[293] scil. a merchant, owner of cattle, or landed proprietor. (M.)

[294] As, by improvident expenditure. (M.)

[295] Signifying plurality generally. (M.)

[296] Colebrooke renders this sloka differently; Dig. B. 3, ch. 1, sec. 1, §65. We have adhered closely to the text.

[297] scil. the keeper.

[298] Infra sl. 267.

[299] But one word is used in the original, which the Commentator thus explains. The foregoing rules for gamblers and gaming must be taken to have superseded the rigid prohibition in the Dharma Śástra of Manu, ch. 9, sl. 220—228.

[300] Manu ch. 8, sl. 274, where the offence is much more leniently dealt with.

[301] The intent of these insulting allusions is obvious.

[302] What we have rendered 'cast' is expressed by two words in the original, varṇa and játi. The first is defined by the Commentator—the four casts; the second—the mixed classes or casts.

[303] Manu, ch. 8, sl. 267, 8, 9, 70, 276, 7.

[304] The Commentator instances the buttocks.

[305] such as tears, nails, hair, wax of the ear, &c. (M.)

[306] So explained by the Commentator.

[307] Manu, ch. 8, sl. 279, 80.

[308] Manu, ch. 8, sl. 284.

[309] The Commentator instances the tongue.

[310] Manu ch. 8, sl. 284, 286-7.

[311] i. e. each wrong doer pays the double fine. (M.)

[312] Manu ch. 8, sl. 287.

[313] or any other insensitive part, śákhá.

[314] Manu ch. 8, sl. 297-8.

[315] root as well as trunk. (M.)

[316] scil. the mango. (M.)

[317] scil. 20, 40, 80. (M.)

[318] Manu, ch. 8, sl. 285.

[319] This word is commonly used to signify any violent aggression upon person or property, and is defined here by the Commentator to be, the forcibly taking away of properly either public or private. Manu, ch. 8, sl. 332.

[320] e.g. an áchárya. (M.) Supra note [155] in fin. The injunction evidently has reference to one whose office or character entitles him to the respect and obedience of those about him, pupils or disciples.

[321] This may be 'his brother or his wife.'

[322] The Commentator does not explain this description.

[323] scil. those of the same village or country. (M.)

[324] i. e. when not authorised by the 'Śástras. Supra sl. 127.

[325] An outcast.

[326] The Commentator explains this term here by digambara, which is the usual designation of a Buddha mendicant.

[327] as if a Śúdrá teach the Vedas.

[328] Manu inflicts 600 paṇas, ch. 8, sl. 389.

[329] Thus the Commentator supplies the ellipsis.

[330] instead of acting as a mediator. (M.)

[331] when it is agreed to decide the dispute by a wager, (M.)

[332] of quantity, for water, grain, &c.

[333] náṇáka, Wilson's Ariana antiqua pa. 364. The Commentator defines this word—something stamped with an impression, as a nishka—this is a piece of gold of a certain standard or weight.

[334] Manu, ch. 9, sl. 232.

[335] i. e. who, though ignorant of the Ajur Veda sets up as a practitioner of the medical art. (M.) Manu, ch. 9, sl. 284.

[336] The Commentator adds 'without royal authority.'

[337] After having summoned the accused to take his trial. (M.) This explanation shows, that the injunction applies to judicial functionaries, although in its terms general.

[338] literally, adds something inferior to. Manu, ch. 9, sl. 286,7.

[339] e. g. substituting a basket of crystals for one of jewels. (M.)

[340] as camphor, or musk. (M.)

[341] i. e. combining to buy up at a low rate some foreign merchandize, or to revend it at a dear rate.

[342] Manu, ch. 8, sl. 398, 401, 2.

[343] semble in the daily prices, purchasers and sellers respectively profiting by an increase or diminution of the tariff of prices.

[344] Literally, 'expenses arising out of the commodity,' which the Commentator explains to be, the cost of import, customs-duty, &c.

[345] The Commentator adds the condition, 'if he have not repented him of his bargain.'

[346] According to the Commentator this rational liberty of action is not confined to traders; he instances, 'players, dancers, and the like.'

[347] scil. for himself, separate from his partnership interest.

[348] The same is given by Manu; although the sovereign would appear not to have had, in those earlier days, so responsible or despotic a control of the market, ch. 8, sl. 398, 402.

[349] i. e. too good for a mere subject. The Commentator explains, 'jewels, &c.'

[350] ibid. sl. 399.

[351] scil. where the property in the goods is disputed. (M.) Manu, ch. 8, sl. 400.

[352] Land tolls or duties are a twentieth, and are leviable by the king alone. (M.)

[353] on occasion of sráddahs, &c. Manu, ch. 8, sl. 392, where a priest for such an offence is fined a silver másha (supra B. 1 sl. 363)

[354] Manu, ch. 8, sl. 207.

[355] a land-measure, scil. 4,000 hâts or cubits.

[356] The Commentator explains this term by quoting from Manu—"They who break into houses where a sacred fire is kept up, into arsenals, into temples—" ch. 9, sl. 276, 280.

[357] The subject of theft is supplied by the Commentator.

[358] who abstract money from the person by cutting or opening the apparel. Manu, ch. 9, sl. 277; where the third offence entails capital punishment.

[359] scil. trifling—such as, earthen vessels, stools, cots, bones, wood, leather, grass, &c.; medium—such as, apparel (other than silk), cattle (other than cows), metal (other than gold), rice, barley; highest—as, gold, jewels, silks, women, men, cows, elephants, horses, also whatever is appropriated to gods, to bráhmaṇs, or to kings. (M.)

[360] Manu, ch. 8, sl. 126; supra B. 1, sl. 367.

[361] Manu, ch. 9, sl. 278.

[362] thus causing destruction of the crops. Manu, ch. 9, sl. 279.

[363] unless she be pregnant. (M.)

[364] These compounds might be literally translated, 'woman-fond' 'thing-fond' 'gain-fond.'

[365] Manu, ch. 8, sl. 356, 7, 8.

[366] ibid. sl. 361.

[367] ibid. sl. 359, 374.

[368] The Commentator explains—her nose, &c.

[369] Manu, ch. 8, sl. 364.

[370] ibid. sl. 373, 385.

[371] scil. a stranger.

[372] Manu, ch. 8, sl. 363.

[373] scil. one kept for prostitution. (M.)

[374] Manu, ch. 9, sl. 232, where this is a capital offence.

[375] The Commentator instances, the nose, ear, and hand. Manu, ch. 9, sl. 292.

[376] Manu, ch. 8, sl. 291, 2.

[377] Literally 'after having taken money.'

[378] Receivers of bribes are denounced in Manu, ch. 9, sl. 258.

[379] Supra, no.[131].