgisl, I, 4. (Orig. Islandicae, ii, p. 635.) In The Old Statistical Account (Tongue) there is a tradition of such a fight on Eilean nan Gall at the entrance to the Bay of Tongue, then in Caithness.
Footnote 33: (return)See Sir Wm. Fraser's Book of Sutherland, and Pedigree in Appendix. There is a Craig Amlaiph (Olaf) above Torboll and Cambusmore (both in Cat) near the Mound in Sudrland. There were no Thanes of the De Moravia line in Sutherland.
Footnote 37: (return)Iceland accepted Christianity by a vote of its Thing in 1000 A.D. "Blood" often fell in Iceland; after a volcanic eruption, rain was tinged with red.
Footnote 40: (return)See Scandinavian Britain (Collingwood), p. 256-7, where Mr. Gilbert Goudie's Antiquities of Shetland is referred to.
Footnote 3: (return)Some authorities hold that Macbeth was the son of a sister of Malcolm. His property was probably in Ross and Cromarty. See also Rhys' Celtic Britain, p. 196.
Footnote 4: (return)Skuli was first Earl of Caithness, which then included Sutherland, see ante, but he was Norse.
Footnote 6: (return)Trithing—the same word as Riding in Yorkshire, one-third. See Scot. Hist. Review, Oct. 1918. J. Storer Clouston. Ulfreksfirth is Larne Bay.
Footnote 11: (return)O.S., 22. Dunbar, Scottish Kings, p. 15 and note 22. The Standing Stane was removed to Altyre about 1820. See Romilly Allen, Early Christian Monuments of Scotland, p. 136, "removed from the College field at the village of Roseisle."
Footnote 19: (return)O.S., 33, 34. See Tudor's Orkney and Shetland, p. 356. "Roland's Geo" is at the N. end of Papa Stronsay.
Footnote 3: (return)See Orkney and Shetland Folk (Viking Society, 1914), A.W. Johnston's note, p. 35. See Dunbar's Scottish Kings, p. 7.
Footnote 4: (return)See Dalrymple's Collections (1705), p. 153 for the date of Malcolm's marriage with St. Margaret, p. 157, where he puts the marriage in 1070, after three years' courtship. See also pp. 163 and 164. Sir Archibald Dunbar puts Ingibjorg's marriage in 1059, as stated above, and if Thorfinn was an Earl from his birth in 1008, he would have been 50 years earl in 1058. As a king's grandson he might well have been an earl from his birth.
Footnote 5: (return)Rolls Edition O.S., p. 45, c. 30. She must have died before 1068 when Malcolm Canmore married Margaret, daughter of Edward Atheling, sister of Edgar Atheling. Dunbar, Scottish Kings, p. 27. Was Ingibjorg's marriage within the prohibited degrees, and so dissolved? See also Henderson, Norse Influence, &c., p. 25-26, which is not correct. Earl Orm married Sigrid, d. of Finn Arneson not Ingibjorg. See Table ix, Saga Library, vol. 6, Earls of Ladir, and Table xi.
Footnote 6: (return)The O.S. mentions only Duncan. The other sons seem doubtful. But see Dunbar, Scottish Kings, p. 31 and notes, and p. 38.
Footnote 8: (return)As to the Bishop, see Orkney and Shetland Records, pp. 3-8; and as to their quarrels, see O.S., 40.; Magnus Saga the Longer, 6 and 8. For St. Magnus, see Pinkerton's Lives of the Scottish Saints, revised by W.M. Metcalfe (Paisley, Alexander Gardner, 1889), p. xlii, and pp. 213-266.
Footnote 10: (return)Magnus Saga, 10, 11 and 20. The story of this time is confused and difficult. Torfaeus, trans., p. 85 and Torfaeus Orcades, c. xviii. From c. 20 of Magnus Saga the Longer it is clear that Hakon in 1112 took Paul's share of Caithness also and Magnus took Erlend's share, and that they divided that earldom and lands.
Footnote 12: (return)Magnus Saga the Longer, c. 10 to 28. O.S., c. 46 to 55. There is little doubt but that Magnus was the Scottish candidate for Caithness, and Hakon the Norse favourite, and Hakon had to conquer Cat.
Footnote 13: (return)Who was Dufnjal? What does "firnari en broethrungr" mean? Who was Duncan the Earl? Possibly the Norse expression means half first cousin, and if Dufnjal was Earl Duncan's son, the relationship was through Malcolm III, and Dufnjal was a son of King Duncan II, called "Duncan the Earl," of whom, however, the O.S. and Longer Magnus Saga say nothing in this connection. But see Henderson, Norse Influence, &c., p. 26 contra.
Footnote 14: (return)Paplay, Thora's home, was probably in Firth Parish in mainland, near Finstown. Short Magnus Saga, c. 18, not "twenty," but twenty-one years after his death. See O.S., c. 60. But vide Tudor O. and S., pp. 251-2 and 348. See also Anderson's Introduction, p. xc, to Hjaltalin and Goudie's O.S. contra.
Footnote 15: (return)Viking Club Miscellany, vol. i, pp. 43-65 (J. Stefansson), but the authorship is disputed.
Footnote 20: (return)See Reg. Dunfermelyn, No. 1 and 23 (p. 14); Lawrie, Scot. Charters, pp. 100, 179; Viking Club, Caithness and Sutherland Records, p. 18, the note to which seems correct. "The Earl" was Ragnvald, who ruled as Harold's guardian at this time, in Caithness also. Durnach is now Dornoch.
Footnote 21: (return)Reg. Dunfermelyn, No. 24 (p. 14). Supposed to be the Huchterhinche of St. Gilbert's Charter to the Cathedral of Durnach. Sutherland Book, iii, p. 4.
Footnote 24: (return)See History and Antiq. of the Parish of Uphall by the Rev. J. Primrose (1898).
Footnote 28: (return)See Pedigree in Appendix. Reg. Morav., c. 99, p. 114. Freskyn I was his attavus, or great-great-grandfather.
Footnote 6: (return)Can she have inhabited the Broch at Feranach, which had six chambers in the thickness of the wall, (Curle's Inventory, No. 314), or is the site of her homestead (probably of wood) now undiscoverable? She was burnt in her homestead, not in her residence. The Saga account points to a site on the west bank of the river.
Footnote 14: (return)See note to Hjaltalin and Goudie O.S., p. 107, where Atjokl's-bakki is suggested as an emendation, and also p. 115.
Footnote 19: (return)Guides would be easily got from Elgin. For the MacHeths, constantly fled to the wilds of Cat for refuge, before, in 1210 or later, they settled there, getting land in Durness after 1263.
Footnote 20: (return)i.e. The Minch. It is said that he was the ancestor of the Macaulays of the Lewis, but Macaulay means son of Olaf, not of Olvir.
Footnote 23: (return)O.S., 89. Ragnvald's verses are collected in Corpus Poet Boreale, vol. ii, pp. 276-7. See Tudor, O. and S. p., 471.
Footnote 24: (return)Whence the English expression "bound" for a destination by sea, i.e. "equipped," which is also a Norse word which has nothing to do with the Latin "equus" a horse.
Footnote 25: (return)O.S., 91. Bilbao=the sea-borg on the River Nervion, not Narbonne, see Rolls Ed., p. 163, note, and Introduction, p. lix.
Footnote 28: (return)He was grandson of Hacon Paulson, a grandson of Thorfinn, and he was also a grandson of Helga, Moddan's daughter.
Footnote 31: (return)O.S., 101. Who this Erlend the Young was is unknown, but he can hardly have been Jarl Erlend Haraldson, Margret's nephew. Dasent, Rolls Edit., trans., p. xi. Tudor, O. and S., p. 445.
Footnote 32: (return)O.S., 102. Ingigerd would thus be born not later than 1136. She is possibly the "Ingigerthr, of women the most beautiful" in the Runes of Maeshowe.
Footnote 39: (return)Curle, Early Mon. Suthd., p. 108 No. 316; and note that the horns of the elk or reindeer have been found in Sutherland. See Proceedings of Scot. Antiq., viii, p. 186; and ix, p. 324.
Footnote 41: (return)Force; possibly Forsie, or some waterfall said to be near Achavarn on Loch Calder at the S.E. end of it. Halvard is in the Flatey Book called Hoskúld. O.P., ii, 761, at a ruin of a castle, Tulloch-hoogie.