These are active, strong-winged fliers moving singly or in small flocks, often high in the air. Distinctive wing-whistling sound in flight has earned the name of whistlers.
Goldeneyes generally move south late in the season; most of them winter on coastal waters and the Great Lakes. Inland, they like rapids and fast water.
Barrow's goldeneye, predominantly a Westerner, is less wary than the common goldeneye.
Hens of both species are look-alikes.
Drakes have a piercing speer-speer—hens a low quack. Both are usually quiet.
Length—14½ in.
Weight—1 lb.
Stragglers migrate south in mid-fall, but the largest numbers move just ahead of freezeup. Most flocks in feeding areas are small—5 or 6 birds, with more hens and immatures than adult drakes.
Very small size, bold black and white color pattern, and low, swift flight are field marks. Unlike most divers, they can fly straight up from a watery takeoff.
Largest concentrations are on both seacoasts and along the Gulf of Mexico. Inland, they will remain as far north as open water permits.
Usually silent. Drakes squeak and have a guttural note; hens quack weakly.
Length—15½ in.
Weight—1-1/3 lbs.
The ruddy duck often dives or swims away from danger rather than flying. When flying, their small wings stroke so fast they resemble bumblebees.
They are early to mid-fall migrants.
Drakes often cock their tails upright at an angle, the only species to habitually do so.
Both hens and drakes are silent in the fall.
Length—23 in.
Weight—2½ lbs.
These birds winter most abundantly in coastal waters, including the Gulf of Mexico, and to a lesser extent, the Great Lakes.
Their flight, strong and direct, is usually low over the water. They are difficult to distinguish in flight from the common merganser.
Voice: Seldom heard.
Length—25½ in.
Weight—2½ lbs.
This species is larger than the red-breasted merganser, and is one of the largest of our ducks. It is one of the last to migrate south, and is more common than the red-breasted merganser on inland waters.
Flocks move in "follow the leader" style, low over the water.
The only call seems to be a startled croak.
Length—18 in.
Weight—1½ lbs.
Often seen in pairs, or very small flocks. Short rapid wingstrokes create an impression of great speed.
Winters in the inland waters of all coastal States; seldom goes to salt water.
Voice: Seldom heard in fall.
Length—18-19 in.
Weight—1¾ lbs.
The trailing legs and rounded wings of these slow flying ducks makes them look bigger than they are.
Both species are primarily Mexican. In the U.S., the black-bellied is found only in south Texas and Louisiana. The fulvous also occurs there and in Florida with occasional stragglers further north along both coasts and the Mississippi Valley. The fulvous is the more common of the two species in the United States.
Sexes are alike. Both species have shrill whistling calls.
Length—21½ in.
Weight—3½ lbs.
The three scoters on these two pages are sea ducks, wintering on open coastal waters. White-wings are among the heaviest and largest of all ducks.
Length—19½ in.
Weight—2 lbs.
Like all scoters, these birds move along our coasts in loose flocks, stringing into irregular, wavy lines. Drakes can be distinguished from other scoters by two white patches on their head and the bright color of the bill.
Flight is strong, direct, usually close to the waves.
Length—19½ in.
Weight—2½ lbs.
In flight, drakes appear all black except for the flash of the slight gray underwing and the bright yellow swelling at the base of the upper bill.
Scoters feed on mollusks, crabs, and some fish and very little vegetation. They are locally known as "coots."
Length—23½ in.
Weight—5 lbs.
Thick-necked stocky birds, alternately flapping and sailing in flight; flocks string out in a line, close to the water. Occurs in the United States chiefly along New England coasts and occasionally south to New Jersey.
Other eiders—king, spectacled and Stellar's—occur in Alaska and are not pictured in this guide. King eiders occasionally are found in north Atlantic coastal waters.
Length—20½ in.
Weight—2 lbs.
A slim, brightly plumaged sea duck. Smaller than the scoters or eiders.
Flight is swift and low with constantly changing flock formations. Ranges along both coasts and the Great Lakes.
One of the most vocal of ducks; drakes have a loud pleasant caloo, caloo, constantly heard.
Length—17 in.
Weight—1½ lbs.
Glossy slate-blue plumage enlivened by white stripes and spots give the adult male harlequin a striking appearance. The female resembles a small female scoter. At a distance, both sexes look black. Flight is swift, with abrupt turns. Flocks are small and compact. Ranges both coasts, north from New Jersey and San Francisco. Uncommon.
Trumpeter—Length—59 in.
Weight—28 lbs.
Whistling—Length—52 in.
Weight—16 lbs.
Once thought to be rare, trumpeter swans are slowly increasing in Alaska and on western refuges and parks.
Whistling swans are common and increasing. They winter near Chesapeake Bay, San Francisco Bay, Puget Sound and Salton Sea. Occasionally found in fields.
Both species are large with pure white plumage.
Numerous and popular, Canada geese are often called "honkers." Includes several races varying in weight from 3 to over 12 pounds. All have black heads and necks, white cheeks, similar habitats and voices. Sexes are identical.
Length—24-25 in.
Weight—3¼ - 3¾ lbs.
These are sea geese, the blacks wintering south to Baja, California, in the Pacific. The Atlantic race winters from Virginia northward. Flight is swift, in irregular and changing flock patterns.
Length—29-31 in.
Weight—6½-7½ lbs.
Two races of snow geese are recognized: greater snows along the Atlantic Coast, and lesser snows elsewhere on the continent. Blue geese are a color phase of the lesser snow.
Length—29 in.
Weight—6¼ lbs.
Migrates chiefly in the Central and Pacific flyways but also present in the Mississippi. Rare in the Atlantic Flyway. Appears brownish gray at a distance. Often called "specklebelly".
Most distinctive characteristic of the V-shaped flocks is the high pitched call kow-kow-kow-kow.
All birds on these pages are drawn to the same scale.
There's more than just ducks in our marshes. Knowing and identifying other birds and animals add to the enjoyment of being in a blind.
The same sources of food and shelter that draw waterfowl to ponds and marshes also attract other forms of wildlife.
Protected species are sometimes more numerous than ducks or geese.
Money from Duck Stamp sales is used exclusively to purchase wetlands, preserving areas for ducks, geese, and all wildlife for the enjoyment and pleasure of hunters and non-hunters alike.
Waterfowl Flyways
The term "flyway" has long been used to designate the migration routes of birds. For management purposes, four waterfowl flyways—Pacific, Central, Mississippi, and Atlantic—were established in the United States in 1948. To varying degrees the waterfowl populations using each of these flyways differ in abundance, species composition, migration pathways, and breeding ground origin. There are differences, also, in levels of shooting pressure and harvest.
For the most part flyway boundaries follow State lines. However, the boundary between the Pacific and the Central flyway general follows the Continental Divide.
There are some problems in matching waterfowl migration corridors with flyway boundaries because some species nest and winter in areas that do not occur along a north-south axis. These species cross flyway boundaries during migration. On balance, the present arrangement is useful in that it permits reasonable management of waterfowl. At some future time, it is possible that further rearrangement of boundaries may permit better management of the waterfowl resource.
Flyway Councils
In 1952, Flyway Councils were formed in each of the four flyways. The Council in each flyway is made up of representatives from the wildlife agencies of the States in that flyway—one representative from each State. The Councils study flyway problems, develop waterfowl management recommendations, and generally work closely with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in implementing waterfowl management and research programs.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1978 O—247-777
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Created in 1849, the Department of the Interior—America's Department of Natural Resources—is concerned with the management, conservation, and development of the Nation's water, fish, wildlife, mineral, forest, and park and recreational resources. It also has major responsibilities for Indian and Territorial affairs.
As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department works to assure that nonrenewable resources are developed and used wisely, that park and recreational resources are conserved for the future, and that renewable resources make their full contribution to the progress, prosperity, and security of the United States—now and in the future.