1 Indian Caste, p. 12.
2 Dr. Wilson’s Indian Caste (Times Press and Messrs. Blackwood), 1875, p. 88, quoting from Rig-Veda.
3 Dr. Wilson’s Indian Caste (Times Press and Messrs. Blackwood), 1875, p. 88, quoting from Rig-Veda.
4 Rig-Veda, i. 11. Wilson, ibidem, p. 94.
5 Wilson, ibidem, p. 99.
6 Manu, ii. 17, 24.
7 Barbarians or foreigners.
8 See Burnett and Hopkins, Ordinances of Manu, s.v.
9 Wilson, Indian Caste, p. 170, quoting Weber, Indische Studien, i. 170.
10 A collection of rules for sacrifices and other rites, coming between the Vedas and the law-books, and dated by Max Müller between 600–200 B.C.
11 Wilson, Indian Caste, p. 182.
12 Wilson, p. 184, quoting from Shrauta-sūtra of Kātyayana, 1. 1. 6.
13 Manu, iv. 99; iii. 178.
14 Wilson, pp. 421, 422.
15 Wilson, p. 187, quoting from Hiranyakeshi Sūtra.
16 See article Mehtar in text.
17 Wilson, p. 363, quoting from Smriti of Angira.
18 Wilson, Indian Caste, p. 195, from Hiranyakeshi Sūtra.
19 Manu, viii. 417.
20 Wilson, p. 260, quoting Mahābhārata, viii. 1367 et seq.
21 Wilson, p. 403, quoting from Vyavahāra Mayūkha.
22 Wilson, p. 400, from Parāshara Smriti.
23 Wilson, p. 140, quoting from Atharva Veda, iv. 32. 1.
24 Wilson, p. 211.
25 Wilson, Indian Caste, referring to Ptolemy, vii. 1. 61 and vi. 120. 3.
26 Wilson, pp. 113, 114.
27 See for the impure castes para. 40 post.
28 The word “aboriginal” is used here for convenience and not as conveying any assertion as to the origin of the pre-Aryan population.
29 Bombay Gazetteer, Pārsis of Gujarāt, p. 213.
30 Rig-Veda, 6. 3. 16, quoted by Wilson, Indian Caste, p. 110.
31 Wilson, p. 109.
32 Monier-Williams, Sanskrit Dictionary, pointed out by Mr. Crooke.
33 Quoted by Wilson, p. 209. It would seem probable, however, that the Vaishyas must themselves have formed the rank and file of the fighting force, at least in the early period.
34 Manu, i. 90.
35 Wilson, Indian Caste, p. 193, quoting from Hiranyakeshi Sūtra.
36 Wilson, p. 260, quoting Mahābhārata, viii. 1367 et seq.
37 Mahābhārata, xii. 2749 et seq.
38 List of classes of Indian society given in the Purusha-Medha of the White Yajur-Veda, Wilson, pp. 126–135.
39 Manu, viii. 113.
40 Hopkin’s and Burnett’s Code of Manu, x. 64, 65, and footnotes.
41 Mahābhārata, xiii. 2510 et. seq., quoted by Wilson, p. 272.
42 Manu, ix. 149, 157.
43 Manu indeed declares that such children could not be initiated (x. 68), but it is clear that they must, as a matter of fact, have been capable of initiation or they could not possibly have been married in the father’s caste.
44 See article on Brāhman for some further details.
45 Wilson, Indian Caste, i. 440, quoting Brahma Vaivarrta Purāna.
46 See article Bhāt for further discussion of this point.
47 Dolichos uniflorus.
48 See article Jāt for a more detailed discussion of their status.
49 Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Khandait.
50 Proprietors of large landed estates.
51 See article on Kunbi, para. 1.
52 Village Communities, p. 127.
53 History of the Marāthas, vol. i. p. 25.
54 Village Communities, pp. 226, 227.
55 The Aryan Household, ed. 1891, p. 190.
56 Ibidem, p. 228. Professor Hearn followed Sir Henry Maine in thinking that the clan was an expansion of the patriarchal joint family; but the reasons against this view are given subsequently.
57 Memoir of Central India, vol. ii. p. 22.
58 La Cité antique, 21st ed. pp. 66, 68.
59 La Cité antique, 21 st ed. pp. 66, 68.
60 Nigeria, quoted in Saturday Review, 6th April 1912.
61 Religion of the Semites, p. 96.
62 See article Sunār for a discussion of the sanctity of gold and silver, and the ornaments made from them.
63 Michelia champaka, a variety of the jack or bread-fruit tree.
64 See article Darzi for further discussion of the use of sewn clothes in India.
65 See articles on Bhulia, Panka, Kori and Julāha.
66 Traill’s Account of Kumaon, Asiatic Researches, vol. xvi. (1828) p. 213.
67 Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Bāri.
68 Pointed out by Mr. Crooke.
69 The Marāthi name for the god Hanumān.
70 Linguistic Survey, vol. iv., Munda and Dravidian Languages, p. 7.
71 Acacia catechu.
72 See article on Gond.
73 Linguistic Survey, p. 15.
74 Introduction to The Mundas and their Country, p. 9.
75 Linguistic Survey, p. 277.
76 See for this the article on Kol, from which the above passage is abridged.
77 Bombay Gazetteer, vol. xii. p. 175.
78 Cochin Census Report, 1901, quoted in Sir H. Risley’s Peoples of India, 2nd ed. p. 115.
79 This was permissible in the time of Asoka, circa 250 B.C. Mr. V.A. Smith’s Asoka, pp. 56, 58.
80 Sir H. Risley’s Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Tānti.
81 See article Kanjar for a discussion of the connection of the gipsies and Thugs with the Kanjars.
82 See article Chamār, para. 1.
83 Loha, iron; tamba, copper; kānsa, brass or bell-metal; sona, gold.
84 Kānch, glass.
85 Phul, flower; haldi,turmeric; jira, cumin.
86 Crotalaria juncea. See article Lorha for a discussion of the objections to this plant.
87 Morinda citrifolia. The taboo against the plant is either because the red dye resembles blood, or because a number of insects are destroyed in boiling the roots to extract the dye.
88 See article on Brāhman.
89 Sonjhara is a separate caste as well as a subcaste of Dhīmar.
90 See article Kurmi, appendix, for some instances of territorial names.
91 Wilson’s Indian Caste, p. 439.
92 Vol. i. pp. 272, 276.
93 Studies in Ancient History, p. 123.
94 See lists of totems of Australian and Red Indian tribes. Sir J.G. Frazer notes that the majority are edible animals or plants.
95 Address to the British Association, 1902. I had not had the advantage of reading the address prior to the completion of this work.
96 M’Lennan, Studies in Ancient History, p. 123, quoting from Grant’s Origin and Descent of the Gael.
97 Totemism and Exogamy, i. pp. 112, 120, ii. p. 536, iii. pp. 100, 162; Native Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 209–10; Native Tribes of South-East Australia p. 145; Native Tribes of Northern Australia (Professor Baldwin Spencer), pp. 21, 197; J.H. Weeks, Among the Primitive Bakongo, p. 99.
98 See pp. II, 138, 190 (Edition 1891).
99 Totemism and Exogamy, ii. pp. 338, 339.
100 La Cité Antique, p. 254.
101 The Origin of Civilisation, 7th ed. p. 246.
102 W.W. Skeat, Malay Magic, pp. 52, 53.
103 I. p. 253.
104 2nd ed. vol. i. pp. 169, 174. See also Sir E.B. Tylor’s Primitive Culture, i. pp. 282, 286, 295; ii. pp. 170, 181, etc.
105 See also Primitive Culture, i. pp. 119, 121, 412, 413, 514.
106 Messrs. Spencer and Gillan, Native Tribes of Central Australia (London, Macmillan), p. 201.
107 Linguistic Survey of India, vol. iv., Munda and Dravidian Languages, pp. 40, 41, 45.
108 Linguistic Survey of India, vol. iv., Munda and Dravidian Languages, pp. 292, 294.
109 Dr. A.H. Keane, The World’s Peoples, London, Hutchinson, 1908, p. 50.
110 Nimār Settlement Report.
111 See also Primitive Culture, i. p. 408.
112 The Oraons, pp. 408, 409.
113 2nd ed. vol. ii. p. 457 et seq.
114 For instances of omens see article Thug and Index. Also Miss Harrison’s Themis, pp. 98, 99.
115 La Cité Antique, p. 225.
116 W.W. Skeat, Malay Magic, pp. 178, 571.
117 Early History of Mankind, 3rd ed. p. 143.
118 Ibidem, p. 125.
119 See article Joshi for examples of Hindu names.
120 La Cité Antique, p. 357.
121 p. 182, et seq.
122 See para. 61.
123 I. p. 430.
124 See article on Nai.
125 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 57.
126 Native Tribes of Central Australia, Introduction, p. 25.
127 Dr. A. H. Keane, The Worlds Peoples, p. 62.
128 For counting, see Primitive Culture, 5th ed. pp. 240, 254, 265, 266.
129 Account of the Mewār Bhils, J.A.S.B., vol. xxiv. (1875) p. 369.
130 Early History of Mankind, p. 293.
131 Ibidem, p. 294.
132 Ibidem, p. 295.
133 See also Primitive Culture, i. p. 493, ii. p. 431.
134 See article on Mochi for the Muhammadan reference. The Jewish reference is of course to the Second Commandment.
135 Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 176.
136 Ibidem, pp. 181, 182.
137 The Golden Bough, 2nd ed. ii. p. 120.
138 The Golden Bough, 2nd ed. iii. p. 301.
139 Section on the Kol tribe in Dalton’s Ethnology of Bengal.
140 Mr. S.C. Roy, The Oraons, p. 262.
141 See also Primitive Culture, 5th ed. ii. pp. 243, 244, 246.
142 See article on Brāhman.
143 See article Bairāgi.
144 Native Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 185, 186.
145 Ibidem, pp. 154, 155.
146 Primitive Culture, 5th ed. ii. pp. 243, 244.
147 Primitive Culture, 5th ed. ii. pp. 243, 244.
148 Dr. A.W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 146. In this case the reference seems to be to any one of several totems of a sub-class.
149 Dr. A.W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 145.
150 Ibidem, pp. 148, 149.
151 The Religion of the Semites, pp. 273, 274.
152 Primitive Paternity, vol. i. pp. 272, 273.
153 The Religion of the Semites, p. 265.
154 See paragraph 80 below and the article on Kasai.
155 The Origin of Civilisation, p. 240.
156 See The Golden Bough, ii. p. 396 et seq.
157 This view of sacrifice was first enunciated by Professor Robertson Smith in the article on Sacrifice in the Encyclopædia Britannica, and The Religion of the Semites.
158 History of Human Marriage, p. 324.
159 Many instances are also given by Mr. Hartland in Primitive Paternity.
160 Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 481.
161 Primitive Marriage, p. 135, footnote.
162 Totemism and Exogamy, ii. p. 473, iii. pp. 34, 76, 101, 225, 272, 308, 360. The Australians have secret Churinga names, the Churingas apparently representing the spirits of ancestors which have returned to the totem. (Spencer and Gillan, ibidem, Appendix A.)
163 Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia, pp. 198, 200.
164 Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 70; Natives of Australia, Mr. N.W. Thomas, p. 75.
165 Totemism and Exogamy, iii. pp. 93, 120, 122, 124, 226, ii. p. 6.
166 Totemism and Exogamy, vol. iv.
167 See article Lakhera for further discussion of the marking with vermilion and its substitutes.
168 La Cité Antique, Paris, Librairie Hachette, 21st ed. p. 4.
169 La Cité Antique, p. 45.
170 This word seems to mean elder sister, and is applied by the girls to their sex-totem, the emu-wren.
171 Native Tribes of S.-E. Australia, p. 149.
172 History of Human Marriage, pp. 418–420.
173 The People of India (Thacker & Co.), pp. 171, 173.
174 Tribes and Castes of the N.-W.P. and Oudh, art. Nunia.
175 Religion and Customs of the Oraons, Memoirs, As. Socy. of Bengal, vol. i. No. 9.
176 Mr. S.C. Roy, The Oraons, p. 247.
177 See article on Rājpūt, para. 9.
178 Professor W. E. Hearn’s Aryan Household (London, Longmans, Green & Co.), p. 160.
179 At first the whole gens were the heirs, Ancient Law, p. 221. The group of agnatic kinsmen are mentioned in Early Law and Custom, pp. 238, 239, but not directly as heirs.
180 Aryan Household, p. 28, quoting Becker’s Charicles, p. 394.
181 Aryan Household, p. 160, quoting Plutarch, Quaestiones Romanae, c. 6.
182 La Cité Antique, 21st ed. Paris, Hachette et Cie.
183 Aryan Household, p. 215.
184 La Cité Antique, p. 299.
185 La Cité Antique, p. 304.
186 Ibidem, pp. 128, 129.
187 Ibidem, p. 318.
188 Ibidem, p. 129.
189 Ibidem, p. 273.
190 Ibidem, p. 129.
191 Ibidem, p. 320.
192 La Cité Antique, p. 279.
193 Ibidem, pp. 281, 282.
194 Ibidem, p. 281.
195 Ibidem, p. 320.
196 La Cité Antique, p. 179.
197 Ibidem.
198 Ibidem.
199 Ibidem, p. 181.
200 La Cité Antique, p. 113.
201 Ibidem, pp. 186–188.
202 La Cité Antique, ibidem.
203 Pp. 151, 154.
204 The above account of the festival and pilgrimage is taken from the Rev. T.P. Hughes’ Dictionary of Islām, articles Idu-l-Azha and Hajj.
205 La Cité Antique, p. 134.
206 Ibidem, p. 127.
207 Para. 48 above.
208 See article on Rājpūt, para. 9.
209 The Magic Art, ii. p. 89, quoting Satapatha Brāhmana.
210 See article on Kasai.
211 See account in article on Kasai.
212 Orpheus, pp. 123, 125.
213 7th ed. p. 300.
214 Origin of Civilisation, 7th ed. p. 299.
215 The Dasahra: an Autumn Festival of the Hindus, Folk-lore, March 1915. Some notice of the Dasahra in the Central Provinces is contained in the article on Kumhār.
216 Crooke, loc. cit. p. 41.
217 See also article Mahār.
218 La Cité Antique, pp. 202, 204.
219 Imperial Gazetteer of India, ii. p. 312.
220 Totemism and Exogamy, vol. ii. pp. 528, 530.
221 Ibidem.
222 Totemism and Exogamy, vol. ii. p. 608; The Golden Bough, 2nd ed. vol. iii. p. 407.
223 Dr. A.H. Keane, The World’s Peoples, p. 138.
224 Mr. L.D. Barnett’s Antiquities of India, p. 171.
225 The Golden Bough, 2nd ed. vol. i. pp. 234, 235.
226 Ibidem, vol. ii. pp. 9, 10.
227 Other features of the sacramental rite, strengthening this hypothesis, are given in the article Kabīrpanthi Sect. The account is taken from Bishop Westcott’s Kabīr and the Kabīrpanth.
228 See articles Dewar, Bhunjia, Gauria, Sonjhara, Malyār.
229 Some instances are given in the article on Kalār and on Rājpūt, para. 9.
230 Dr. A.H. Keane, The World’s Peoples, pp. 129, 130.
231 Para. 11.
232 For further notice of Vishnu and Siva see articles Vaishnava and Saiva sects; for Devi see article Kumhār, and for Kāli, article Thug; for Krishna, article Ahīr; for Ganpati, article Bania.
233 See above, para. 13.
234 La Cité Antique, p. 341.
235 Early History of Mankind, pp. 259, 260. The needfire, as described by Sir E.B. Tylor, had the character of a purificatory rite, but it may be doubted whether this was its original form, any more than in the case of the Suovetaurilia or Pola ceremonies.
236 Mr. J.T. Marten’s Central Provinces Census Report, p. 238.
237 For further notice of this offence see article Sunār under Ear-piercing.
238 Para. 61.
239 “Tarpeia” in M. Salomon Reinach’s Cults, Myths and Religions (English edition, London, David Nutt, 1912).