Footnote 292: Ven. Cal., iii., 56.(back)

Footnote 293: Ibid., iii., 50.(back)

Footnote 294: Ibid., vol. iii., p. 29.(back)

Footnote 295: Ibid., iii., 298.(back)

Footnote 296: L. and P., ii., 3733.(back)

Footnote 297: Giustinian, Desp., App. ii., 309.(back)

Footnote 298: Giustinian, Desp., App. ii., 309.(back)

Footnote 299: Ven. Cal., iii., p. 84.(back)

Footnote 300: L. and P., ii., 215.(back)

Footnote 301: Ibid., ii., 491, 865, 1229.(back)

Footnote 302: Ibid., ii., 3581, 3584; Ven. Cal., ii., 902, 951.(back)

Footnote 303: L. and P., ii., 4348.(back)

Footnote 304: Ven. Cal., ii., 951, 953, 978; L. and P., ii., 3584.(back)

Footnote 305: L. and P., ii., 2643.(back)

Footnote 306: Sp. Cal., iii., pp. 50, 76, 78, 92.(back)

Footnote 307: L. and P., ii., 3487.(back)

Footnote 308: L. and P., ii., 3558.(back)

Footnote 309: Ibid., iii., 1713.(back)

Footnote 310: Ven. Cal., iii., 975.(back)

Footnote 311: Brewer (Henry VIII., ii., 388; L. and P., vol. iv., Introd., p. dxxxv. n.) is very indignant at this allegation, and when recording Chapuys' statement in 1529 that Pace had been imprisoned for two years in the Tower and elsewhere by Wolsey, declares that "Pace was never committed to the Tower, nor kept in prison by Wolsey" but was "placed under the charge of the Bishop of Bangor," and that Chapuys' statement is "an instance how popular rumour exaggerates facts, or how Spanish ambassadors were likely to misrepresent them". It is rather an instance of the lengths to which Brewer's zeal for Wolsey carried him. He had not seen the despatch from Mendoza recording Pace's committal to the Tower on 25th Oct., 1527, "for speaking to the King in opposition to Wolsey and the divorce" (Sp. Cal., 1527-29, p. 440). It is true that Pace was in the charge of the Bishop of Bangor, but he was not transferred thither until 1528 (Ellis, Orig. Letters, 3rd ser., ii., 151); he was released immediately upon Wolsey's fall. Erasmus, thereupon, congratulating him on the fact, remarked that he was consoled by Pace's experience for his own persecution and that God rescued the innocent and cast down the proud (ibid., iv., 6283). The D.N.B. (xliii., 24), has been misled by Brewer. Wolsey had long had a grudge against Pace, and in 1514 was anxious to make "a fearful example" of him (L. and P., i., 5465); and his treatment of Pace was one of the charges brought against him in 1529 (ibid., iv., p. 2552).(back)

Footnote 312: Giustinian, Desp., App. ii., 309.(back)

Footnote 313: Ven. Cal., ii., 1045.(back)

Footnote 314: L. and P., i., 5457.(back)

Footnote 315: Ibid., ii., 4354.(back)

Footnote 316: L. and P., ii., 1053, 1066.(back)

Footnote 317: Ibid., ii., 1931; cf. Shakespeare, Henry VIII., Act. I., Sc. i.:—

Thus the Cardinal
Does buy and sell his honour as he pleases
And for his own advantage. (back)

Footnote 318: L. and P., iii., 709, 2307 (where it is given as nine thousand "crowns of the sun"); Sp. Cal., ii., 273, 600. In 1527 Charles instructed his ambassador to offer Wolsey in addition to his pension of nine thousand ducats with arrears a further pension of six thousand ducats and a marquisate in Milan worth another twelve or fifteen thousand ducats a year (L. and P., iv., 3464).(back)

Footnote 319: L. and P., iv., 4824.(back)

Footnote 320: There is no doubt about his eagerness for the power which would have enabled him to carry out a reformation. As legate he demanded from the Pope authority to visit and reform the secular clergy as well as the monasteries; this was refused on the ground that it would have superseded the proper functions of the episcopate (L. and P., ii., 4399; iii., 149).(back)

Footnote 321: L. and P., ii., 629, 2637, 4068. Lark became prebendary of St. Stephen's (Ibid., iv., Introd., p. xlvi.).(back)

Footnote 322: Called Thomas Wynter, see the present writer's Life of Cranmer, p. 324 n. Some writers have affected to doubt Wolsey's parentage of Wynter, but this son is often referred to in the correspondence of the time, e.g., L. and P., iv., p. 1407, Nos. 4824, 5581, 6026, 6075. Art. 27.(back)

Footnote 323: Ibid., iii., 1284; iv., p. 2558; ii., 2930.(back)

Footnote 324: Ven. Cal., ii., 1287; Giustinian, D sp., App. ii., 309; L. and P., iii., 402.(back)

Footnote 325: Ibid., ii., 3973.(back)

Footnote 326: L. and P., ii., App. No. 38; for the Star Chamber see Scofield, Star Chamber, 1902, and Leadam, Select Cases (Selden Soc., 1904).(back)

Footnote 327: L. and P., App. No. 53; cf. Leadam, Domesday of Enclosures (Royal Hist. Soc.).(back)

Footnote 328: Ibid., iii., 77, 98; cf. ii., 3973; iii. 1142.(back)

Footnote 329: L. and P., ii., 1105; cf. ibid., ii., 215.(back)

Footnote 330: Giustinian, Desp., App. ii., 309.(back)

Footnote 331: L. and P., iii., 950; cf. iii., 1160, where Fitzwilliam describes Henry as a "master" in deer-hunting.(back)

Footnote 332: Ven. Cal., ii., 788.(back)

Footnote 333: Sp. Cal., ii., 281.(back)

Footnote 334: L. and P., iii., 1.(back)

Footnote 335: Ibid., iii., 1453, 3377.(back)

Footnote 336: Ven. Cal., ii., 1110.(back)

Footnote 337: L. and P., ii., 4115.(back)

Footnote 338: L. and P., iii., 226.(back)

Footnote 339: Ibid., iii., 251.(back)

Footnote 340: Ibid., ii., 4340.(back)

Footnote 341: Ibid., iv., 5412; for the freedom with which Cranmer in later days debated with Henry see the present writer's Cranmer, p. 169.(back)

Footnote 342: Ibid., iii., 1659, 1772.(back)

Footnote 343: Ibid., ii., 3673.(back)

Footnote 344: L. and P., ii., 4257.(back)

Footnote 345: Ibid., iii., 1220.(back)

Footnote 346: Ibid., 1233.(back)

Footnote 347: L. and P., iii., 1297.(back)

Footnote 348: Ibid., iii., 1273.(back)

Footnote 349: F.M. Nichols, Epistles of Erasmus, p. 424; L. and P., iv., 5412.(back)

Footnote 350: L. and P., iii., 1450.(back)

Footnote 351: Ibid., iii., 1574, 1654, 1655, 1659.(back)

Footnote 352: Ibid., i., 3807. In 1513 an English consul was appointed at Scio (ibid., i., 3854).(back)

Footnote 353: L. and P., iii., 1440; cf. ibid., 2421.(back)

Footnote 354: Ibid., iii., 748.(back)

Footnote 355: Ibid., ii., 1113.(back)

Footnote 356: L. and P., ii., 4232.(back)

Footnote 357: Ibid., ii., 1223.(back)

Footnote 358: Ibid., ii., 4060, 4061, 4089.(back)

Footnote 359: L. and P., ii., 4276.(back)

Footnote 360: Ven. Cal., ii., 1220, 1230; L. and P., iii., 246, 247, 249, 250. Francis I. thought they were dismissed as being too favourable to him, and as a rule the younger courtiers favoured France and the older Spain.(back)

Footnote 361: L. and P., iii., 1713.(back)

Footnote 362: Ibid., ii., 4074, 4083, 4089.(back)

Footnote 363: Ibid., iii., 576.(back)

Footnote 364: L. and P., iii., 1454, 1473, 1474.(back)

Footnote 365: Ibid., iii., 1629, 1630.(back)

Footnote 366: Ibid., iii., 2224.(back)

Footnote 367: L. and P., iii., 1544, 1762.(back)

Footnote 368: Ibid., ii., 1113, 1653.(back)

Footnote 369: Ven. Cal., iii., 493.(back)

Footnote 370: Sp. Cal., ii., 314.(back)

Footnote 371: Ibid., iii., 109.(back)

Footnote 372: L. and P., xiii., p. xli.(back)

Footnote 373: Ibid., iii., 2421, 3346.(back)

Footnote 374: L. and P., iii., 303.(back)

Footnote 375: For the extraordinary freedom of speech which Henry permitted, see L. and P., xii., ii., 952, where Sir George Throckmorton relates how he accused Henry to his face of immoral relations with Mary Boleyn and her mother.(back)

Footnote 376: Ven. Cal., ii., 918.(back)

Footnote 377: L. and P., iii., 728. Wolsey's opposition is attributed by the imperial ambassador to Francis I.'s promise to make him Pope, "which we might have done much better".(back)

Footnote 378: The interview had been agreed upon as early as October, 1518, when it was proposed that it should take place before the end of July, 1519 (L. and P., ii., 4483).(back)

Footnote 379: Ibid., iii., 416.(back)

Footnote 380: Ibid., iii., 514.(back)

Footnote 381: Ibid., iii., 592.(back)

Footnote 382: L. and P., iii., 672; cf. iii., 742.(back)

Footnote 383: Ibid., iii., 681, 725.(back)

Footnote 384: Ibid., iii., 697.(back)

Footnote 385: Ven. Cal., iii., 50; Sp. Cal., ii., 274.(back)

Footnote 386: L. and P., iii., 558, an account-book headed "expense of making the Kateryn Pleasaunce for transporting the King to Calais 22 May, 10 Henry VIII.".(back)

Footnote 387: Ven. Cal., iii., 81, 88; cf. L. and P., iii., 303-14; Hall, Chronicle, p. 604, etc.(back)

Footnote 388: L. and P., iii., 306.(back)

Footnote 389: Ven. Cal., iii., 80.(back)

Footnote 390: Erroneously called "Field of the Cloth of Gold"; cloth of gold is a material like velvet, and one does not talk about "a coat of the velvet".(back)

Footnote 391: See Michelet, x., 137-38.(back)

Footnote 392: Ibid., p. 312.(back)

Footnote 393: Ven. Cal., iii., 119.(back)

Footnote 394: L. and P., iii., 836, 842, 843.(back)

Footnote 395: Ven. Cal., iii., 80.(back)

Footnote 396: Ibid., iii., 90.(back)

Footnote 397: Ibid., iii., 121.(back)

Footnote 398: L. and P., iii., 914.(back)

Footnote 399: Ibid., iii., 1149, 1150.(back)

Footnote 400: Ibid., iii., 883, 891, 964, 976, 988, 994.(back)

Footnote 401: L. and P., iii., 1303, 1310, 1315.(back)

Footnote 402: See his various and ample commissions, ibid., iii., 1443.(back)

Footnote 403: Ibid., iii., 1462.(back)

Footnote 404: L. and P., iii., 1622.(back)

Footnote 405: Ibid., iii., 1507. "The Cardinal apologised for not having met them so long on account of his illness, but said he could not otherwise have gained so much time without causing suspicion to the French" (Gattinara to Charles V., 24th September, 1521, ibid., iii., 1605).(back)

Footnote 406: Ibid., iii., 1440.(back)

Footnote 407: L. and P., iii., 1395, 1433; cf. iii., 1574, where Henry VIII.'s envoy tells Leo X. that the real object of the conference was to gain time for English preparations.(back)

Footnote 408: Ibid., iii., 1508; Cotton MS., Galba, B, vii., 102; see also an account of the conference in L. and P., iii., 1816, 1817.(back)

Footnote 409: Ibid., iii., 1868, 1876.(back)

Footnote 410: L. and P., iii., 1581.(back)

Footnote 411: In July, 1521, Gattinara drew out seven reasons for peace and ten for war; the former he playfully termed the seven deadly sins, and the latter the ten commandments (L. and P., iii., 1446; Sp. Cal., ii., 337).(back)

Footnote 412: Sp. Cal., ii., 626.(back)

Footnote 413: L. and P., iii., 853.(back)

Footnote 414: L. and P., iii., 2333, iv.(back)

Footnote 415: Desp., App. ii., 309.(back)

Footnote 416: L. and P., iii., 1252, 1646, 1675.(back)

Footnote 417: The policy of abstention was often urged at the council-table and opposed by Wolsey, who, according to More, used to repeat the fable of the men who hid in caves to keep out of the rain which was to make all whom it wetted fools, hoping thereby to have the rule over the fools (L. and P., vii., 1114; More, English Works, p. 1434). It had cost England, says More, many a fair penny.(back)

Footnote 418: "To hear how rich and poor lament the war would grieve any man's heart" (Fitzwilliam to Wolsey, 18th Jan., 1521-22, L. and P., iii., 1971).(back)

Footnote 419: L. and P., ii., 3702-3.(back)

Footnote 420: Ibid., iii., 378.(back)

Footnote 421: Ibid., iii., 404; cf. iii., 2446 ad fin.(back)

Footnote 422: Michelet, x., 131.(back)

Footnote 423: L. and P., iii, 2026.(back)

Footnote 424: For another view see Busch, Cardinal Wolsey und die Englisch-Kaiserliche Allianz, 1522-25. Bonn, 1886.(back)

Footnote 425: L. and P., iii., 1370.(back)

Footnote 426: Ven. Cal., iii., 312.(back)

Footnote 427: L. and P., iii., 1947.(back)

Footnote 428: Sp. Cal., iii., pp. 510-11.(back)

Footnote 429: Ibid., ii., p. 717.(back)

Footnote 430: L. and P., ii., 3617.(back)

Footnote 431: Ibid., iii., 1209, 1400.(back)

Footnote 432: Creighton, Papacy, ed. 1901, vi., 184 n. The edict was not issued till 25th May, but there was an intimate connection between the two events. It was in the same month that Luther's books were solemnly burnt in England, the ally of Pope and Emperor, and the extirpation of heresy was the first motive alleged for the alliance.(back)

Footnote 433: Sp. Cal., ii., 365; L. and P., ii., 1795.(back)

Footnote 434: Sp. Cal., ii., 370.(back)

Footnote 435: L. and P., iii., 1960.(back)

Footnote 436: L. and P., iii., 1884.(back)

Footnote 437: Ibid., iii., 1952, 1960.(back)

Footnote 438: Sp. Cal., ii., 375. It is not quite clear how these votes were recorded, for there were not eighty-one cardinals.(back)

Footnote 439: Ibid., ii., 371.(back)

Footnote 440: Francis "begged Henry to consider what would happen now that a Pope had been elected entirely at Charles's devotion" (L. and P., iii., 1994); but Adrian's attitude was at first independent (Sp. Cal., ii., 494, 504, 533). In July, 1522, however, he joined the league against Francis (ibid., ii., 574).(back)

Footnote 441: L. and P., iii., 2140, 2224, 2290.(back)

Footnote 442: Ibid., iii., 2322, 2333; Sp. Cal., ii., 430, 435, 561.(back)

Footnote 443: L. and P., iii., 2362.(back)

Footnote 444: Ibid., iii., 2541.(back)

Footnote 445: Ibid., iii., 2551.(back)

Footnote 446: L. and P., iii., 2537.(back)

Footnote 447: Sp. Cal., ii., 584; L. and P., iii., 2450, 2567, 2770, 2772, 2879, 3154. Bourbon had substantial grievances against Francis I. and his mother.(back)

Footnote 448: Ibid., iii., 2770.(back)

Footnote 449: Ibid., iii., 2555.(back)

Footnote 450: Ellis, Orig. Letters, 2nd series, ii., 4; L. and P., iii., 2207.(back)

Footnote 451: L. and P., iii., 3207, 3271, 3291; Sp. Cal., ii., 576, 594.(back)

Footnote 452: Merriman, Cromwell's Letters, i., 30-44; L. and P., iii., 2958, 3024; Hall, Chronicle, pp. 656, 657.(back)

Footnote 453: L. and P., iii., 3281.(back)

Footnote 454: Ibid., iii., 2360, 3319.(back)

Footnote 455: Ibid., iii., 3346.(back)

Footnote 456: Ibid., iii., 3452, 3485, 3505, 3516.(back)

Footnote 457: Ibid., iii., 2798, 2869.(back)

Footnote 458: Ibid., iii., 3559, 3580, 3601.(back)

Footnote 459: Brewer's Introd. to L. and P., vol. iv., p. ii., etc.(back)

Footnote 460: Ibid., iii., 3464.(back)

Footnote 461: Ibid., iii., 3372.(back)

Footnote 462: Ibid., 3389.(back)

Footnote 463: Sp. Cal., ii., 615.(back)

Footnote 464: Ibid., ii., 604, 606.(back)

Footnote 465: L. and P., iii., 3547, 3592; Sp. Cal., ii., 610. He thought of retaining his name Julius, but was told that Popes who followed that practice always had short pontificates.(back)

Footnote 466: Sp. Cal., ii., 686; L. and P., iv., 751, 753, 773, 774, 776.(back)

Footnote 467: Sp. Cal., ii., 692-94, 711.(back)

Footnote 468: Ibid., ii., 722; cf. Hall's Chron., p. 693, which professes to give the "very words" of Francis I.'s much misquoted letter to his mother (L. and P., iv., 1120-24).(back)

Footnote 469: L. and P., iii., 2483.(back)

Footnote 470: L. and P., iii., 2956, 2958, 3249.(back)

Footnote 471: Hall, Chronicle, ed. 1809, p. 698.(back)

Footnote 472: L. and P., iii., 3076.(back)

Footnote 473: Ibid., iii., 3082.(back)

Footnote 474: Ibid., iv., 1212, 1249, 1255, 1264, 1296; Stowe MS., 147, ff. 67, 86 (Brit. Mus.).(back)

Footnote 475: L. and P., iv., 1525, 1531, 1600, 1633.(back)

Footnote 476: L. and P., iv., 1891.(back)

Footnote 477: Ibid., iv., 2039, 2148, 2320, 2325.(back)

Footnote 478: Sp. Cal., ii., 610.(back)

Footnote 479: Ibid., ii., 619.(back)

Footnote 480: Ibid., ii., 707.(back)

Footnote 481: Ibid., ii., 699, 30th Nov., 1524.(back)

Footnote 482: Ibid., ii., 702-11.(back)

Footnote 483: Ven. Cal., iii, 413.(back)

Footnote 484: Sp. Cal., ii., 898.(back)

Footnote 485: L. and P., iv., 2510.(back)

Footnote 486: Buonaparte's Narrative, ed. Buchon, p. 190, ed. Milanesi, p. 279; cf. Gregorovius, Gesch. der Stadt Rom., viii., 568 n., and Alberini's Diary, ed. Drano 1901 (extracts are printed in Creighton, Papacy, ed. 1901, vi., 419-37).(back)

Footnote 487: Cardinal Como in Il Sacco di Roma, ed. C. Milanesi, 1867, p. 471.(back)

Footnote 488: Il Sacco di Roma, ed. Milanesi, pp. 499, 517.(back)

Footnote 489: It is impossible to avoid the term "divorce," although neither from Henry VIII.'s nor from the Pope's point of view was there any such thing (see the present writer's Cranmer, p. 24 n.).(back)

Footnote 490: See, besides the original authorities cited in this chapter, Busch, Der Ursprung der Ehescheidung König Heinrichs VIII. (Hist. Taschenbuch, Leipzig, VI., viii., 271-327).(back)

Footnote 491: L. and P., iv., 5773; Pocock, Records of the Reformation, i., 1.(back)

Footnote 492: Sp. Cal., vol. ii., Pref., p. xiv., No. 8.(back)

Footnote 493: L. and P., iv., 5774 [6].(back)

Footnote 494: Ibid., iv., 5376.(back)

Footnote 495: D.N.B., ix., 292, gives this date. Catherine herself, writing on 27th May, 1510, says that "some days before she had been delivered of a still-born daughter" (Sp. Cal., ii., 43). On 1st November, 1509, Henry informed Ferdinand that Catherine was pregnant, and the child had quickened (ibid., ii., 23).(back)

Footnote 496: Ven. Cal., ii., 95-96; L. and P., vol. i., 1491, 1495, 1513, Pref., p. lxxiii.; ii., 4692.(back)

Footnote 497: Ven. Cal., ii., 329.(back)

Footnote 498: L. and P., i., 5192.(back)

Footnote 499: L. and P., i., 5718.(back)

Footnote 500: See above p. 76.(back)

Footnote 501: Ven. Cal., ii., 479. The Pope was really Alexander VI.(back)

Footnote 502: L. and P., ii., 1505, 1573.(back)

Footnote 503: L. and P., ii., 1563, 1610.(back)

Footnote 504: Ven. Cal., ii., 691.(back)

Footnote 505: Cotton MS., Vespasian, F, iii., fol. 34, b; cf. L. and P., ii., 4074, 4288.(back)

Footnote 506: Ven. Cal., ii., 1103.(back)

Footnote 507: L. and P., iii., 432.(back)

Footnote 508: Du Bellay to Montmorenci, 1st Nov., 1528, L. and P., iv., 4899.(back)

Footnote 509: Sp. Cal., i., 249; L. and P. of Richard III. and Henry VII., vol. i., pp. xxxiii., 113; Hall, Chron., p. 491; Bacon, Henry VII., ed. 1870, p. 376; Transactions of the Royal Hist. Soc., N.S., xviii., 187.(back)

Footnote 510: L. and P., iii., 1284.(back)

Footnote 511: Ven. Cal., iv., 300.(back)

Footnote 512: L. and P., v., 609, 817.(back)

Footnote 513: Ibid., vi., 446.(back)

Footnote 514: Chronicon Angliae, Rolls Ser., p. 92, s.a., 1376; D.N.B., xxix., 421. This became the orthodox Lancastrian theory (cf. Fortescue, Governance of England, ed. Plummer, pp. 352-55).(back)

Footnote 515: Stubbs, Const. Hist., iii., 58. This Act was, however, repealed before the end of the same year.(back)

Footnote 516: Professor Maitland has spoken of the "Byzantinism" of Henry's reign, and possibly the objection to female sovereigns was strengthened by the prevalent respect for Roman imperial and Byzantine custom (cf. Hodgkin, Charles the Great, p. 180).(back)

Footnote 517: Ven. Cal., ii., 1287. Buckingham's end was undoubtedly hastened by Wolsey's jealousy; before the end of 1518 the Cardinal had been instilling into Henry's ear suspicions of Buckingham (L. and P., iii., 1; cf. ibid., ii., 3973, 4057). Brewer regards the hostility of Wolsey to Buckingham as one of Polydore Vergil's "calumnies" (ibid., vol. iii., Introd., p. lxvi.).(back)

Footnote 518: L. and P. of Richard III. and Henry VII., i., 233.(back)

Footnote 519: See detailed accounts in L. and P., iii., 1284, 1356. Shakespeare's account in "Henry VIII." is remarkably accurate, except in matters of date.(back)

Footnote 520: L. and P., iii., 386.(back)

Footnote 521: Ibid., ii., p. 1461.(back)

Footnote 522: See G.E. C[okayne]'s and Doyle's Peerages, s.v. "Richmond".(back)

Footnote 523: Sp. Cal., iii., 109; L. and P., iv., 2988, 3028, 3140.(back)

Footnote 524: L. and P., iv., 3051. In ibid., iv., 3135, Richmond is styled "The Prince".(back)

Footnote 525: Laemmer, Monumenta Vaticana, p. 29; L. and P., iv., 4881. It was claimed that the Pope's dispensing power was unlimited, extending even to marriages between brothers and sisters (ibid., v., 468). Campeggio told Du Bellay in 1528 that the Pope's power was "infinite" (ibid., iv., 4942).(back)

Footnote 526: L. and P., iv., 5072.(back)

Footnote 527: Sp. Cal., iii., 482.(back)

Footnote 528: L. and P., vi., 241.(back)

Footnote 529: E.L. Taunton, Wolsey, 1902, p. 173, where the words are erroneously given as "To the King's ten mistresses"; "the King's" is an interpolation.(back)

Footnote 530: L. and P., iv., 3748.(back)

Footnote 531: Ibid., iv., 4858.(back)

Footnote 532: No conclusive evidence on this point is possible; the French ambassador, Clement VII. and others believed that Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn had been cohabiting since 1529. On the other hand, if such was the case, it is singular that no child should have been born before 1533; for after that date Anne seems to have had a miscarriage nearly every year. Ortiz, indeed, reports from Rome that she had a miscarriage in 1531 (L. and P., v., 594), but the evidence is not good.(back)

Footnote 533: See Friedmann's Anne Boleyn, 2 vols., 1884, and articles on the Boleyn family in D.N.B., vol. v.(back)

Footnote 534: See George Fisher, Key to the History of England, Table xvii.; Gentleman's Magazine, May, 1829.(back)

Footnote 535: Henry would then be fifteen, yet a fable was invented and often repeated that Henry VIII. was Anne Boleyn's father. Nicholas Sanders, whose De Origine ac Progressu Schismatis Anglicani became the basis of Roman Catholic histories of the English Reformation, gave currency to the story; and some modern writers prefer Sanders' veracity to Foxe's.(back)

Footnote 536: The error that it was Anne who accompanied Mary Tudor in 1514 was exposed by Brewer more than forty years ago, but it still lingers and was repeated with innumerable others in the Catalogue of the New Gallery Portrait Exhibition of 1902.(back)

Footnote 537: L. and P., iii., 1994.(back)

Footnote 538: In Harpsfield's Pretended Divorce there is a very improbable story that Wyatt told Henry VIII. his relations with Anne were far from innocent and warned the King against marrying a woman of Anne's character.(back)

Footnote 539: Wyatt, Works, ed. G.F. Nott, 1816, p. 143.(back)

Footnote 540: L. and P., iv., 3422.(back)

Footnote 541: Ibid., iv., 3218-20, 3325-26, 3990, 4383, 4403, 4410, 4477, 4537, 4539, 4597, 4648, 4742, 4894. They have also been printed by Hearne at the end of his edition of Robert of Avesbury, in the Pamphleteer, vol. xxi., and in the Harleian Miscellany, vol. iii. The originals in Henry's hand are in the Vatican Library; one of them was reproduced in facsimile for the illustrated edition of this book.(back)

Footnote 542: L. and P., iv., 3326.(back)

Footnote 543: In 1531 he was said to have written "many books" on the divorce question (ibid., v., 251).(back)

Footnote 544: Ven. Cal., iv., 365.(back)

Footnote 545: Cranmer, Works (Parker Soc.), ii., 245; cf. Ven. Cal., iv., 351, 418.(back)

Footnote 546: L. and P., iv., Introd., p. ccxxxvii.(back)

Footnote 547: There is not much historical truth in Gray's phrase about "the Gospel light which dawned from Bullen's eyes"; but Brewer goes too far in minimising the "Lutheran" proclivities of the Boleyns. In 1531 Chapuys described Anne and her father as being "more Lutheran than Luther himself" (L. and P., v., 148), in 1532 as "true apostles of the new sect" (ibid., v., 850), and in 1533 as "perfect Lutherans" (ibid., vi., 142).(back)

Footnote 548: Sp. Cal., ii., 201.(back)

Footnote 549: Ven. Cal., ii., 1230.(back)

Footnote 550: L. and P., vi., 775. Hoc volo, sic jubeo; stet pro ratione voluntas. Luther quoted this line à propos of Henry; see his preface to Robert Barnes' Bekenntniss des Glaubens, Wittemberg, 1540.(back)

Footnote 551: L. and P., vi., 351; vii., 148.(back)

Footnote 552: Ibid., iv., 6111.(back)

Footnote 553: It has been denied that More either persecuted or gloried in the persecution of heretics; but he admits himself that he recommended corporal punishment in two cases and "it is clear that he underestimated his activity" (D.N.B., xxxviii., 436, and instances and authorities there cited).(back)

Footnote 554: Dr. Gairdner (Engl. Hist. Rev., xi., 675) speaks of the "full diplomatic correspondence which we possess"; the documents are these: (1) an undated letter (L. and P., iv., App. 105) announcing the ambassador's arrival in England; (2) a letter of 21st March (iv., 2974); (3) a brief note of no importance to Dr. Brienne, dated 2nd April (ibid., 3012); (4) the formal commission of Francis I., dated 13th April (ibid., 3059); (5) the treaty of 30th April (3080); and (6) three brief notes from Turenne to Montmorenci, dated 6th, 7th and 24th April. From Tarbes himself there are absolutely no letters relating to his negotiations, and it would almost seem as though they had been deliberately destroyed. Our knowledge depends solely upon Dodieu's narrative.(back)

Footnote 555: L. and P., iv., 4942.(back)

Footnote 556: "There will be great difficulty," wrote Clerk, "circa istud benedictum divortium." Brewer interpreted this as the earliest reference to Henry's divorce; it was really, as Dr. Ehses shows, in reference to the dissolution of the precontract between Francis I. and Charles V.'s sister Eleanor (Engl. Hist. Rev., xi., 676).(back)

Footnote 557: L. and P., iv., 3231.(back)

Footnote 558: Ibid., iv., 4231, 4942. Henry's own account of the matter was as follows: "For some years past he had noticed in reading the Bible the severe penalty inflicted by God on those who married the relicts of their brothers"; he at length "began to be troubled in his conscience, and to regard the sudden deaths of his male children as a Divine judgment. The more he studied the matter, the more clearly it appeared to him that he had broken a Divine law. He then called to counsel men learned in pontifical law, to ascertain their opinion of the dispensation. Some pronounced it invalid. So far he had proceeded as secretly as possible that he might do nothing rashly" (L. and P., iv., 5156; cf. iv., 3641). Shakespeare, following Cavendish (p. 221), makes Henry reveal his doubts first to his confessor, Bishop Longland of Lincoln: "First I began in private with you, my Lord of Lincoln" ("Henry VIII.," Act II., sc. iv.); and there is contemporary authority for this belief. In 1532 Longland was said to have suggested a divorce to Henry ten years previously (L. and P., v., 1114), and Chapuys termed him "the principal promoter of these practices" (ibid., v., 1046); and in 1536 the northern rebels thought that he was the beginning of all the trouble (ibid., xi., 705); the same assertion is made in the anonymous "Life and Death of Cranmer" (Narr. of the Reformation, Camden Soc., p. 219). Other persons to whom the doubtful honour was ascribed are Wolsey and Stafileo, Dean of the Rota at Rome (L. and P., iv., 3400; Sp. Cal., iv., 159).(back)

Footnote 559: L. and P., iv., 5291. This examination took place on 5th and 6th April.(back)

Footnote 560: Ibid., iv., 3140.(back)

Footnote 561: L. and P., iv., 5859; cf. iv., 737.(back)

Footnote 562: L. and P., iv., 4130.(back)

Footnote 563: Ibid., iv., 3147.(back)

Footnote 564: L. and P., iv., 3311.(back)