Total distance from Fort Leavenworth to Salt Lake City, 1168 miles.

V.—From Salt Lake City to Sacramento and Benicia, California.

Miles. From Salt Lake City to
18. Hait's Ranch.—Good road, and grass abundant until Bear River is crossed.
17-1/4. Ford on Weber River.—Good road, and grass abundant.
15. Point of Mountain.—Spring water warm but pure.
12-3/4. Box Elder Creek.—Excellent water; grass and fuel abundant in the cañons.
23. Ferry on Bear River.—Four miles above the usual crossing. Excellent grass.
3/4. West Bank.—Grass not good on the west bank.
6. Small Spring.—Cross Bear River below the mouth of the Mallade.
17-1/2. Blue Springs.—Water and grass scarce, and of poor quality.
21-1/4. Deep Creek.—Heavy sage, but good grass on the right of the road, near sink.
20-1/2. Cedar Springs.—Good grass on the hills, with fine water and wood; rolling country.
10. Rock Creek.—Plenty of grass to the left of the road; good camping-place.
14-1/2. Raft River.—Good camp.
22-1/2. Goose Creek Mountains.—Grass, wood, and water abundant; rough and mountainous country. Road from Fort Bridger comes in here via Soda Springs.
17-3/4. On Goose Creek.—Rough, broken country, with a good road, which runs along the creek for several miles.
28-1/2. Head of 1000 Spring Valley.—Road runs over a rolling, barren section, with but little water except on the river far to the right.
25-3/4. 1000 Spring Valley.—Meadow grass; good fuel scarce. Camps can be found at short intervals along the road.
14. Head of Humboldt River.—Fine camping-places, and road generally good, running over a rolling country.
23. Slough of the Humboldt.—Extensive bottoms of good grass.
20. Humboldt River.—Along the entire course of the Humboldt good grass is found in the bottoms. The road, which follows the bottom, is hard and smooth, but can not be traveled in seasons of very high water, as the bottom overflows. It is then necessary to take the road on the bluffs, where the grass is scarce. The river, when not above a fording stage, can be forded at almost any point, and good camps can be found at short intervals. There are spots along the river bottom where alkaline ponds are frequent. These are poisonous to cattle, and should be avoided by travelers. It is well along this river not to allow animals to drink any water except from the river where it is running.
20. Humboldt River.—The foregoing remarks apply for every camp on the Humboldt River.
22. Humboldt River.—Good camps along the Humboldt Valley.
23. Humboldt River.
13-1/2. Humboldt River.
16-1/2. Humboldt River.
25. Humboldt River.
13-3/4. Humboldt River.
24. Humboldt River.
24-1/2. Humboldt River.
20-1/4. Humboldt River.
18-3/4. Humboldt River.
13-1/2. Humboldt River.
18-1/4. Lawson's Meadows.—The road here forks, the left going by the Carson Valley and Sacramento route, and the right via Goose, Clear, and Rhett lakes, Applegate's Pass of the Cascade Mountains, into Rogue River Valley, Fort Law, Oregon Territory, Yreka, Fort Jones, Fort Reading, and Sacramento River.
33-1/2. On Humboldt River.—Grass and water poor all the distance to the Sink of the Humboldt.
19-1/2. Sink of Humboldt River.—The water at the Sink is strongly impregnated with alkali; the road generally is good. Travelers should not allow their stock to drink too freely of this water.
26. Head Sink of Humboldt.—Road good.
45. Carson River.—Road crosses the desert, where there is no water for stock, but there is a well where travelers can purchase water for drinking. This part of the road should be traveled in the cool of the day and at night. Grass good, also the water.
2. Carson River.—Good bunch-grass near the road.
30. Carson River.—26 miles of desert; poor grass.
14. Eagle Ranch.—Good grass and water.
13. Reese's Ranch.—Good grass and water.
12. Williams' Ranch.—Very good water and grass.
15. Hope Valley.—Road rough and rocky.
3. Near Sierra.—Good camp, with water and grass.
7. First Summit.—Road rough and rocky; good water; grass scarce.
2. Second Summit.—Road mountainous and very steep; snow nearly all the year.
10. Lakes.—Good camp.
12. Leek Springs.—Good grass near the road.
10. Trader's Creek.—Grass and fuel scarce.
12. Sly Park.—Grass and fuel near the road.
  Forty Mile House.—Water plenty; grass scarce.
  Sacramento Valley.—Water plenty; purchase forage.
  Sacramento City.—Water plenty; purchase forage.

Total distance from Salt Lake City to Benicia, 973 miles.

At the Big Meadows, 23 miles from the Sink of the Humboldt, travelers should make a halt of a day or two to rest and recruit their animals and to cut grass for crossing the desert, as this is the last good camping-place until reaching Carson River. The ground near this place is boggy, and animals should be watered with buckets. The camping-ground here is on the right bank of the river, and about half a mile to the left of the main road. The water is in a slough, near its head, where will be found some springs which run off a short distance, but soon sink.

The road across the desert is very sandy, especially toward the western extremity. Twenty miles from the Sink of the Humboldt there are four wells. About half a mile east of the mail station the road leading to the wells turns to the right, where water can be purchased for from one to two shillings for each man and beast.

At 9-1/2 miles beyond the mail station, on the desert, a road turns off from the main trace toward a very high sandy ridge, and directly upon the top of this ridge is the crater of an extinct volcano, at the bottom of which is a salt lake. Upon the extreme north end of this lake will be found a large spring of fresh water, sufficient for 1000 animals. From thence to "Ragtown," on Carson River, is three miles.

I would advise travelers, when their animals become exhausted before reaching this water, to take them out of harness and drive them to this place to recruit. There is some grass around the lake.

This desert has always been the most difficult part of the journey to California, and more animals have probably been lost here than at any other place. The parts of wagons that are continually met with here shows this most incontestably.

VI.—From Great Salt Lake City to Los Angeles and San Francisco, California.

Miles. Salt Lake City to
20-5/8. Willow Creek.—Good grass.
14. American Creek.—Good grass.
11-1/2. Provo City.—Town.
7-1/4. Hobble Creek.—Good camp.
6. Spanish Fork.—Good camp.
5. Peteetneet.—Good camp.
25. Salt Creek.—Several small streams between. Good camp.
18-5/8. Toola Creek.—Ford. No wood; grass good.
6-1/4. Sevier River.—Road is sandy, passing over a high ridge. Good camp.
25-1/2. Cedar Creek.—Road rather mountainous and sandy. Good grass and wood.
17-1/2. Creek.—This is the fourth stream south of Sevier River. Road crosses two streams. Good camp.
3-5/8. Willow Flats.—The water sinks a little east of the road.
25. Spring.—Good grass and water.
22-1/4. Sage Creek.—Grass poor; wood and water.
5-1/8. Beaver Creek.—Good wood, water, and grass.
27-1/4. North Cañon Creek.—In Little Salt Lake Valley. Good grass; no wood. The road is rough and steep for six miles.
5-3/8. Creek.—Good wood, water, and grass.
6-3/4. Creek.—Good wood, water, and grass.
12-7/8. Cottonwood Creek.—Good grass and water.
9. Cedar Springs.—Good camp.
23. Pynte Creek.—Good grass one mile up the cañon.
9. Road Springs.—Road is rough; good camp.
16. Santa Clara.—Road descending and rough; poor grass. From this point to Cahoon Pass look out for Indians.
17-1/8. Camp Springs.—Two miles before reaching the springs the road leaves the Santa Clara. Good grass.
22-1/8. Rio Virgin.—Road crosses over the summit of a mountain. Good road; grass poor.
39-5/8. Rio Virgin.—Road runs down the Rio Virgin, crossing it ten times. Grass good down the river.
19-5/8. Muddy Creek.—Road for half a mile is very steep and sandy. Good camp.
52-5/8. Las Vegas.—Water is sometimes found 2-1/2 miles west of the road in holes 23 miles from the Muddy, and some grass about a mile from the road. Good camp.
5. On Vegas.—Road runs up the river. Good grass.
17. Cottonwood Spring.—Poor grass.
29-3/4. Cottonwood Grove.—No grass. Water and grass can be found four miles west by following the old Spanish trail to a ravine, and thence to the left in the ravine one mile.
21-3/4. Resting Springs.—Good grass and water. Animals should be rested here before entering the desert.
7. Spring.—The spring is on the left of the road, and flows into Saleratus Creek. Animals must not be allowed to drink the Saleratus water.
14-1/8. Salt Springs.—Poor grass and no fresh water.
38-3/4. Bitter Springs.—Good road; poor grass.
30-3/4. Mohave River.—Good road and good grass.
51-1/2. On the Mohave.—Last ford. Good grass all the way up the Mohave.
17. Cahoon Pass.—At the summit.
10. Camp.—Road bad down the cañon.
11-1/2. Coco Mongo Ranch.
10. Del Chino Ranch.—Williams.
19-3/8. San Gabriel River.
6. San Gabriel Mission.
8-1/4. Pueblo de los Angeles.
65-3/4. Santa Clara River.—On the Coast Route. Good camps to San José.
7-1/2. Buena Ventura Mission and River.—Road here strikes the Pacific shore.
26. Santa Barbara.—Town.
45-3/4. San Yenness River.—At the Mission.
78-7/8. Santa Margareta.—Old Mission.
28-3/8. San Miguel.—Old Mission.
24-3/4. San Antonio River.
26-3/4. Rio del Monterey.
15-5/8. Solida Mission.—At the ford of Rio del Monterey.
37-1/2. San Juan Mission.
33. San José Pueblo.
75. San Francisco.

VII.—From Fort Bridger to the "City of Rocks." From Captain Handcock's Journal.

Miles. Fort Bridger to
9. Little Muddy Creek.—Water brackish in pools along the creek; tall bunch-grass; sage for fuel. Road runs over a barren section, is rough, and passes one steep hill.
12-1/3. Big Muddy Creek.—The road, with the exception of two or three bad gullies, is good for ten miles; it then follows the Big Muddy bottom, which is flat and boggy. The camp is three miles above the crossing. Some grass; sage for fuel.
14-1/5. Small Branch of the Muddy Creek.—Cross the river in three miles at a bad ford. A mile above camp the grass is good. Road generally good.
19-1/2. On Small Creek.—Road continues up the Muddy 9-1/2 miles to its head. It then ascends to the divide between Bear and Green Rivers, probably 800 feet, in 1-3/5 miles. The descent on the other side is about the same. The road passes many fine springs. At one and two miles back it passes points of hills, where it is very rough. Good grass and sage at camp.
8-9/10. Bear River.—Bad creek to cross near the camp; thence to Bear River Valley the road is good. It then follows down the river, crossing Willow Creek. Good camp, with a large, fine spring.
17. Bear River.—Good road along the river; plenty of wood, water, and grass at all points.
  Foot of Grant's Mountain.—Road runs along Bear River; at 2-1/2 miles strikes Smith's Fork, a rapid trout stream. The road crosses the lower ford. A few miles farther on is a bad slough, which can be avoided by taking a round on the hills. Cross Thomas's Fork on a bridge, also a slough near it; toll $2.00 for each team and wagon. The road then leaves Bear River Valley, and turns over a very steep hill. Good grass, wood, and water.
12. Bear River.—Road ascends Grant's Mountain 1200 feet in 1-1/2 miles—double teams—then descends again into Bear River Valley at 4-4/5 miles. Good wood, water, and grass.
17-2/5. Indian Creek.—Road crosses eight fine spring branches; camp is on a beautiful trout stream. Good wood, water, and grass.
11. Spring near Bear River.—Road is hilly, crossing two spring branches. Good wood, water, and grass. The camp is on the left and near the road.
11. Bear River.—At 6-7/10 miles the road strikes a large group of springs called "Soda Springs," and here crosses Pine Creek, on the left bank of which is a saleratus lake. Soon after it strikes the main springs, and after crossing another creek the "Steam-boat Spring" may be seen in the bed of the river.
15. "Port Neuf," or Rock Creek.—At 2-3/10 miles the road leaves Bear River near where it runs through a cañon with high bluffs on each side. At this point the California and Fort Hall roads separate. The California road (called Hudspeth's Cut-off) then crosses a valley between the Bear River and Port Neuf River Mountains, 9 miles. No water from camp to camp. Good camp.
15. Marsh Creek.—About two miles above the main road the creek can be forded; a road leads to it from the descent into the valley. Road good; water and grass plenty; no wood.
16-1/5. Paunack Creek.—First part of the road is hilly; the remainder good. Good camp.
7-1/5. Mallade River.—At 7-1/5 miles the road crosses the Mallade River. Good camp 140 miles from Salt Lake City. Good road.
22-3/10. Small Creek.—The road ascends a ridge through a cañon, and descends to a valley on the other side. From the camp to the summit of the ridge is 6-1/5 miles. The descent is 3-7/10 miles. It then crosses a valley 8 miles wide, and strikes a cañon which leads to the top of a hill over a rough road. Plenty of wood, water, and grass at camp, but no water between this and the last camp.
9-3/5. Small Creek.—Road after five miles strikes a cañon with a long but gentle ascent. Two miles from the entrance of this cañon is a spring branch. There is wood and some grass and water at this place.
11-1/5. Spring Branch.—The road passes through a cañon, and at 5 miles strikes the head of a spring branch, which it follows down 2-1/2 miles to the junction with a larger branch, which is bridged. At nine tenths of a mile another fork enters. Grass very fine here. Road follows down this across the main branch, and the camp is 2 miles below. Good camp.
18-1/2. Decassure Creek, or Raft River.—Road continues down the creek 2-3/10 miles, and crosses, then ascends by a steep hill to an elevated sage plain, leaving the creek at 11-4/5 miles, and passes a slough with water. Good camp.
17-9/10. Spring Branch.—The road crosses the creek near the last camp, and follows up a valley, crossing in five miles several spring branches. At 2-9/10 miles it crosses the creek again, and follows up the valley two miles farther, then crosses a high sage plain 8-9/10 miles long, when it strikes a spring 150 yards to the left of the road, where there is an excellent camp in a beautiful valley.
10. Junction of Salt Lake City Road.—Road passes several small branches in 3 miles, then commences ascending through a cañon which, in 2-1/5 miles, leads to the entrance to the "City of Rocks," and passes through these for three miles. It then crosses a ridge, leaving the City of Rocks, and at ten miles from last camp intersects the road from "Salt Lake City." At 1-2/5 miles beyond this a road leads off to the right to a spring branch, 3 miles, where there is a good camp near the foot of Goose Creek Mountain. From this point California travelers can refer to the itinerary of the route from Salt Lake City to Sacramento.

VIII.—From Soda Springs to the City of Rocks, known as Hudspeth'sCut-off.

Miles. Soda Springs to
20. Bear River.—The road runs down Bear River, crossing some small streams. Good camp.
10. Portner Creek.—Camp at the head of the creek. Good wood, water, and grass.
12. Fork of Portner Creek.—Good camp.
15. Pauack Creek.—Road crosses a summit. Good road and camp.
12. Snake Spring.—Good camp.
12. Utha Spring.—Good camp.
15. Decassure Creek.—Road crosses a small stream; rather bad crossing. Good camp.
18. City of Rocks.—Junction of Salt Lake road. Good camp.

IX.—Sublets Cut-off, from the junction of the Salt Lake and FortHall Roads.

Miles. Junction to
7. Big Sandy.
44. Green River.—From the Big Sandy to Green River (upper road) there is an abundance of grass in places along the road, but no water.
6. Small Creek.—The road runs up the creek. Good grass.
4. On the Creek.—Good grass and water.
12. Small Spring.—The spring is on the left of the road. Good grass.
9. Ham's Fork.—Good wood, water, and grass.
6. Spring.—On the summit of a mountain. Good grass.
6. Muddy Creek.—Wood, water, and grass.
10. Spring.—In Bear River Valley. Good wood, water, and grass.
6. Smith's Fork.—In Bear, River Valley. Good wood, water; and grass.
10. Tomaus' Fork.—Road runs down Bear River. Good wood, water, and grass.
7. Spring Creek.—Wood, water, and grass.
7. Smith's Ford.—Road crosses over a spur of the mountain; long and gradual ascent; descent rather abrupt. Good wood, water, and grass.
8. Telleck's Fork.—Road runs down Bear River. Good camp.
4. Small Creek.—Good camp.
4. Small Creek.—Good camp.
7. Small Creek.—Good camp.
12. Soda Springs.—Left side of the road, among some cedars, is a good camp.
  Here take the left-hand road to California, called Hudspeth's Cut-off.

X.—From Lawson's Meadows, on the Humboldt River, to Fort Reading, via Rogue River Valley, Fort Lane, Oregon Territory, Yreka, and Fort Jones.

Miles. Lawson's Meadows to
18-1/2. Mountain Spring.—Road leaves the Humboldt, and takes a northwesterly course 12 miles to a spring of good water. Good bunch-grass to the left of the road, and a small spring at the camp. The road is plain on leaving the river, but after a few days it becomes faint. Road from this point passes over a desert country for about 60 miles, without good water or much grass.
38-1/2. Black Rock Spring.—Road level and hard, with little vegetation. In 14 miles pass springs, but the water is not good. In 16 miles the road passes a slough which is difficult to cross; water not good, but can be given to cattle in small quantities. In five miles from this the road passes Black Rock, mentioned by Colonel Frémont in his trip from Columbia River in 1843-4. Three miles farther pass boiling springs, very hot, but good cooled. Grass pretty good.
20-1/4. Mountain Rill.—Water good; bunch-grass in the vicinity. In eight miles' travel the road passes a beautiful creek of pure water, with good grass.
5-3/4. Lake (Marshy).
10-1/2. High Rock Cañon.—This cañon is 25 miles long, with wild and curious scenery. Road crosses the creek frequently, and the mud is bad. In the autumn the road is good.
14-3/4. High Rock Cañon.
  Small Creek.—Beautiful country, with the greatest abundance of water and grass; also fuel.
25-1/4. Pine Grove Creek.—Road passes over an interesting country, well supplied with wood, water, and grass, and passes around the south end of a salt lake.
18-1/2. West Slope of Sierra.—Road passes over the mountain, which is steep but not rocky, then descends to a small creek of good water which runs into Goose Lake. Good grass and fuel. Look out for the Indians, as they are warlike and treacherous here.
7-3/4. East shore of Goose Lake.—Excellent camp.
16-1/4. West shore of Goose Lake.—This is a beautiful sheet of fresh water; great quantities of water-fowl resort to this lake.
16-1/4. Slough Springs.—The road passes over a very rocky divide, covered with loose volcanic debris, very hard for animals, and wearing to their feet. They should be well shod before attempting the passage.
18-1/2. Marshy Lake.—Road difficult for wagons.
15. Clear Lake.—Beautiful lake of pure water, with good grass around its shore.
25-1/4. East shore of Rhett's Lake.—Road tolerable over a rolling, rocky country, between lakes. The road crosses Lost River over a natural bridge, on a solid, smooth ledge of rock.
19. West shore of Rhett's Lake.—Plenty of wood, water, and grass along this road.
21. Klamath River.—Road leaves Rhett's Lake, and enters the forest and mountains; tolerably good. Good camp.
15-1/4. Cascade Mountains.—The road passes over high mountains, through lofty pine-trees. Camp is at Summit Meadows. Good water and grass, also fuel.
14-1/4. Western slope of Cascade Mountains.—Rough roads.
19-1/4. Rogue River Valley.—Road descends into the settlements in six miles, where there is a lovely fertile valley, well settled with farmers.
23-3/4. Fort Lane.—Near "Table Rock," on Rogue River, eight miles from Jacksonville. Dragoon post.
22-3/4. Rogue River Valley.—Good camp.
18. Siskiyou Mountains.—Road crosses the Siskiyou Mountains, and is difficult for wagons.
18. Yreka.—Flourishing mining city.
18. Fort Jones.—Infantry post, in Scott's Valley.
20. Scott's Mountain.—Good camp at the foot of the mountain. Road passes over the mountains, but is impassable for wagons.
90. Shasta City.—Good grass, wood, and water.
180. Sacramento City.

XI.—From Soda Springs to Fort Wallah Wallah and Oregon City, Oregon, via Fort Hall.

Miles. Soda Springs to
25. Portner Creek.—Good camp. Take the right-hand road.
10. Ross's Creek.—Good camp.
10. Fort Hall Valley.—Good camp. Road runs down the creek.
8. Snake River.—Good camp. Road crosses the river bottom.
5. Fort Hall.
15. Small Branch.—Camp is three miles below the crossing of Port Neuf River, which is fordable. Good wood, water, and grass.
10. American Falls.—Good camp.
13. Raft River.—Road rough and rocky. Sage for fuel; grass scarce.
17. Bend of Swamp Creek.—Grass scarce.
20. On Snake River.—Road crosses Swamp and Goose Creeks. Wood on the hills; grass short.
25. Rock Creek.—Road crosses one small creek, and is very rough and rocky for several miles, when it enters a sandy region, where the grass is scarce; sage plenty, and willows on the creek.
24. Snake River.—Road crosses several small branches. There is but little grass except in narrow patches along the river bottom.
26. Fishing Falls.—Road very crooked and rough, crossing two small streams.
29. Snake River.—Road crosses several small creeks, but leaves the main river to the north, and runs upon an elevated plateau. Good grass at camp.
16. Snake River (ford).—Road tortuous; ford good in low water.
19. Small Branch.—Road crosses Snake River, and follows up a small branch, leaving the river to the left. Good grass. Road ascends to a high plateau, which it keeps during the whole distance.
26. River "Aux Rochers."—Road passes Hot Springs, and is rough. Wood, water, and grass plenty.
22. Small Creek.—Road crosses two small branches, and is very rocky, but at camp grass, wood, and water are abundant.
23. Rio Boisè.—Road crosses one small creek, and follows along the Boisè River. Good wood, water, and grass.
26. Fort Boisè.—Road follows the south bank of Boisè River to the fort.
2. Fort Boisè.—Road crosses Boisè River. Good ford at ordinary stages. Grass good in the river bottom.
20. River "Aux Matthews."—Good road. Grass abundant, but coarse; wood and water plenty.
27. Snake River.—Road passes over a rough country. Grass scarce and of a poor quality.
20. Burnt River.—Road leaves Snake River, and takes across Burnt River, following up the north side of this to the camp. It is mountainous and rough, but the grass is good, and there is wood along the river.
22. Burnt River.—Road continues up the river, and is still rough and mountainous. Grass and wood plenty.
26. Small Branch.—Road passes over a divide to "Powder River." It is still rough, but getting better. The grass is good.
13. Powder River.—Good road; grass plenty.
21. Creek.—Road passes a divide, crossing several small streams, and is smooth, with plenty of grass and fuel.
20. Creek.—Road crosses one small branch, and is rather rough. The grass and fuel are good and abundant.
21. Creek.—Road follows down the creek for ten miles, then turns up a small branch, and is good. There is plenty of grass and fuel.
12. Branch.—Road crosses a divide and strikes another branch.
5. Small branch of the Umatilah River.—Good road, with plenty of wood and grass.
16. Branch of Wallah Wallah River.—Wood, water, and grass.
18. Wallah Wallah River.—Wood, water, and grass. Columbia River at Fort Wallah Wallah.—Wood, water, and grass.
10. Butler Creek.—Good camp.
18. Wells's Spring.—Good camp.
12. Willow Creek.—Good camp.
13. Cedar Spring.—Good camp.
6. John Day's River.—Good camp.
5. Forks of Road.—No camping. Left-hand road for wagons, and right-hand for pack trains. This itinerary takes the left.
10. Ouley's Camp.—Good camp.
19. Soot's River.—Good camp.
6. Fall River.—Good camp.
10. Utah's River.—Good camp.
18. Soot's River.—Good camp.
6. Soot's River.—Good camp. Road follows up the river, crossing it several times.
16. Sand River Fork.—Good grass a mile and a half to the left of the road.
8. Good Camp.
15. Royal Hill Camp.—Good camp.
7. Sandy River.—But little grass.
45. Down the River.—Good camps all the distance.
25. Oregon City.—Good camps all the distance.
75. Salem.—Good camps all the distance.

XII.—Route for pack trains from John Day's River to Oregon City.

Miles. John Day's River to
17. Columbia River.—From John Day's River to the forks of the road, and thence by the right-hand fork to the Columbia. Good camp.
2-1/2. Soot's River Ferry.—Good camp.
15. Dalles.—Good camp.
25. Dog River.—Good camp.
15. Cascade Mountains.—One bad place.
9. Ouley's Rock.—Good camp.
20. Image Plain Ferry.—Good camp.
15. Portland.—Good camp.
12. Oregon City.—Good camp.

XIII.—From Indianola and Powder-horn to San Antonio, Texas.

Miles. Powder-horn to
4. Indianola, Texas.—Steamers run from New Orleans five times a week to Powder-horn.
14. Chocolate Creek.—Good grass and water; fuel scarce. Road passes over a low, flat country, which in wet weather is heavy and muddy.
12. Grove.—Grove of oak; good water and grass. The road passes over a hog-wallow prairie, which is very muddy, and almost impassable for loaded teams after rains. The grass is abundant every where in this section.
12-1/2. Victoria.—The road is good, passing along near the east bank of the Guadalupe River. The country is thickly settled with farmers, who sell grain at reasonable rates. Grass abundant, also fuel.
34. Yorktown.—Road crosses the Guadalupe River on a bridge; toll one dollar for a six-mule team. It then crosses a low bottom for three miles; from thence the road is good, over a rolling country, with plenty of wood, water, and grass.
33. Cibello River.—Good road; wood, water, and grass plenty.
35. San Antonio.—Good road, with plenty of wood, water, and grass along the road. The Cibello is fordable at ordinary stages. The traveler can procure any thing he may need at Victoria and at San Antonio.

XIV.—Wagon-road from San Antonio, Texas, to El Paso, N.M., and Fort Yuma, Cal.

[Distances in miles and hundredths of a mile.]

Miles. San Antonio to
6.41. Leona.
18.12. Castroville.
11.00. Hondo.
14.28. Rio Seco.
12.50. Sabinal.
13.46. Rio Frio.
15.12. Nueces.
10.27. Turkey Creek.
15.33. Elm Creek.—All good camps, with abundance of wood, water, and grass. Country mostly settled, and the road very good, except in wet weather, from San Antonio to Elm Creek.
7.00. Fort Clarke.—Good grass, wood, and water. Road level and good.
7.00. Piedra Pinta,—Good grass, wood, and water.
8.86. Maverick's Creek.—Good grass, wood, and water.
12.61. San Felipé.—Good grass, wood, and water.
10.22. Devil's River.—First crossing. Good wood, water, and grass.
18.27. California Springs.—Grass and water poor.
18.39. Devil's River.—Second crossing. Grass poor.
19.50. Devil's River.—Good camp. The only water between Devil's River and Live Oak Creek is at Howard's Springs. The road is very rough in places.
44.00. Howard's Springs.—Grass scarce; water plenty in winter; wood plenty.
30.44. Live Oak Creek.—Good water and grass. The road passes within 1-1/2 miles of Fort Lancaster.
7.29. Crossing of Pecos River.—Bad water and bad camp. The water of the Pecos can be used.
5.47. Las Moras.—Good water, grass, and wood. The road is rough on the Pecos.
32.85. Camp on the Pecos River.—Wood and grass scarce.
16.26. Escondido Creek.—At the crossing. Water good; little grass or wood.
8.76. Escondido Spring.—Grass and water good; little grass.
19.40. Comanche Creek.—Grass and water good; little grass.
8.88. Leon Springs.—Grass and water good; no wood.
33.86. Barela Spring.—Grass and water good; wood plenty.
28.00. Fort Davis.—Good camp. From Fort Davis to Eagle Springs there is an ascent, and one of the very best of roads.
18.42. Barrel Springs.—Water good; grass and wood fair.
13.58. Dead Man's Hole.—Good wood and water; grass scarce.
32.83. Van Horne's Wells.—No grass or wood, but they will be found two miles back.
19.74. Eagle Springs.—Grass and wood poor; water about half a mile from camp, in a narrow cañon.
32.03. Mouth of Cañon "de los Camenos."—The road is rather rough. From here to Fort Bliss, opposite El Paso, the road runs near the river, and camps may be made any where. The wood, water, and grass are good at all points.
61.13. San Eluzario.—Mexican town.
9.25. Socorro.—Mexican town.
15.00. Fort Bliss, at El Paso.—United States military post and Mexican town.

Total distance from San Antonio to El Paso, 654.27 miles.

Miles. El Paso to
22. Cottonwood.—From El Paso to Messilla Valley, in the Gadsden Purchase, the road runs up the east bank of the Rio Grande to Fort Fillmore (N.M.), where it crosses the river into the Messilla Valley.
22. Fort Fillmore.
6. La Messilla.
65. Cook's Spring.—From Messilla Valley to Tucson the road is remarkably good, with good grass and water. The streams on this section are the Mimbres and San Pedro, both fordable, and crossed with little trouble. The Apache Indians are generally met with in this country. There is a flouring-mill two miles below El Paso, where flour can be purchased at very reasonable prices.
18. Rio Mimbres.
17. Ojo la Vaca.
10. Ojo de Ynez.
34. Peloncilla.
18. San Domingo.
23. Apache Springs.
9. Cabesas Springs.
26. Dragon Springs.
18. Quercos Cañon.—Bunch-grass will be found sufficient for traveling purposes along this section of the road between El Paso and Tucson.
6. San Pedro Crossing.
20. Cienega.
13. Cienega Creek.
20. Mission of San Navier.
8. Tucson.—Total distance from El Paso to Tucson, 305 miles.
5. Pico Chico Mountain.
35. First Camp on Gila River.
29. Maricopa Wells.—The Maricopa Wells are at the western extremity of a fertile valley occupied by Pincos Indians, who cultivate corn and other grain.
40. Tezotal.—Across Jornada. There is but little grass here, but in the season the mesquite leaves are a good substitute.
10. Ten Mile Camp.
15. Oatman's Flat.—First crossing of the Gila River.
25. Second Crossing of the Gila.—The traveler can generally find sufficient grass in the hills along the valley of the Gila.
32. Peterman's Station.
20. Antelope Peak.
24. Little Corral.
16. Fort Yuma.

The distance from El Paso to Fort Yuma is 644 miles.

WELL IN THE DESERT

WELL IN THE DESERT.—ALAMO MOCHO.

XV.—From Fort Yuma to San Diego, California.

[Distances in miles and hundredths of a mile.]

Miles. Fort Yuma to
10.00. Los Algodones.—Along the Colorado.
10.00. Cook's Wells.—Here commences the great desert; water nowhere good or reliable until arriving at Carizo Creek. The points named are where deep wells have been dug. "New River," though usually set down, is a dry arroyo. The surface of the desert for seven miles on the eastern side is drifting sand and heavy for wagons. Then comes a section in the centre of the desert that is hard and level. On the west side there is about three miles of a mud flat.
21.90. Alamo Rancho.
16.40. Little Laguna.
4.50. New River.
5.80. Big Laguna.
26.40. Carizo Creek.—Water good; cane and brush for fuel, and they afford some forage for the animals; no grass.
16.60. Vallecito.—Grass poor; wood and water sufficient.
17.80. San Felipe.—Grass poor; wood scarce; water good.
15.80. Warner's Ranch.—The road passes through a beautiful oak grove, where there is an abundance of grass and water. This is the summit of the mountain. At the Ranch the grass is poor, and no wood. The water is good. The oak grove terminates six miles from Warner's.
10.30. Santa Isabel.—Good grass, wood, and water. This was an old Spanish mission, but is now occupied by some Americans and Indians.
11.40. Laguna.—Two miles from last camp is a good camping-place. The road passes over some steep hills, not high. This is the best camp on the road.
12.00. San Pasquel.—For the first nine miles the road is level and good to the top of the mountain, where there is a good camping-place, with wood, water, and grass; thence the road descends a very steep hill. The camp is on the east side of the brook, near Soto's house.
18.80. Parrasquitas.—The road passes a good camp three miles from San Pasqual. Wood, Water, and grass at Parrasquitas.
8.00. Fisher's House.—The road passes over several hills, and at four miles is a good camping-place. Wood, water, and grass at camp.
  San Diego, California.—When animals are to be kept a considerable time at San Diego, they should be taken four or five miles up the river, as the grass is poor near the town.

Total distance from Fort Yuma to San Diego, 217 miles.

XVI.—From El Paso, New Mexico, to Fort Yuma, California, via Santa Cruz.

[Distances in miles and hundredths of a mile.]

Miles. From El Paso to
26.10. Samalayuca.—Spring, with grass and wood.
38.00. Salado.—Bad water, with little grass and wood.
24.75. Santa Maria.—Good grass, wood, and water.
27.50. Mines of San Pedro.—Bad water; little grass or water.
19.20. Correlitos.—Good water, grass, and wood.
20.00. Janos.—Good water, grass, and wood.
12.00. Pelatudo.—Good water, grass, and wood.
30.00. San Francisco.—Water half a mile south of the road.
18.00. San Louis.—Good water, grass, and wood.
35.00. San Bernardino.—Good water, grass, and wood.
30.00. Ash Creek.—Grass, wood, and water.
37.00. Head of San Pedro.—Grass and water.
24.00. Santa Cruz.—Good grass, wood, and water.
31.00. Cocospe.—Much grass; 10 or 12 miles without water. Leave Santa Cruz River at old Rancho San Lazaro. No water till reaching the head of San Ignacio, except at nine miles, a spring one mile west of the road.
26.00. Hemores.—From Cocospe to Santa Anna follow down the San Ignacio, and in many places there is wood and grass. Grass is much better at three miles from the river. At the foot of the hills there is an abundance of grama-grass.
5.00. Terrenati.
4.00. San Ignacio.
5.20. Madina.
5.20. San Lorenzo.
2.60. Santa Marta.
5.20. Santa Anna.
26.00. Alamita.—Plenty of grass. Leave the river 10 or 12 miles from Santa Anna, and no water thence to Alamita, which is a small rancho.
31.20. Altar.—No water; grass abundant.
13.00. Laguna.—Small water-hole; grass scanty and poor.
52.00. Sonia.—Sometimes water is found 25 miles from the Laguna, south of the road. There is a well at Sonia in the town, and sometimes water in a hole 300 yards south of the town, 100 yards west of the road.
10.40. El Paso.—Well at El Paso supplying 100 animals; water muddy and brackish; grass poor.
52.00. Sonorita.—No water on the road; at Sonorita are several brackish springs. Grass poor; bad camping-place; saltpetre at the springs.
  Quita Oaquita.—No water on the road. Saline spring at camp, better than at Sonorita, but the grass is not so good.
10.40. Agua Salado.—Water uncertain; grass poor.
23.40. Los Pleyes.—Water only in the rainy season, one mile west of the road, hidden by bushes and difficult to find. Grass pretty good.
28.60. Cabeza Prieta.—Natural tenajas in a ravine two miles from the road; follow a wagon-track up this ravine between a black and a red mountain. The water is good and abundant; grass tolerable.
31.00. Poso.—No water on the road until reaching Poso. Here it is abundant on the east side of the road; grass good one mile west.
13.00. Rio Gila.—But little good grass.
26.00. Fort Yuma, at the crossing of the Colorado River.—But little good grass for several miles.

Total distance from El Paso to Fort Yuma, 756 miles.

XVII.—From Westport, Missouri, to the gold diggings at Pike's Peak and "Cherry Creek" N.T., via the Arkansas River.

Miles. Westport to
4-3/4. Indian Creek.—The road runs over a beautiful country. Indian Creek is a small wooded stream, with abundance of grass and water.
8-3/4. Cedar Creek.—The road passes over a fine country, and there is a good camping-place at Cedar Creek.
8-1/2. Bull Creek.—The road is smooth and level, with less wood than before. Camping good.

Sketch of the country in the vicinity of the Gold Region near Pike's Peak and Cherry Creek.

Sketch of the country in the vicinity of the Gold Region near Pike's Peak and Cherry Creek.

9-1/2. Willow Springs.—At nine miles the road passes "Black Jack Creek," where there is a good camping-place. The road has but little wood upon it at first, but it increases toward the end of the march. The road is level for some distance, but becomes more rolling, and the country is covered with the finest grass. Good camp at one mile from the main road.
20-1/4. 110-Mile Creek.—The road traverses the same character of country as yesterday, but with less woodland, is very smooth, and at 9 and 12 miles passes "Rock Creeks," which have no running water in a dry season. Good camp.
22-1/2. Prairie Chicken Creek.—At eight miles the road crosses Dwissler Creek, which is a fine little stream; four miles farther First Dragoon Creek, and at one mile farther the Second Dragoon Creek, both fine streams, well wooded, and good camping-places. Good camp.
20. "Big Rock Creek."—At one mile the road crosses a small wooded branch. Three miles beyond it crosses "Elm Creek," where a good camping-place may be found. At 7 miles it crosses 142-Mile Creek, and at 13 miles it crosses Bluff Creek, where there is a good camping-place. Good camp.
20. "Council Grove," on Elm Creek.—Road passes "Big John Spring" at 13 miles, and is smooth and good. A fine camp is found three fourths of a mile beyond the "Grove," on Elm Creek, with abundance of wood, water, and grass.
16. Diamond Spring.—At-eight miles the road crosses Elm Creek, and passes over a section similar to that east of Council Grove. It is fine in dry weather, but muddy after heavy rains. Good camp at Diamond Spring.
16. Lost Spring.—One mile from camp the road passes a wooded creek. From thence there is no more wood or permanent water until arriving at camp. Take wood here for cooking, as there is not a tree or bush in sight from Lost Spring. The country becomes more level, with grass every where. The road is muddy in wet weather.
15-3/4. Cottonwood Creek.—Road continues over a prairie country, sensibly rising and improving. Wood, water, and grass at camp.
22. Turkey Creek.—The road is good, and at 18 miles passes Little Turkey Creek. No wood, and the water poor at camp; grass good.
23. Little Arkansas River.—The road runs over a level prairie, and at 3-1/2 miles passes "Big Turkey Creek," with the Arkansas River Valley in sight all day. After rains there are frequent pools of water along the road. Good camp.
20. "Big Cow" Creek.—The road passes for ten miles over a level prairie, to Charez Creek, which is a bushy gully; thence six miles to Little Cow Creek, which is a brushy stream, with here and there a tree. Good camp here to the left of the road, near a clump of trees. "Prairie-dog towns" commence to be seen. Road very level. Buffalo-grass here.
20. Big Bend of the Arkansas.—The road at 12 miles strikes the sand-hills of the Arkansas River. They are soon passed, however, and the level river bottom is reached. The river has a rapid current flowing over a quicksand bed. The road is generally good from the last camp. Wood, water, and grass at camp.
7. Walnut Creek.—The road is good. Cool springs at this camp; good grass and wood.
21. Head of Coon Creek.—At five miles the road forks, one following the river, the other a "short cut" "dry route" to Fort Atkinson, where they unite on the river. The country rises for ten miles on the dry route, then descends to the river, and is covered with the short buffalo-grass. No wood at camp.
18. Arkansas River.—The road passes over an undulating and uninteresting prairie, with but little vegetation. The water in dry weather is in pools.
19. Arkansas River, at Fort Atkinson.—The road runs over a similar country to that of yesterday, with no wood near; plenty of buffalo-chips for cooking, and good grass.
18-3/4. Arkansas River.—At 4-1/2 miles the road ascends a bluff covered with thick buffalo-grass. On the river is heavy bottom-grass. At 17 miles pass a ford. Grass good at camp.
19-1/4. Arkansas River.—The road is sandy for 14 miles, but not deep except in places; thence to camp it is good. Good camp.
22. Arkansas River.—Country prairie, covered with short buffalo-grass. Good camp.
22. Arkansas River.—The road is fine, crossing several dry-beds of creeks, along which are seen a few scattering trees. Good camp on a dry creek near the river.
24. Arkansas River.—The road runs over a barren plain at the foot of the main plateau, and crosses two dry creeks near the camp, on which are cottonwood-trees. Plenty of wood at camp.
21. Arkansas River.—The road follows the base of the hills at from one to three miles from the river. Good camp.
20. Arkansas River.—At seven miles the road strikes the "Big Timbers," where there is a large body of cottonwood; thence for three miles the road is heavy sand. Good camps along here.
13. Arkansas River.—At one mile the road passes some old houses formerly used as a trading-post. Here terminates the "Big Timbers." Coarse grass at the camp.
15. Arkansas River.—At three miles the road passes the mouth of Purgatoire Creek. Camp is below Bent's Fort. Good grass here.
24. Arkansas River.—Pass Bent's Fort. The grass is excellent in the vicinity of the fort, but after this it is not so good. The road runs over a high and considerably broken country. Good camp.
11. Arkansas River.—Opposite the mouth of the Apishpa Creek; good camp. The Huerfano Mountains and Spanish Peaks are in sight from the camp. The "Cherokee Trail" comes in from Arkansas near Bent's Fort, and leads to the gold diggings at Cherry Creek.
9. Arkansas River.—Opposite the mouth of the Huerfano Creek. Good camp, and a ford opposite Charles Audebee's house.
12. Arkansas River.—At this point the Cherokee trail bears to the right and leaves the river. The left-hand, or river road, runs up to the old pueblo at the mouth of the Fontaine qui Bouille Creek. The right-hand road leads to the gold diggings.

SANGRE DE CRISTO PASS

SANGRE DE CRISTO PASS.

15-3/4. Fontaine qui Bouille.—The road strikes in a northwest course over the rolling country, and comes upon the creek at a most beautiful camp, where there is a great abundance of good wood, water, and grass. The wood, water, and grass are good at all points on the Fontaine qui Bouille, and travelers can camp any where upon this stream.
17-1/2. Fontaine qui Bouille.—Here the road forks, one running up the river, and the other striking directly across to the divide of the Arkansas and Platte. I prefer the left-hand road, as it has more water and better grass upon it.
6-1/2. Forks of the "Fontaine qui Bouille."—The road to Cherry Creek here leaves the "Fontaine qui Bouille" and bears to the right. There is a large Indian trail which crosses the main creek, and takes a northwest course toward "Pike's Peak." By going up this trail about two miles a mineral spring will be found, which gives the stream its name of "The Fountain that Boils." This spring, or, rather, these springs, as there are two, both of which boil up out of solid rock, are among the greatest natural curiosities that I have ever seen. The water is strongly impregnated with salts, but is delightful to the taste, and somewhat similar to the Congress-water. It will well compensate any one for the trouble of visiting it.
17-1/2. Black Squirrel Creek.—This creek is near the crest of the high divide between the Arkansas and Platte Rivers. It is a small running branch, but always affords good water. There is pine timber here, and the grass is good on the prairies to the east. This is a locality which is very subject to severe storms, and it was here that I encountered the most severe snow-storm that I have ever known, on the first day of May, 1858. I would advise travelers to hasten past this spot as rapidly as possible during the winter and spring months, as a storm might prove very serious here.
14. Near the head of Cherry Creek.—The road crosses one small branch at four miles from Black Squirrel Creek; it then takes up to an elevated plateau, which in a rainy season is very muddy. The camp is at the first timber that is found, near the road, to the left. There is plenty of wood, water, and grass here. There is also a good camping-place at the small branch that is mentioned.
10. On Cherry Creek.—There is good grass, wood, and water throughout the valley of Cherry Creek. The mountains are from five to ten miles distant, on the left or west of the road, and when I passed there was a great abundance of elk, deer, antelope, bear, and turkeys throughout this section.
7. On Cherry Creek.—Good camp.
11. On Cherry Creek.—Good camp.
17. Mouth of Cherry Creek, at the South Platte.—Good camp, and a town built up since I passed, called "Denver City."

Total distance from Westport to the gold diggings, 685-1/4 miles.

XVIII.—From St. Paul's, Min., to Fort Wallah Wallah, Oregon.

Miles. St. Paul's to
17-1/4. Small Brook.—The wood, water, and grass are abundant as far as the "Bois des Sioux" River.
20-1/4. Cow Creek.—This stream is crossed on a bridge.
23-1/4. Small Lake.—North of the road. The road passes over a rolling prairie, and crosses Elk River on a bridge.
17. Near Sauk Rapids.—The road crosses Elk River twice on bridges; Mississippi River near.
18. Russel's.—Ferry across the Mississippi River, then follow the Red River trail. Camp is on a cold spring brook.
6. Cold Spring Brook.—Cross Sauk River, 300 feet wide, 4-1/2 feet deep.
19-1/2. Lake Henry.—Road good.
18-3/4. Lightning Lake.—Cross Cow River in a ferry-boat; water 4-1/2 feet deep.
17-1/2. Lake.—One mile from Red River trail. Pass White Bean Lake.
9-1/2. Pike Lake.—Pass the South Branch of the Chippeway River. Road runs over rolling prairie, and crosses a small branch.
19-1/4. Small Lake.—Cross Chippeway River in a boat. Road passes numerous lakes and the best grass.
9-3/4. Small Lake.—Road passes rolling prairies, and crosses Rabbit River.
27. "Bois des Sioux" River.—Cross Bois des Sioux Prairie; rolling ground.
11. Wild Rice River.—Cross "Bois des Sioux" River, 70 feet wide and 4 to 7 feet deep, muddy bottom and banks. Wood, water, and grass at all camps between this and Maple River.
4-1/2. Small Creek.—Cross Wild Rice River on a bridge.
26-1/2. Sheyene River.—Smooth prairie road.
16-1/2. Maple River.—Cross Sheyene River on a bridge, and several small branches.
20. Small Creek.—Smooth road; no wood.
20. Pond.—Wet and marshy; numerous ponds in sight; no wood.
15. Pond.—No wood; approaching Sheyene River.
13-1/2. Sheyene River.—Prairie more rolling; camp in the river bottom. Wood, water, and grass abundant.
7. Slough.—Cross Sheyene River, 50 feet wide, 3-1/2 feet deep. No wood.
10. Lake.—Rolling prairie, with many marshes. Wood, water, and grass.
10-1/2. Pond.—Low, wet prairie; no wood; plenty of grass and water.
18-1/4. Marsh.—Smooth prairie, generally dry.
20. "Rivière à Jaques."—Smooth prairie, with marshes. Road crosses the river several times. Wood, water, and grass.
21-1/2. Pond.—Hilly and marshy prairie, with small ponds, and no wood.
12. Small Branch.—Marshy prairie, filled with ponds, with a thin, short grass, and no wood.
19-3/4. Lake.—On a high knoll. Road crosses the South Fork of Sheyene River; good crossing; thence rolling prairie, passing "Balto de Morale," also a narrow lake 4-1/2 miles long.
16-1/2. Pond.—Marshy prairie, ponds, and knolls; cross a small branch at 7-3/4 miles. No wood.
17-3/4. Pond.—Rolling prairie. Cross Wintering River, a deep, muddy stream 100 feet wide, also marshy prairies and ponds. No wood.
16. Small Branch.—Tributary of Mouse River. Road skirts the valley of Mouse River, crossing the ravines near their heads.
15-1/4. Pond.—Undulating prairie with occasional marshes; the road then turns up the high ridge called "Grand Coteau." No wood.
20-1/4. Lake.—Hilly road approaching Grand Coteau. No wood.
20. Lake.—Rolling prairie; smooth, good road; no wood.
15-1/2. Pond.—Road passes Grand Coteau at 11 miles, and runs between two lakes. No wood, but plenty of "bois de vache" for fuel.
19-1/4. Branch of White Earth River.—Country rolling and hilly. Road passes wood at eight miles from camp.
23-1/4. Pond.—For two miles the road passes over a low, flat country, after which the country is hilly. No wood.
23-1/2. Pond.—Rolling and hilly country, with rocky knobs. At 18 miles cross branch of Muddy Creek 15 feet wide. Wood in ravines near this stream. No wood at camp.
20. Pond.—Rolling country. At 11 miles there is water in a ravine. To the left there is more water, but the country is rough. No wood.
16-1/4. Fort Union.—Road descends a hill to the fort; before this it passes over high, firm prairie. Good grass near in the hills.
6-1/2. Pond.—No wood; good grass.
6. Little Muddy River.—Good camp.
15-1/2. Creek.—Two good camps between this and the last. Wood, water, and grass.
10. Big Muddy River.—Drift-wood for fuel.
11. Marsh near Missouri.—Good camp.
18. Poplar River.—Good camp. One or two good camps between this and the last camp.
23-1/2. Creek near Missouri.—Good camp.
15. Slough near Missouri.—Good camp.
17-1/2. Milk River.—One good camp between this and the last camp.
13-1/2. Milk River.—Several good camps passed.
17-1/2. Milk River.—Good camp.
19-1/2. Milk River.—Several good camps passed.
17-3/4. Milk River.—At the crossing. The road follows a trail on the bluffs, and descends again to the river.
7-1/2. Lake.—No wood; grass and water plenty.
12-1/2. Milk River.—Second crossing. Good camp.
12. Milk River.—Good camp.
15-1/2. Milk River.—Good camps between this and the last camp.
10-3/4. Milk River.—Good camp.
20. Milk River.—Good camp.
16. Milk River.—Good camp.
18. Milk River.—At the third crossing.—Good camp.
7-1/2. Branch of Milk River.—Good camp.
17-1/2. Branch of Milk River.—Several good camps between this and the last camp.
6. Branch of Milk River.—Good camp.
19-1/4. Prairie Spring.—No wood; water and grass plenty.
13-3/4. Teton River.—Road crosses "Marias River."
8-3/4. Teton River, at Fort Benton.—A trading-post.
2-1/2. Small Creek.—Good wood, water, and grass.
18-3/4. Missouri River.—Good camp.
20-1/2. Missouri River.—Above the falls. Road much broken into ravines. Wood, water, and grass.
16-3/4. Missouri River.—Road crosses first tributary above Fort Benton at ten miles.
17. Missouri River.—The road becomes very bad after fourteen miles, but is better on the north side of the Missouri.
6. Missouri River.—The road is exceedingly rough and broken; crosses the river.—Good wood, water, and grass.
11. Tributary of the Missouri.—The most difficult part of the road is passed, but the country is still hilly.
18-1/2. Tributary of the Missouri.—The road follows up the last-mentioned stream to near its head. Good camps.
15. Near the summit of Little Blackfoot Pass, on a broad Indian trail; excellent road.
14-3/4. Little Blackfoot River.—Road crosses the summit of the Rocky Mountains. Good road for wagons, with many camping-places.
17-1/2. Little Blackfoot River.—Road good, descending along the river. Near the camp a large fork comes in.
28-1/2. Little Blackfoot River.—Good road, which follows the broad, open valley for 14 miles. Good camps.
19-1/2. Little Blackfoot River.—The valley contracts so that wagons will be forced to take the bed of the river in some places. The river is fordable, and the trail crosses it five times during the day.
22-1/2. Blackfoot River.—Sixteen miles from the last camp "Blackfoot" and "Hell Gate" River's enter, and about one mile of this distance is impassable for wagons; they would have to cross the river, which is fordable. Good camps.
27-1/2. Fort Owen.—Road runs up the St. Mary's River to Fort Owen over a broad, good trail in the valley.
40. St. Mary's River.—The south Nez Percés trail leaves the main trail, which ascends the St. Mary's Valley to the Forks, and follows the southwest fork to its source. To the Forks the valley of the St. Mary's is open, and admits wagons.
24. Southwest Fork of St. Mary's River.—The road follows a narrow trail, crossing the river frequently, and is not passable for wagons. The valley is narrow, and shut in by hills.
5-1/2. Kooskooskia River.—Road leaves the St. Mary's River, passing over a high ridge to the Kooskooskia River.
10. Branch.—Road runs over wooded hills.
14. Creek.—Road runs over wooded hills.
9. Small Creek.—This is the best camp between the St. Mary's River and the Nez Percés country.
15. Small Creek.—Road passes over wooded hills.
9. Small Branch.—Road passes over wooded hills, is very rough and difficult. Poor camp.
14. Small Creek.—Ten miles from last camp the road passes a high divide, ascending rapidly, though not difficult. Good grass on the summit, but no water.
13. Small Creek.—Good camp where the trail emerges from the woods on to the high plateau.
7. Clear Water River.—Large tributary. Road runs over high table-land, and descends to the valley of the river.
43. Lapwai River.—The road follows a broad trail down the river six miles, when it leaves the river bottom and ascends the plateau, which extends to Craig's house, on the Lapwai, fifteen miles from the river.
23. Tributary Snake River.—The trail runs over high ground from Craig's to Lapwai River, 15 miles. This river is 450 feet wide. No wood. Indians are generally found here, who ferry over travelers. The trail follows Snake River for several miles.
26-1/4. Tchannon River.—The trail passes 5-1/2 miles up the bottom of a small creek; then runs over a steep hill to another small creek, 8 miles; then along the valley of this stream 10-1/2 miles; thence over a high hill to camp on Tchannon River, 3 miles.
11-1/2. Touchet River.—The trail crosses the Tchannon River, and ascends to a high plain, which continues to camp.
32-1/2. Touchet River.—Road follows a good trail along the valley, where good camps are found any where, with wood, water, and grass.
19-1/2. Fort Wallah Wallah.—Leaving Touchet River, the trail passes over again to the plains, when there is neither wood, water, or grass to Fort Wallah Wallah.