Pueblo Architecture

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Some words in the text have variant spellings that were left unchanged. The main ones are:

nyumu: sometimes hyphenated as nyu-mu

Mashongnavi, Shupaulovi, Sichumovi (names): sometimes written with accents as Mashóngnavi, Shupaúlovi, Sichúmovi

Brackets and parenthetical question marks are as in the original. A few typographical errors have been corrected. They are marked in the text with mouse-hover popups.

A STUDY

OF

PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE:

TUSAYAN AND CIBOLA.

BY

VICTOR MINDELEFF.

CONTENTS.

	Page.
Introduction	13
Chapter I.— Traditionary history of Tusayan	16
Explanatory	16
Summary of traditions	16
List of traditionary gentes	38
Supplementary legend	40
Chapter II.— Ruins and inhabited villages of Tusayan	42
Physical features of the province	42
Methods of survey	44
Plans and description of ruins	45
Walpi ruins	46
Old Mashongnavi	47
Shitaimuvi	48
Awatubi	49
Horn House	50
Small ruin near Horn House	51
Bat House	52
Mishiptonga	52
Moen-kopi	53
Ruins on the Oraibi wash	54
Kwaituki	56
Tebugkihu, or Fire House	57
Chukubi	59
Payupki	59
Plans and descriptions of inhabited villages	61
Hano	61
Sichumovi	62
Walpi	63
Mashongnavi	66
Shupaulovi	71
Shumopavi	73
Oraibi	76
Moen-kopi	77
Chapter III.— Ruins and inhabited villages of Cibola	80
Physical features of the province	80
Plans and descriptions of ruins	80
Hawikuh	80
Ketchipauan	81
Chalowe	83
Hampassawan	84
K’iakima	85
Matsaki	86
Pinawa	86
Halona	88
Tâaaiyalana ruins	89
Kin-tiel and Kinna-Zinde	91
Plans and descriptions of inhabited villages	94
Nutria	94
Pescado	95
Ojo Caliente	96
Zuñi	97
Chapter IV.— Architecture of Tusayan and Cibola compared by constructional details	100
Introduction	100
Housebuilding	100
Rites and methods	100
Localization of gentes	104
Interior arrangement	108
Kivas in Tusayan	111
General use of kivas by pueblo builders	111
Origin of the name	111
Antiquity of the kiva	111
Excavation of the kiva	112
Access	113
Masonry	114
Orientation	115
The ancient form of kiva	116
Native explanations of position	117
Methods of kiva building and rites	118
Typical plans	118
Work by women	129
Consecration	129
Various uses of kivas	130
Kiva ownership	133
Motives for building a kiva	134
Significance of structural plan	135
Typical measurements	136
List of Tusayan Kivas	136
Details of Tusayan and Cibola construction	137
Walls	137
Roofs and floors	148
Wall copings and roof drains	151
Ladders and steps	156
Cooking pits and ovens	162
Oven-shaped structures	167
Fireplaces and chimneys	167
Gateways and covered passages	180
Doors	182
Windows	194
Roof openings	201
Furniture	208
Corrals and gardens; eagle cages	214
“Kisi” construction	217
Architectural nomenclature	220
Concluding remarks	223

Footnotes
Index
About the Illustrations

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Illustrations have been placed as close as practicable to their discussion in the text. The printed page numbers show the original location. Multi-part Figures are sometimes shown vertically (one drawing above the other) where the original layout was horizontal.

The Map and most site plans are shown as thumbnails linked to larger versions.

		Page.
Plate I.	Map of the provinces of Tusayan and Cibola	12
II.	Old Mashongnavi, plan	14
III.	General view of Awatubi	16
IV.	Awatubi (Talla-Hogan), plan	18
V.	Standing walls of Awatubi	20
VI.	Adobe fragment in Awatubi	22
VII.	Horn House ruin, plan	24
VIII.	Bat House	26
IX.	Mishiptonga (Jeditoh)	28
X.	A small ruin near Moen-kopi	30
XI.	Masonry on the outer wall of the Fire-House, detail	32
XII.	Chukubi, plan	34
XIII.	Payupki, plan	36
XIV.	General view of Payupki	38
XV.	Standing walls of Payupki	40
XVI.	Plan of Hano	42
XVII.	View of Hano	44
XVIII.	Plan of Sichumovi	46
XIX.	View of Sichumovi	48
XX.	Plan of Walpi	50
XXI.	View of Walpi	52
XXII.	South passageway of Walpi	54
XXIII.	Houses built over irregular sites, Walpi	56
XXIV.	Dance rock and kiva, Walpi	58
XXV.	Foot trail to Walpi	60
XXVI.	Mashongnavi, plan	62
XXVII.	Mashongnavi with Shupaulovi in distance	64
XXVIII.	Back wall of a Mashongnavi house-row	66
XXIX.	West side of a principal row in Mashongnavi	68
XXX.	Plan of Shupaulovi	70
XXXI.	View of Shupaulovi	72
XXXII.	A covered passageway of Shupaulovi	74
XXXIII.	The chief kiva of Shupaulovi	76
XXXIV.	Plan of Shumopavi	78
XXXV.	View of Shumopavi	80
XXXVI.	Oraibi, plan	In pocket.
XXXVII.	Key to the Oraibi plan, also showing localization of gentes	82
XXXVIII.	A court of Oraibi	84
XXXIX.	Masonry terraces of Oraibi	86
XL.	Oraibi house row, showing court side	88
XLI.	Back of Oraibi house row	90
XLII.	The site of Moen-kopi	92
XLIII.	Plan of Moen-kopi	94
XLIV.	Moen-kopi	96
XLV.	The Mormon mill at Moen-kopi	98
XLVI.	Hawikuh, plan	100
XLVII.	Hawikuh, view	102
XLVIII.	Adobe church at Hawikuh	104
XLIX.	Ketchipanan, plan	106
L.	Ketchipauan	108
LI.	Stone church at Ketchipauan	110
LII.	K’iakima, plan	112
LIII.	Site of K’iakima, at base of Tâaaiyalana	114
LIV.	Recent wall at K’iakima	116
LV.	Matsaki, plan	118
LVI.	Standing wall at Pinawa	120
LVII.	Halona excavations as seen from Zuñi	122
LVIII.	Fragments of Halona wall	124
LIX.	The mesa of Tâaaiyalana, from Zuñi	126
LX.	Tâaaiyalana, plan	128
LXI.	Standing walls of Tâaaiyalana ruins	130
LXII.	Remains of a reservoir on Tâaaiyalana	132
LXIII.	Kin-tiel, plan (also showing excavations)	134
LXIV.	North wall of Kin-tiel	136
LXV.	Standing walls of Kin-tiel	138
LXVI.	Kinna-Zinde	140
LXVII.	Nutria, plan	142
LXVIII.	Nutria, view	144
LXIX.	Pescado, plan	146
LXX.	Court view of Pescado, showing corrals	148
LXXI.	Pescado houses	150
LXXII.	Fragments of ancient masonry in Pescado	152
LXXIII.	Ojo Caliente, plan	In pocket.
LXXIV.	General view of Ojo Caliente	154
LXXV.	House at Ojo Caliente	156
LXXVI.	Zuñi, plan	In pocket.
LXXVII.	Outline plan of Zuñi, showing distribution of oblique openings	158
LXXVIII.	General inside view of Zuñi, looking west	160
LXXIX.	Zuñi terraces	162
LXXX.	Old adobe church of Zuñi	164
LXXXI.	Eastern rows of Zuñi	166
LXXXII.	A Zuñi court	168
LXXXIII.	A Zuñi small house	170
LXXXIV.	A house-building at Oraibi	172
LXXXV.	A Tusayan interior	174
LXXXVI.	A Zuñi interior	176
LXXXVII.	A kiva hatchway of Tusayan	178
LXXXVIII.	North kivas of Shumopavi, from the northeast	180
LXXXIX.	Masonry in the north wing of Kin-tiel	182
XC.	Adobe garden walls near Zuñi.	184
XCI.	A group of stone corrals near Oraibi	186
XCII.	An inclosing wall of upright stones at Ojo Caliente	188
XCIII.	Upright blocks of sandstone built into an ancient pueblo wall	190
XCIV.	Ancient wall of upright rocks in southwestern Colorado	192
XCV.	Ancient floor-beams at Kin-tiel	194
XCVI.	Adobe walls in Zuñi	196
XCVII.	Wall coping and oven at Zuñi	198
XCVIII.	Cross-pieces on Zuñi ladders	200
XCIX.	Outside steps at Pescado	202
C.	An excavated room at Kin-tiel	204
CI.	Masonry chimneys of Zuñi	206
CII.	Remains of a gateway in Awatubi	208
CIII.	Ancient gateway, Kin-tiel	210
CIV.	A covered passageway in Mashongnavi	212
CV.	Small square openings in Pueblo Bonito	214
CVI.	Sealed openings in a detached house of Nutria	216
CVII.	Partial filling-in of a large opening in Oraibi, converting it into a doorway	218
CVIII.	Large openings reduced to small windows, Oraibi	220
CIX.	Stone corrals and kiva of Mashongnavi	222
CX.	Portion of a corral in Pescado	224
CXI.	Zuñi eagle-cage	226


Fig. 1.	View of the First Mesa	43
2.	Ruins, Old Walpi mound	47
3.	Ruin between Bat House and Horn House	51
4.	Ruin near Moen-kopi, plan	53
5.	Ruin 7 miles north of Oraibi	55
6.	Ruin 14 miles north of Oraibi (Kwaituki)	56
7.	Oval fire-house ruin, plan. (Tebugkihu)	58
8.	Topography of the site of Walpi	64
9.	Mashongnavi and Shupaulovi from Shumopavi	66
10.	Diagram showing growth of Mashongnavi	67
11.	Diagram showing growth of Mashongnavi	68
12.	Diagram showing growth of Mashongnavi	69
13.	Topography of the site of Shupaulovi	71
14.	Court kiva of Shumopavi	75
15.	Hampassawan, plan	84
16.	Pinawa, plan	87
17.	Nutria, plan; small diagram, old wall	94
18.	Pescado, plan, old wall diagram	95
19.	A Tusayan wood-rack	103
20.	Interior ground plan of a Tusayan room	108
21.	North kivas of Shumopavi from the southwest	114
22.	Ground plan of the chief-kiva of Shupaulovi	122
23.	Ceiling-plan of the chief-kiva of Shupaulovi	123
24.	Interior view of a Tusayan kiva	124
25.	Ground-plan of a Shupaulovi kiva	125
26.	Ceiling-plan of a Shupaulovi kiva	125
27.	Ground-plan of the chief-kiva of Mashongnavi	126
28.	Interior view of a kiva hatchway in Tusayan	127
29.	Mat used in closing the entrance of Tusayan kivas	128
30.	Rectangular sipapuh in a Mashongnavi kiva	131
31.	Loom-post in kiva floor at Tusayan	132
32.	A Zuñi chimney showing pottery fragments embedded in its adobe base	139
33.	A Zuñi oven with pottery scales embedded in its surface	139
34.	Stone wedges of Zuñi masonry exposed in a rain-washed wall	141
35.	An unplastered house wall in Ojo Caliente	142
36.	Wall decorations in Mashongnavi, executed in pink on a white ground	146
37.	Diagram of Zuñi roof construction	149
38.	Showing abutment of smaller roof-beams over round girders	151
39.	Single stone roof-drains	153
40.	Trough roof-drains of stone	153
41.	Wooden roof-drains	154
42.	Curved roof-drains of stone in Tusayan	154
43.	Tusayan roof-drains; a discarded metate and a gourd	155
44.	Zuñi roof-drain, with splash-stones on roof below	156
45.	A modern notched ladder in Oraibi	157
46.	Tusayan notched ladders from Mashongnavi	157
47.	Aboriginal American forms of ladder	158
48.	Stone steps at Oraibi with platform at corner	161
49.	Stone steps, with platform at chimney, in Oraibi	161
50.	Stone steps in Shumopavi	162
51.	A series of cooking pits in Mashongnavi	163
52.	Pi-gummi ovens of Mashongnavi	163
53.	Cross sections of pi-gummi ovens of Mashongnavi	163
54.	Diagrams showing foundation stones of a Zuñi oven	164
55.	Dome-shaped oven on a plinth of masonry	165
56.	Oven in Pescado exposing stones of masonry	166
57.	Oven in Pescado exposing stones of masonry	166
58.	Shrines in Mashongnavi	167
59.	A poultry house in Sichumovi resembling an oven	167
60.	Ground-plan of an excavated room in Kin-tiel	168
61.	A corner chimney-hood with two supporting poles, Tusayan	170
62.	A curved chimney-hood of Mashongnavi	170
63.	A Mashongnavi chimney-hood and walled-up fireplace	171
64.	A chimney-hood of Shupaulovi	172
65.	A semi-detached square chimney-hood of Zuñi	172
66.	Unplastered Zuñi chimney-hoods, illustrating construction	173
67.	A fireplace and mantel in Sichumovi	174
68.	A second-story fireplace in Mashongnavi	174
69.	Piki stone and chimney-hood in Sichumovi	175
70.	Piki stone and primitive andiron in Shumopavi	176
71.	A terrace fireplace and chimney of Shumopavi	177
72.	A terrace cooking-pit and chimney of Walpi	177
73.	A ground cooking-pit of Shumopavi covered with a chimney	178
74.	Tusayan chimneys	179
75.	A barred Zuñi door	183
76.	Wooden pivot hinges of a Zuñi door	184
77.	Paneled wooden doors in Hano	185
78.	Framing of a Zuñi door panel	186
79.	Rude transoms over Tusayan openings	188
80.	A large Tusayan doorway, with small transom openings	189
81.	A doorway and double transom in Walpi	189
82.	An ancient doorway in a Canyon de Chelly cliff ruin	190
83.	A symmetrical notched doorway in Mashongnavi	190
84.	A Tusayan notched doorway	191
85.	A large Tusayan doorway with one notched jamb	192
86.	An ancient circular doorway, or “stone-close,” in Kin-tiel	193
87.	Diagram illustrating symmetrical arrangement of small openings in Pueblo Bonito	195
88.	Incised decoration on a rude window-sash in Zuñi	196
89.	Sloping selenite window at base of Zuñi wall on upper terrace	197
90.	A Zuñi window glazed with selenite	197
91.	Small openings in the back wall of a Zuñi house cluster.	198
92.	Sealed openings in Tusayan	199
93.	A Zuñi doorway converted into a window	201
94.	Zuñi roof-openings	202
95.	A Zuñi roof-opening with raised coping	203
96.	Zuñi roof-openings with one raised end	203
97.	A Zuñi roof-hole with cover	204
98.	Kiva trap-door in Zuñi	205
99.	Halved and pinned trap-door frame of a Zuñi kiva	206
100.	Typical sections of Zuñi oblique openings	208
101.	Arrangement of mealing stones in a Tusayan house	209
102.	A Tusayan grain bin	210
103.	A Zuñi plume-box	210
104.	A Zuñi plume-box	210
105.	A Tusayan mealing trough	211
106.	An ancient pueblo form of metate	211
107.	Zuñi stools	213
108.	A Zuñi chair	213
109.	Construction of a Zuñi corral	215
110.	Gardens of Zuñi	216
111.	“Kishoni,” or uncovered shade, of Tusayan	218
112.	A Tusayan field shelter, from southwest	219
113.	A Tusayan field shelter, from northeast	219
114.	Diagram showing ideal section of terraces, with Tusayan names	223

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