1. Averages of 4 years, 4 years, and 8 years.

2. Averages of 9 years, (1853-’61), last 10 years, and total 19 years.

3. Averages of 7 years (1855-’61), last 10 years, and total 17 years.

4. Averages of 9 years (1853-’61), last 10 years, and total 19 years.

Experiments with Manures on Permanent Meadow land at Rothamsted, England.

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DESCRIPTION AND AMOUNT OF MANURES PER ACRE. ANNUAL PRODUCE OF HAY PER ACRE IN LBS. AVERAGE HAY PER ACRE. HAY PER ACRE THE 20TH SEASON, 1875.
1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1st 7 Yrs
1856-62.		 20 Years. 1st
Crop		 2nd
Crop		 Total Hay per Acre.
1

No manure

 2433 2724 3116 2558 2822 3074 3238 2824 2534 2436 1491 3927
2

400 lbs. ammonia-salts = 82 lbs. of nitrogen

 4028 3774 3982 3644 2940 3808 3854 3719 2940 2702 2016 4718
3

Superphosphate of lime

 2828 3176 3400 3252 (4 yrs.)
3164		 (17 yrs.)
2492		 2352 1722 4074
4

400 lbs. ammonia-salts and superphosphate of lime

 4996 4788 4968 4756 (4 yrs.)
4877		 (17 yrs.)
3612		 4102 1610 5712
5

Mixed mineral manures

 3429 3666 4082 3416 3928 4488 4424 3919 3948 4564 2688 7252
6

400 lbs. ammonia-salts and mixed mineral manures

 6363 6422 7172 6198 5624 6316 6402 6357 5712 5824 2744 8508
7

800 lbs. ammonia-salts and mixed mineral manures

 7054 6940 7508 7150 5744 6710 7108 6876 6454 6222 5684 10,906
8

800 lbs. ammonia-salts and mixed mineral manures, including 200 lbs. each silicates, soda, and lime

 7120 7000 6720 4592 11,312
9

275 lbs. nitrate of soda

 2952 3588 3948 4092 4446 1858-62
3805		 (18 yrs.)
3794		 3360 1456 4816
10

550 lbs. nitrate of soda = 82 lbs. of nitrogen

 3564 4116 4410 4452 4086 4126 (18 yrs.)
3962		 3276 1470 4746
11

Mixed mineral manures and 275 lbs. nitrate of soda

 4236 4956 4812 5514 5178 4939 (18 yrs.)
5208		 5040 1862 6902
12

Mixed mineral manures and 550 lbs. nitrate of soda

 5636 6072 5586 5892 5718 5783 (18 yrs.)
6384		 7028 1974 9002
13

14 tons farmyard-manure

 4030 5328 4164 4584 5208 5052 5060 4775 4130 2996 1316 4312
14

14 tons farmyard-manure and 200 lbs. ammonia-salts

 5009 6008 5320 5356 5704 5320 5556 5468 4816 3766 1960 5726

B.—AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS MANURES.

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W   Water.

OS   Organic Substance.

A   Ash.

N   Nitrogen.

P   Potash.

S   Soda.

L   Lime.

M   Magnesia.

PhA   Phosphoric Acid.

SA   Sulphuric Acid.

S&S   Silica and Sand.

C&F   Chlorine and Florine.
Name of Fertilizer. W OS A N P S L M PhA SA S&S C&F
I.—Animal Excrements. (In 1000 parts of Manure.)
Fresh Fæces:
Horse 757 211 31.6 4.4 3.5 0.6 1.5 1.2 3.5 0.6 19.6 0.2
Cattle 838 145 17.2 2.9 1.0 0.2 3.4 1.3 1.7 0.4 7.2 0.2
Sheep 655 314 31.1 5.5 1.5 1.0 4.6 1.5 3.1 1.4 17.5 0.3
Swine 820 150 30.0 6.0 2.6 2.5 0.9 1.0 4.1 0.4 15.0 0.3
Fresh Urine:
Horse 901 71 28.0 15.5 15.0 2.5 4.5 2.4 .. 0.6 0.8 1.5
Cattle 938 35 27.4 5.8 4.9 6.4 0.1 0.4 .. 1.3 0.3 3.8
Sheep 872 83 45.2 19.5 22.6 5.4 1.6 3.4 0.1 3.0 0.1 6.5
Swine 967 28 15.0 4.3 8.3 2.1 .. 0.8 0.7 0.8 .. 2.3

Fresh Dung (with straw:)*
Horse 713 254 32.6 5.8 5.3 1.0 2.1 1.4 2.8 0.7 17.7 0.4
Cattle 775 203 21.8 3.4 4.0 1.4 3.1 1.1 1.6 0.6 8.5 1.0
Sheep 646 318 35.6 8.3 6.7 2.2 3.3 1.8 2.3 1.5 14.7 1.7
Swine 724 250 25.6 4.5 6.0 2.0 0.8 0.9 1.9 0.8 10.8 1.7

Common Barn-yard Manure:
Fresh 710 246 44.1 4.5 5.2 1.5 5.7 1.4 2.1 1.2 12.5 1.5

Moderately rotted

 750 192 58.0 5.0 6.3 1.9 7.0 1.8 2.6 1.6 16.8 1.9

Thoroughly rotted

 790 145 65.0 5.8 5.0 1.3 8.8 1.8 3.0 1.3 17.0 1.6

Drainage from Barn-yard Manure

 982 7 10.7 1.5 4.9 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.7 0.2 1.2

Human Fæces, fresh

 772 198 29.9 10.0 2.5 1.6 6.2 3.6 10.9 0.8 1.9 0.4

Human Urine, fresh

 963 24 13.5 6.0 2.0 4.6 0.2 0.2 1.7 0.4 .. 5.0

Mixed human excrements, fresh

 933 51 16.0 7.0 2.1 3.8 0.9 0.6 2.6 0.5 0.2 4.0

Mixed human excrements, mostly liquid

 955 30 15.0 3.5 2.0 3.0 1.0 0.6 2.8 0.4 0.2 4.3

Dove Manure, fresh

 519 308 173.0 17.6 10.0 0.7 16.0 5.0 17.8 3.3 20.2 ..

Hen Manure, fresh

 560 255 185.0 16.3 8.5 1.0 24.0 7.4 15.4 4.5 35.2 ..

Duck Manure, fresh

 566 262 172.0 10.0 6.2 0.5 17.0 3.5 14.0 3.5 28.0 ..

Geese Manure, fresh

 771 134 95.0 5.5 9.5 1.3 8.4 2.0 5.4 1.4 14.0 ..
II.—Commercial Manures. (In 100 parts of Fertilizer.)

Peruvian Guano

 14.8 51.4 33.8 13.0 2.3 1.4 11.0 1.2 13.0 1.0 1.7 1.3

Norway Fish-Guano

 12.6 53.4 34.0 9.0 0.3 0.9 15.4 0.6 13.5 0.3 1.6 1.1
Poudrette 24.0 27.0 49.0 2.0 0.9 1.0 18.6 0.5 2.1 1.0 5.4 1.5

Pulverized Dead Animals

 5.7 56.9 37.4 6.5 0.3 0.8 18.2 0.4 13.9 1.0 1.7 0.2

Flesh-Meal

 27.8 56.6 15.6 9.7 .. .. 7.0 0.3 6.3 0.1 1.1 ..

Dried Blood

 14.0 79.0 7.0 11.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.1 1.0 0.4 2.1 0.4

Horn-Meal and Shavings

 8.5 68.5 25.0 10.2 .. .. 6.6 0.3 5.5 0.9 11.0 ..

Bone-Meal

 6.0 33.3 60.7 3.8 0.2 0.3 31.3 1.0 23.2 0.1 3.5 0.3

Bone-Meal from solid parts

 5.0 31.5 63.5 3.5 0.1 0.2 33.0 1.0 25.2 0.1 3.0 0.2

Bone-Meal from soft parts

 7.0 37.3 55.7 4.0 0.2 0.3 29.0 1.0 20.0 0.1 3.5 0.2

Bone-black, before used

 6.0 10.0 84.0 1.0 0.1 0.3 43.0 1.1 32.0 0.4 5.0 ..

Bone-black, spent

 10.0 6.0 84.0 0.5 0.1 0.2 37.0 1.1 26.0 0.4 15.0 ..

Bone ash

 6.0 3.0 91.0 .. 0.3 0.6 46.0 1.2 35.4 0.4 6.5 ..

Baker Guano

 10.0 9.2 81.0 0.5 0.2 1.2 41.5 1.5 34.8 1.5 0.8 0.3

Jarvis Guano

 11.8 8.2 80.0 0.4 0.4 0.3 39.1 0.5 20.6 18.0 0.5 0.2

Estremadura Apatite

 0.6 .. .. .. 0.7 0.3 48.1 0.1 37.6 0.2 9.0 1.5

Sombrero Phosphate

 8.5 .. 91.5 0.1 .. 0.8 43.5 0.6 35.0 0.5 1.0 0.6

Navassa Phosphate

 2.6 5.4 92.0 0.1 .. .. 37.5 0.6 33.2 0.5 5.0 0.1

Nassau Phosphorite, rich

 2.6 .. 97.4 .. 0.8 0.4 45.1 0.2 33.0 0.3 5.5 3.1

Nassau Phosphorite, medium

 2.5 .. 97.5 .. 0.7 0.4 40.1 0.2 24.1 .. 20.8 1.5

Westphalian Phosphorite

 6.5 1.6 91.8 .. .. .. 21.8 0.9 19.7 1.0 22.0 1.6

Hanover Phosphorite

 2.0 3.5 94.5 .. .. .. 37.2 0.2 29.2 0.5 3.3 1.5
Coprolites 4.3 .. 95.7 .. 1.0 0.5 45.4 1.0 26.4 0.8 7.5 0.1

Sulphate of Ammonia

 4.0 .. .. 20.0 .. .. 0.5 .. .. 58.0 3.0 1.4

Nitrate of Soda

 2.6 .. .. 15.5 .. 35.0 0.2 .. .. 0.7 1.5 1.7

Wool-dust and offal

 10.0 56.0 34.0 5.2 0.3 0.1 1.4 0.3 1.3 0.5 29.0 0.2

Lime-cake

 6.5 47.0 46.5 3.1 .. .. 20.5 2.4 3.0 .. 8.0 ..

Whale-oil refuse

 23.0 68.4 8.6 5.7 .. .. 3.0 0.2 2.3 .. 3.0 ..

Common Salt

 5.0 .. 95.0 .. .. 44.3 1.2 0.2 .. 1.4 2.0 48.2

Gypsum or Plaster

 20.0 .. 80.8 .. .. .. 31.0 0.1 .. 44.0 4.0 ..

Gas-lime

 7.0 1.3 91.7 0.4 0.2 .. 64.5 1.5 .. 12.5 3.0 ..

Sugar-House Scum

 34.5 24.5 41.0 1.2 0.2 0.6 20.7 0.3 1.5 0.3 9.1 0.1

Leached wood ashes

 20.0 5.0 75.0 .. 2.5 1.3 24.5 2.5 6.0 0.3 20.0 ..

Wood-soot

 5.0 71.8 23.2 1.3 2.4 0.5 10.0 1.5 0.4 0.3 4.0 ..

Coal-soot

 5.0 70.2 24.8 2.5 0.1 .. 4.0 1.5 .. 1.7 16.0 ..

Ashes from Deciduous trees

 5.0 5.0 90.0 .. 10.0 2.5 30.0 5.0 6.5 1.6 18.0 0.3

Ashes from Evergreen trees

 5.0 5.0 90.0 .. 6.0 2.0 35.0 6.0 4.5 1.6 18.0 0.3

Peat-ashes

 5.0 .. 95.0 .. 1.5 0.8 ? 1.5 0.6 1.3 ? 0.2

Bituminous coal-ashes

 5.0 .. 95.0 .. 0.5 0.4 ? 3.2 0.2 3.5 ? ..

Anthracite coal-ashes

 5.0 5.0 90.0 .. 0.1 0.1 ? 3.0 0.1 5.0 ? ..
III.—Superphosphate, from

Peruvian Guano

 16.0 41.9 42.1 10.0 2.0 1.2 9.5 1.0 10.5 15.0 1.5 1.1

Baker Guano

 15.0 6.2 78.8 0.3 0.1 0.8 25.9 0.9 21.8 28.5 0.9 0.2

Estremadura Apatite

 15.0 .. 85.0 .. 0.4 0.2 28.2 0.1 22.1 28.5 5.3 0.9

Sombrero Phosphate

 15.0 .. 85.0 .. .. 0.5 26.4 0.4 20.2 25.5 0.6 0.4

Navassa Phosphate

 15.0 2.5 82.5 .. .. ? 17.0 0.3 15.4 19.5 2.3 ?

Nassau Phosphorite,

 15.0 .. 85.0 .. 0.5 0.2 26.5 0.1 19.4 25.5 3.2 1.8

Nassau Phosphorite, medium

 12.0 .. 88.0 .. 0.3 0.1 24.2 0.1 16.6 19.5 13.5 1.3

Bone-black

 15.0 8.0 77.0 0.3 .. 0.1 25.0 0.7 16.2 21.0 9.3 ..

Bone-Meal

 13.0 23.8 63.2 2.0 0.1 0.2 22.4 0.7 16.6 19.5 2.5 0.2

Phospho-guano (manufactured.)

 15.5 13.0 80.3 3.3 0.3 0.4 24.0 .. 20.5 28.8 3.0 0.9

* It is estimated that in the case of horses, cattle, and swine, one-third of the urine drains away. The following is the amount of wheat-straw used daily as bedding for each animal. Horse, 6 lbs.; Cattle, 8 lbs.; Swine, 4 lbs., and sheep, 0.6 lbs.