The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Cliff Ruins of Canyon de Chelly, Arizona, by Cosmos Mindeleff

A. (Transcriber's Note)
In Figures 73-74 and 76-77 the patterning of the dark background is an artifact of the scanning and image-preparation process.

INDEX

The term "Cliff dwellings" does not occur as an Index entry. The cross-references are probably an error for "Cliff ruins."

Access to cliff Villages	144, 157, 158
Acoma, structural development of	155
Adobe blocks not aboriginal	108
— construction in pueblo region	163
— walls in Casa Blanca	108, 109, 111
Age of ruin determined by plastering	121
Agriculture of the Navaho	87
Architecture of cliff ruins	153
—, pueblo, character of	193
—, pueblo, development of	91, 193
Arizona, cliff ruins of Canyon de Chelly	73-198
—, see Cliff dwellings.
Army of the West, conquest by	79
Aztecs, cliff ruins attributed to	191
Bancroft, H. H., cliff ruins described by	81
Bandelier, A. F., on classification of pueblo ruins	89
Bat trail in Canyon de Chelly	157
Beadle, J. H., Canyon de Chelly visited by	80
—, quoted on Canyon de Chelly	86

Bench around cliff kivas

121, 136, 137, 138, 177

— in cliff outlook	151
Bench-like recess in cliff kiva	124
Bickford, F. T., cliff ruins described by	81
Birdsall, W. R., cliff ruins described by	81, 163
Bottom lands, home villages on	94
Bowlders used in cliff-dwelling masonry	98, 100
Burial cists in Casa Blanca	109
— in cliff ruins discussed	166
—, see Cists; Navaho.
Buttress in Casa Blanca	110, 162
— in cliff ruins	119, 125, 129
— in kivas	177
Canyon de Chelly, accessibility of	85
—, memoir on cliff ruins of	73-198
—, location of	84
—, see Cliff dwellings.
Canyon del Muerto, location of	85
—, ruins in, described	81
Casa Blanca, a name of two cliff dwellings	145
— described	104-111
— described by Simpson	79
—, jacal construction in	163
—, notched doorway in	164
Casas Grandes, resemblance of, to Gila river remains	196
Cave ruins, classification of	155
— village in Canyon de Chelly	97
Ceremonial chamber, see Kiva.
Chaco and old-world ruins compared	80
Chapin, F. H., cliff ruins visited by	81
— on openings in Mancos ruins	165
— on kiva decoration	181
Chelly, origin of name of	79
—, see Canyon de Chelly.
Chimney-like structures discussed	182-190
— in Casa Blanca	110
— in cliff kiva	125, 129
— in cliff outlook	144
— in cliff ruins	119
— in Mummy Cave ruin	113, 115, 116

Chinking of cliff-dwelling masonry

102, 103, 104, 117, 118, 123, 127, 142, 144, 148, 150, 151, 159, 160

Chin Lee valley, ruins in	80
Cist, burial, excavation of	101
—, burial, in cliff ruins	96, 130
—, see Burial cist; Navajo; Storage cist.
Clans, localization of, in pueblos	194
Classification of canyon ruins	92, 93
— of pueblo ruins	89, 154
Cliff ruins, classification of	155
Climate of cliff ruin region	83
Constructive expedients in cliff dwelling	170
Corn cultivated by the Navaho	84
Cups pecked in rock	138
Cushing, F. H., on ceremonial fire	190
—, on ceremonial renewal of kivas	177
—, on cliff ruins	153
—, on marking of kiva hatchway	180

Decoration of cliff house walls	102, 109, 113, 125, 147, 160, 177-181
Defense, absence of motive for, in cliff ruins	101, 142, 153, 154, 170, 196, 197

—, home villages located for	111
—, loopholes an evidence of	135
—, expedients for, in cliff dwellings	170
Defensive sites, to what attributed	91
Development of cliff dwellings	198
— of pueblo architecture	155
Distribution of cliff ruins in De Chelly	156-157
—, see Classification.
Domenech, Abbe Em., reference by, to Casa Blanca	80

Doorways in cliff dwellings

102, 111, 125, 128, 134, 140, 145, 151

—, notched, in cliff dwellings	138, 164
— partially closed	165
—, see Openings.
Drain in Casa Blanca	110
Dutton, C. E., cliff-ruin region described by	82
Én-a-tsé-gi, Navaho name of Canyon de Chelly	95
Environment, village sites influenced by	153
Farming shelters discussed	142
Farming villages, cliff ruins classed as	156
— of the pueblos	156
Fireplace, see Chimney-like structure.
Floors of cliff dwellings discussed	165, 197

Foot-holes, access to cliff houses by means of

132, 134, 142, 148, 158

Geography of cliff-ruin region	82
Geology of cliff-ruin region	82, 86
Granary structure in cliff ruin	97
—, see Cist.
Hardacre, E. C., on ruins in Canyon de Chelly	80
Holmes, W. H., cliff ruins described by	81
—, on chimney-like structures	188
Hopi origin of certain cliff ruins	198
— tradition regarding cliff ruins	191
—, see Tusayan.
Jacal construction in Casa Blanca	108
— construction in pueblo region	163
Jackson, W. H., cliff ruins described by	80, 81
Keam, T. V., burial cist excavated by	101
Kern, E. H., Casa Blanca sketched by	79
Kini-na-e-kai, Navaho name of Casa Blanca	104
Kisi and cliff dwelling analogous	198
— or brush shelter	92
Kivas, absence of, in farming villages	150
—, distribution of, in cliff ruins	197
—, function of	193
—, how entered	190
—, how-plastered	161

— in cliff ruins

102, 103, 118, 119, 121, 124, 135, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 174-182

— in Mummy Cave ruin	115
— in Pakashi-izini ruin	99
— in Tse-on-i-tso-si canyon	101
— of Casa Blanca described	107
— of unusual size	95
—, origin of	91
—, prevalence of, in pueblo ruins	90
Lintels of cliff-ruin openings	102, 114, 140, 164
Loopholes in cliff houses	135
Mancos canyon, cliff ruins in	81
Masonry deteriorated by plastering	161

— of cliff houses

95, 98, 101, 102, 104, 128, 136, 137, 140, 142, 143, 144, 148, 149, 150, 159, 197

—, rude, in cliff houses	132, 151
—, see Chinking; Mortar; Walls.
Matthews, Washington, on Navaho traditions regarding cliff ruins	191
Mesa Verde, cliff ruins of	81
Moen-kapi, a Hopi summer village	92, 156
Monument canyon, location of	85
Moran, Thomas, Canyon de Chelly ruins visited by	80
Mortar, character of, in cliff house	127, 140, 160
—, source of, in cliff-house building	126
—, see Masonry; Plastering.
Mummy Cave ruin, benches and buttresses in	177
— described	81, 112
—, kiva in	176
Navaho, agriculture of the	81
—, building material from cliff dwellings used by	154

— burials in cliff villages

109, 110, 115, 117, 130, 132, 134, 138, 142, 148, 150, 152, 158, 167-170, 197

— burials, see Cists.
—, cliff ruins utilized by	96, 104, 152
—, expedition against the	79
— granaries in cliff ruins	97
— house sites in Canyon de Chelly	87
— houses, sites of	152
—, peaches cultivated by the	88
— structures in cliff dwellings	140
— tradition of cliff dwellings	191, 198
— trails in Canyon de Chelly	157
— walls in cliff outlooks	152
New Mexico, see Cliff dwellings.
Niches in kiva walls	178
Nordenskiöld, G., cliff ruins classified by	92
—, cliff ruins described by	81
—, on an oval kiva	177
—, on chimney-like structures	188, 189
—, on kiva decoration	181
—, on Mesa Verde masonry	163
—, on openings in Mancos ruins	165
Nutria, a Zuñi summer village	92, 156
Ojo Caliente, a Zuñi summer village	92, 158
—, masonry of	159
Openings, absence of, in cliff houses	132
— in Casa Blanca walls	109
— in cliff kivas	125, 129, 175
— in cliff-dwelling walls	123-124, 164, 197
— in Mummy Cave ruin walls	114
O'Sullivan, T. H., Casa Blanca photographed by	80
Outlooks on restricted areas	149
— or farming shelters discussed	142
Oven-like structure in cliff ruin	127
Ovens not an aboriginal feature	128
Pakashi-izini ruin in Del Muerto	98
Passageway in Casa Blanca	109
— in cliff dwelling	100
Peaches, groves of, in Canyon de Chelly	88
— introduced by Spaniards	88
Pescado, a Zuñi summer village	92, 156
Petroglyphs in cliff villages	138

Pictographs in cliff ruins	98, 103, 113, 118, 126, 133, 144, 152, 178-181
Plastering, effect of, on stonework	161
— of cliff ruin-walls	118, 120, 121, 129, 140, 144, 149, 151, 160

— of kiva walls	121, 176
Platforms of masonry connected with cliff ruins	132
Population of Casa Blanca	105
— of cliff dwellings	98, 135, 196
— of Pakashi-izini ruin	99
Pottery fragments iu Casa Blanca	111
Pueblo ruins classified	89
—, see Cliff Dwellings.
Putnam, F. W., cliff ruins described by	80
Reservoir structure connected with cliff village	126
Roof construction of Casa Blanca	106, 111
Roofs of cliff dwellings discussed	165, 197
Rooms, character of, in cliff dwellings	95, 132
Ruins, pueblo, classified	89
—, see Cliff dwellings; Pueblo.
Sandstorms in Canyon de Chelly	91
Sheep introduced by Spaniards	162
Simpson, J. H., Casa Blanca visited by	104
—, on Navaho expedition	79

Sites, inaccessible, of cliff houses

93, 111, 133, 134, 153, 196

— of pueblos, how determined	91
Spanish influence in cliff-dwelling masonry	197
— monks in Canyon de Chelly	191
—, sheep introduced by	162
Stephen A. M.,, on Hopi tradition of cliff ruins	191
Steps, absence of, in cliff villages	157
Stevenson, James, Canyon de Chelly visited by	81
Storage cists in cliff ruins discussed	166, 197
— rooms in cliff village	130, 132
—, see Cist; Granary.
Streams in the cliff-ruin region	84
Summer villages of pueblos	92, 156
Symbolism, water, in pueblo pictography	126
Taboo of cliff-ruin timber by Navaho	166
Taos, a many-storied pueblo	155
—, circular kivas at	175
Timber, source of, of the Hopi	166

— used in cliff-dwelling construction

111, 113, 116, 121, 122, 124, 165, 171, 197

Traditions regarding cliff dwellings	190-191
Trails in Canyon de Chelly	157
Tse-gi, Navaho name of Canyon de Chelly	79, 85
Tse-i-ya-kin, Navaho name of Mummy Cave ruin	112
Tse-on-i-tso-si canyon, location of	85
—, ruin in	101
Tunicha mountains, reference to	84, 85
Tusayan, masonry at	101
—, migration to, of Tewas	196
— villages, location of, when discovered	91
Vegetation of cliff-ruin region	83
Walls, finish of, in cliff ruins	107, 113, 116, 124
—, retaining, in Canyon de Chelly	172
Walpi, former location of	93
Washington, Col., Navaho expedition under	79
Watch towers and cliff dwellings analogous	198
— of pueblos	92
Water supply of Canyon de Chelly	86, 88
Wheeler Survey, archeological work under	80
White House, see Casa Blanca.
Whitewash used in Casa Blanca	109
— used in Mummy Cave ruin	115
— used on cliff houses	146
Window opening in cliff outlook	148
—, see Opening.
Yarrow, H. C., on kivas at Taos	175
Zuñi, a many-storied pueblo	155
—, character of masonry of	163
—, farming villages of	92, 156