[31] Like all generalisation dealing with complex matters, this must be qualified by individual exceptions. For example, men who have made fortunes for themselves, and have added to the world's stock, by work in the gold-fields, have been in many cases labourers, directing their own efforts by their own intelligence. But some men have been exceptional in one or other of two ways—either in propinquity to the scene of action, or (and this is the more common case) in handihood, determination, and courage. It is not every one who has it in him to go in search of gold to Alaska.
Ability, and labour defined, 19;
labour as opposed to, 29;
capital as the implement of, 32;
a name for the directive faculties, 33;
value of directive, 68;
monopoly of business, 89, 93;
and individual motive, 110;
modern socialists' recognition of products due to, 191;
rent of business, 191, 194
Abstract justice, interest and, 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218,
220, 222, 224, 226
Activity, two kinds represented by two groups of, 28;
military distinct from industrial, 121
Agriculture, Mill on nature in, 181;
and rent, 192
Allen, Grant, The Woman Who Did, 147
Arkwright, the inventor of the spinning-frame, 83, 197
Artist, the case of an, 115
Bastiat, his plane, 213, 214
Bellamy, Looking Backward, 92;
his description of a socialistic Utopia, 92;
his argument, 105
Bessemer, 197, 220
Boy messengers, 80
Bradlaugh, Charles, 85
Brazil, Rossi fails to found a socialistic colony in, 141
Brigand chief, his justification, 206
Capital, is labour in an externalised and permanent form, 14;
is past labour crystallised, 14, 20;
as the implement of ability, 32;
fixed and circulating, 35;
the primary function of, 40;
its interest described by George as the gift of nature, 212
Capitalism (a comparatively modern phenomenon), causes of its accelerated
development, 2;
as a working system, 3;
essence of modern, 14;
and wages, 16;
state and private, 62, 71;
economics of: the "economic man" and economic science, 123, 124
Cause and effect, 185
Cellini, Benvenuto, 24
Christian socialism as a substitute for secular democracy,
see Democracy; the message of, 153;
its view of the steel-kings and the oil-kings, 153, 158, 160;
its preaching a species of ecclesiastical electioneering, 156;
and the faculty of invention, 159;
abolishes competition, 160;
on the moral conversion of able men, 160
Christian Socialist, The, 150
Christian socialists, are simply secular socialists of the more modern and educated type, 163;
their temperamental deficiency finds its fullest expression in socialism, 172
Coleridge, Lord, 135
Colossal fortunes, growth of, 130, 131
Competition, 160
Corvée system, and slavery, 57, 58
Crozier, Dr. Beattie, Wheel of Wealth, 217, 218, 236
Darby of Coalbrookdale, 83
Demand and supply, 143
Democracy, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148;
Christian socialism as a substitute for secular, 150, 152, 154, 156,
158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170, 172, 174
Direction, wage-capital an implement of, 70
Directive ability, 191;
its value, 68;
and socialism, 87;
and labour, 182, 187, 189 to 193
—— faculties, 31;
function of the, as applied to the operations of modern labour, 29;
their function, illustrated by the case of a printed book, 29;
name for the, 33
Dudley, 82
Eclecticism, 186
Economic distinction, abolished by the truly socialistic scheme, 58
Economic emancipation, is entire abolition of the wage-system, 56
—— man, the, 111, 123
—— motive, personal gain the primary, 127
—— opportunity, 254
—— science, capitalism and, 124;
its reasonings, 177
—— values, 166
Economics of capitalism, 123
Eddy, Mrs., her Christian science, 150
Edison, 47, 150, 197, 220
Education, its ideal object as a means of happiness, 273
Electric lighting of London, 84
Equality of opportunity, 253, 254, 256, 258, 260, 262, 264, 266, 268,
270, 272, 274, 276
Equilibrium an ideal, 288
Evolution, organic, 85
Evolutionary socialists, 102
—— sociology, 94
Fabian Essays, 58
Family life, 135, 140, 141
Fighting instinct, the, 121
France, state monopolies in, 80
Frederick the Great, 99
French revolution, 206
George, Henry, 210, 211
"Gospel for To-day, The," 151, 153, 157, 159
Great Eastern, The, 264
Greed, 125
Gronlünd, a disciple of Marx, 18
Happiness, an equation between desire and attainment, 273
Harrison, Frederic, the English prophet of Positivism, 118;
on the soldier's willing service, 120
Helots in Sparta, 59
Heroism, socialists' view of, 118, 122
Hillquit, Mr., the American socialist, 42, 43, 50;
and "common manual labour," 48, 50;
his irrelevancies, 50;
his argument, 51, 53;
verbal jugglery of, 53
Ideal equilibrium, an, 288
Income, of labour, 197;
earned and unearned, 226
Individual motive and democracy, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144,
146, 148
Industrial effort, its progress depends on thought and the advance of
knowledge, 32;
productivity of, 157
—— productivity, 195
—— towns, present structure of great, 294
Industry, state-directed, 81;
the iron, 82
Intellect, inequalities of the human, 102, 107
Interest, and abstract justice, 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218,
220, 222, 224, 226;
socialistic attack on, 227, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 240, 242, 244,
246, 248, 250, 252
Invention, Christian socialists on the faculty of, 159
Inventors, 160 to 162
Iron industry, the, 82
Jesuit Fathers in Uruguay, 193
Just reward of labour, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194,
196, 198, 200, 202
Justice, interest and abstract, 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218,
220, 222, 224, 226
Kidd, on rival and independent claims, 93;
his argument, 103, 106
Labour, as a wealth-producer, 11, 21, 42;
definition of ability and, 19;
two distinguishable kinds of, 23;
a productive agent, 25, 199;
directive, 31, 71, 75, 77, 78;
emancipation of, 47;
the Marxian doctrine of the all-productivity of, 47;
by itself, impotent to produce the wealth of modern nations, 54;
and the socialistic promise, 127;
as estimated by its actual products—the just reward of, 176, 178, 180,
182, 184, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202;
income of, 197, 295;
as opposed to ability, 291
Labour-certificates, 12
Labourer, the ordinary manual, 66, 67, 174
Laplace, 91
Legislation, 134, 135;
and the Government's will, 136
Lombe, the great silk-factory erected at Derby by, 197
L.C.C. steamboats, 73
Macaulay, Essay on Dryden, 92;
on the absurdity of confounding speculative sociology with practical, 101
Machine-capital, 219
Machinery, a development of capitalism, 2;
Marx on, 27;
embodies labour directed in a new way, 38;
the question of, 88
Majority, will of the, 129, 139, 140;
powers of the "sovereign," 137
Marx, Karl, his formula, 7;
his treatise on capital, 8;
his theory summarised, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20;
his doctrine of scientific socialism, 11, 18;
his falsified prophecies, 17;
errors of, 19, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40;
on machinery, 27;
repudiated by modern socialists, 41, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58,
60, 62, 64, 66, 68
Melba, 116, 144
Military, distinct from industrial, activity, 121
Mill, J.S., 2, 32; Political Economy, 20, 21, 179;
on nature in agriculture, 180, 181
Modern socialists, their repudiation of Marx, q.v.;
and the question of motive, 90, 111, 113;
their assertion, 115
Monastic orders, 117
Monopolists, 93
Monopoly, modern capital is, 38;
of business-ability, 89, 93
Motive, ability, and individual, 110
—— individual, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148
—— practical as distinct from moral, 287
—— socialists and, 90, 111, 113
Motives, discussion of various, 113 to 115
Multi-millionaires, 131 to 133;
a suggested limit, 138
Napoleon III., 99
North American Review, 130
Opportunity, equality of, 253, 254, 256, 258, 260, 262, 264, 266, 268,
270, 272, 274, 276
Orders, monastic, 117
Organic evolution, 185
—— nature, products of, 210
Owen, Robert, 170;
his views on socialism, 7
Peasant proprietors, 20, 57
Penny post, 79
Plane, Bastiat's, 213, 214
Positivism, Frederic Harrison, the English prophet of, 118 to 120
Post Office, British, 79
Postal employé, the, 260, 261
Press, a state, 85
Problems of practical life, 95
Product, correspondence between productive effort and, 207
Production, unequal powers of, 142, 254;
labour, capital, and law the only factors in, 191
Productive agent, labour as a, 25, 199
—— effort, the astounding advances of the efficiency of, 26
Productivity, industrial, 195
Rent, of business-ability, the, 191, 194;
and agriculture, 192
Reward of labour, as estimated by its actual products, just, 176, 178,
180, 182, 184, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202
Ricardo, 2, 12, 32, 92
Roosevelt, President, 169
Rossi, Govanni, the Italian socialist, his failure to found a socialistic colony in Brazil, 141
Rousseau, his theory of the social contract, 283, 284
Ruskin, John, 23;
his scheme of political economy, 118
Sentimental thinkers, 123
Shakespeare, 92, 96
Shaw, Bernard, 43, 208, 209;
Man and Superman, 215, 216, 222
Slave, contrasted with wage-paid labourer, 59
Slavery, 57
Smith, Adam, Wealth of Nations, 25, 26, 36
Social Democratic Federation, its campaign and its catechism, 45
Social policy of the future, 278, 280, 282, 284, 286, 288, 290, 292, 294
Socialism, Christian. See Christian socialism
—— historical beginning of, 1, et seq.;
two ideas of, 1;
and capitalism, 3;
a theory, 5;
regarded as a practical force, 8;
basic doctrine of so-called scientific, 18;
a fallacy, 49, 167;
proximate difficulties of, 69, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88;
its ultimate difficulty, 89, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106,
108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128;
"the Great Man theory," 91
Socialistic attack on interest, and the nature of its error, 227, 228,
230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252
Socialistic temperament, debilitates the faculties, 169
—— theory of society, a, 56, 58
Socialists, on heroism, 118, 122;
their two main doctrines, moral and economic, 165;
their false and true theories of production, 166;
their fallacy, 167
—— evolutionary, 102
Society, two contrasted groups of, 15
Sociology, scientific, 111
—— speculative, 109
Spencer, Herbert, 106;
causal importance of the great man, 89 to 101;
on modern production, 97, 98;
Study of Sociology, 99;
on the invention of the Times printing-press, 100;
Social Statics, ibid.;
criticised by Author's Aristocracy and Evolution, 101
State officials, 69
Steel and oil, 153, 158, 159, 160, 162
Supply and demand, 143
Utopia, Bellamy's description of a socialistic, 92
Value, surplus, 13
Wage-capital, 36, 37, 39, 41, 57, 58, 264;
an implement of direction, 70;
its waste brings about its own remedy, 71
Wagedom, socialists and, 59, 60
Wage-fund, division of total, 201
Wage-system, alternatives to, 57, 60;
an escape from, 59
Watt, 221
Wealth, socialists' conception of, 145;
a form of power, 146;
superfluous, 155;
produced by two functionally different classes, 176
—— of modern nations, "common manual labour" impotent to produce the,
48, 50, 54
Wealth-producer, the greed of the, 125
Wealth-producing power, labour's, 11, 21, 42
Webb, Sidney, 43, 58 to 60, 89, 90, 119, 191, 194, 197;
his argument, 107, 108
Wilshire, Gayford, his leaflet, 47, 143, 257