II.—LATIN SUFFIXES.

NOTE.—The suffix -ac is found only in Latin derivatives of Greek origin.

NOTE.—The suffix -age is found only in French-Latin derivatives.

NOTE.—This suffix is found only in words of French-Latin origin.

NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in words of French-Latin origin.

NOTE.—This suffix is used only in words of French-Latin origin.

NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin, namely, adjectives in -ikos. In words belonging to chemistry derivatives in -ic denote the acid containing most oxygen, when more than one is formed: as nitric acid.

NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin.

NOTE.—The suffix -ise, -ize, is of French origin, and is freely added to Latin roots in forming English derivatives.

NOTE.—This suffix, except when signifying an idiom, is found only in words of Greek origin.

NOTE.—The form -yte is found only in words of Greek origin.

CLASSIFIED REVIEW OF LATIN SUFFIXES, WITH GENERIC DEFINITIONS.

II.

III.

EXERCISE.

I.

a. Write and define nouns denoting the agent (one who or that which) from the following:—

1. Nouns.

III.—DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES.

1. A Latin primitive, or root, is a Latin word from which a certain number of English derivative words is formed. Thus the Latin verb du'cere, to draw or lead, is a Latin primitive or root, and from it are formed educe, education, deduction, ductile, reproductive, and several hundred other English words.

2. Latin roots consist chiefly of verbs, nouns, and adjectives.

3. English derivatives from Latin words are generally formed not from the root itself but from a part of the root called the radical. Thus, in the word "education," the root-word is ducere, but the radical is duc- (education = e + duc + ate + ion).

4. A radical is a word or a part of a word used in forming English derivatives.

5. Sometimes several radicals from the same root-word are used, the different radicals being taken from different grammatical forms of the root-word.

6. Verb-radicals are formed principally from two parts of the verb,—the first person singular of the present indicative, and a part called the supine, which is a verbal noun corresponding to the English infinitive in -ing. Thus:—

I. In giving a Latin verb-primitive in this book three "principal parts" of the verb will be given, namely: (1) The present infinitive, (2) the first person singular of the present indicative, and (3) the supine—the second and the third parts because from them radicals are obtained, and the infinitive because this is the part used in naming a verb in a general way. Thus as we say that loved, loving, etc., are parts of the verb "to love," so we say that a'mo (present ind.) and ama'tum (supine) are parts of the verb ama're.

II. It should be noted that it is incorrect to translate amo, amatum, by "to love," since neither of these words is in the infinitive mood, which is amare. The indication of the Latin infinitive will be found of great utility, as it is the part by which a Latin verb is referred to in the Dictionary.

7. Noun-radicals and adjective radicals are formed from the nominative and from the genitive (or possessive) case of words belonging to these parts of speech. Thus:—

NOTE.—These explanations of the mode of forming radicals are given by way of general information; but this book presupposes and requires no knowledge of Latin, since in every group of English derivatives from Latin, not only the root-words in their several parts, but the radicals actually used in word-formation, are given.

Pronunciation of Latin Words.

1. Every word in Latin must have as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs: as miles (= mi'les).

2. C is pronounced like k before a, o, u; and like s before e, i, y, and the diphthongs æ and œ: as cado, pronounced ka'do; cedo, pronounced se'do.

3. G is pronounced hard before a, o, u, and soft like j before e, i, y, æ, œ: as gusto, in which g is pronounced as in August; gero, pronounced je'ro.

4. A consonant between two vowels must be joined to the latter: as bene, pronounced be'ne.

5. Two consonants in the middle of a word must be divided: as mille, pronounced mil'le.

6. The diphthongs æ and œ are sounded like e: as cædo, pronounced ce'do.

7. Words of two syllables are accented on the first: as ager, pronounced a'jer.

8. When a word of more than one syllable ends in a, the a should be sounded like ah: as musa, pronounced mu'sah.

9. T, s, and c, before ia, ie, ii, io, iu, and eu, preceded immediately by the accent, in Latin words as in English, change into sh and zh: as fa'cio, pronounced fa'sheo; san'cio, pronounced san'sheo; spa'tium, pronounced spa'sheum.

NOTE.—According to the Roman method of pronouncing Latin, the vowels a, e, i, o, u are pronounced as in baa, bait, beet, boat, boot; ae, au, ei, oe as in aisle, our, eight, oil; c always like k; g as in get; j as y in yes; t as in until; v as w. See any Latin grammar.