01 (return)
[ Die Phönizier, und das
phönizische Alterthum, by F. C. Movers, in five volumes, Berlin,
1841-1856.]
02 (return)
[ History and
Antiquities of Phoenicia, by John Kenrick, London, 1855.]
03 (return)
[ Histoire de l’Art dans
l’Antiquité, par MM. Perrot et Chipiez, Paris, 1881-7, 4 vols.]
04 (return)
[ Will of William Camden,
Clarencieux King-of-Arms, founder of the “Camden Professorship,” 1662.]
11 (return)
[ See Eckhel, Doctr.
Num. Vet. p. 441.]
12 (return)
[ {’H ton ‘Aradion
paralia}, xvi. 2, § 12.]
13 (return)
[ Pomp. Mel. De Situ
Orbis, i. 12.]
14 (return)
[ The tract of white sand
(Er-Ramleh) which forms the coast-line of the entire shore from
Rhinocolura to Carmel is said to be gradually encroaching, fresh sand
being continually brought by the south-west wind from Egypt. “It has
buried Ascalon, and in the north, between Joppa and Cæsaræa, the dunes are
said to be as much as three miles wide and 300 feet high” (Grove, in
Smith’s Dict. of the Bible, ii. 673).]
15 (return)
[ See Cant. ii. 1; Is.
xxxiii. 9; xxxv. 2; lxv. 10.]
16 (return)
[ Stanley, Sinai and
Palestine, p. 254.]
17 (return)
[ The Kaneh derives its
name from this circumstance, and may be called “the River of Canes.”]
18 (return)
[ Robinson, Biblical
Researches, iii. 28, 29.]
19 (return)
[ Grove, l.s.c.]
110 (return)
[ Stanley, Sinai and
Palestine, p. 260.]
111 (return)
[ Lynch found it eighteen
yards in width in April 1848 (The Jordan and the Dead Sea, p. 64).
He found the Belus twice as wide and twice as deep as the Kishon.]
112 (return)
[ A more particular
description of these fountains will be given in the description of the
city of Tyre, with which they were very closely connected.]
113 (return)
[ Robinson, Biblical
Researches, iii. 410.]
114 (return)
[ Robinson, iii. 415.]
115 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 414. Compare
Renan, Mission de Phénicie, pp. 524, 665.]
116 (return)
[ Robinson, iii. 420.]
117 (return)
[ Renan, Mission de
Phénicie, p. 353.]
118 (return)
[ See Edrisi (traduction
de Joubert), i. 355; D’Arvieux, Mémoires, ii. 33; Renan, pp. 352,
353.]
119 (return)
[ Gesenius, Thesaurus,
p. 247.]
120 (return)
[ Renan, pp. 59, 60.]
121 (return)
[ Kenrick (Phoenicia,
p. 8), who quotes Burckhardt (Syria, p. 161), and Chesney (Euphrates
Expedition, i. 450).]
122 (return)
[ Renan, p. 59:—“C’est
un immense tapis de fleurs.”]
123 (return)
[ Mariti, Travels,
ii. 131 (quoted by Kenrick, p. 22).]
124 (return)
[ Strabo, xvi. 2, § 27.]
125 (return)
[ Stanley, Sinai and
Palestine, p. 344.]
126 (return)
[ Martineau, Eastern
Life, p. 539.]
127 (return)
[ Van de Velde, Travels,
i. 317, 318. Compare Porter, Giant Cities of Bashan, p. 236.]
128 (return)
[ Ritter, Erdkunde,
xvi. 31.]
129 (return)
[ Grove, in Smith’s Dictionary
of the Bible, i. 278.]
130 (return)
[ Walpole’s Ansayrii,
iii. 156.]
131 (return)
[ The derivation of
Lebanon from “white,” is generally admitted. (see Gesenius, Thesaurus,
p. 369; Buxtorf, Lexicon, p. 1119; Fürst, Concordantia, p.
588.)]
132 (return)
[ Stanley, Sinai and
Palestine, p. 395.]
133 (return)
[ Tristram, The Land
of Israel, p. 634.]
134 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 7.]
135 (return)
[ Porter, in Smith’s Dictionary
of the Bible, ii. 86.]
136 (return)
[ Ibid. Compare Nat.
Hist. Review, No. v. p. 11.]
137 (return)
[ See Tristram, Land
of Israel, pp. 625-629.]
138 (return)
[ See Tristram, Land
of Israel, p. 626.]
139 (return)
[ Porter, in Dictionary
of the Bible, ii. 86.]
140 (return)
[ Tristram, Land of
Israel, p. 621.]
141 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 600. Compare
Porter, in Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible, ii. 87.]
142 (return)
[ Such outlets are common
in Greece, where they are called Katavothra. They probably also
occur in Asia Minor.]
143 (return)
[ Burckhardt, Travels
in Syria, p. 10; Chesney, Euphrates Expedition, i. 398.]
144 (return)
[ Tristram, p. 600.]
145 (return)
[ Porter, Handbook for
Syria, p. 571; Robinson, Later Researches, p. 423.]
146 (return)
[ Tristram, p. 594.]
147 (return)
[ Robinson, Biblical
Researches, iii. 409.]
148 (return)
[ Burckhardt, Travels
in Syria, p. 161; Chesney, Euphrates Expedition, i. 450;
Walpole’s Ansayrii, iii. 49.]
149 (return)
[ Renan, Mission de
Phénicie, p. 116.]
150 (return)
[ Porter, Giant Cities
of Bashan, p. 289.]
151 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 288.]
152 (return)
[ Walpole’s Ansayrii,
iii. 44.]
153 (return)
[ Porter, Giant Cities,
p. 292; Robinson, Later Researches, p. 605; Renan, Mission de
Phénicie, p. 297.]
154 (return)
[ Maundrell, Travels,
pp. 57, 58; Porter, Giant Cities, p. 284; Renan, Mission de
Phénicie, p. 283.]
155 (return)
[ Porter, p. 283.]
156 (return)
[ Porter, p. 284.]
157 (return)
[ Robinson, Later
Researches, p. 45.]
158 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 43.]
159 (return)
[ Tristram, Land of
Israel, p. 44.]
160 (return)
[ Kenrick, Phoenicia,
p. 20.]
161 (return)
[ See the Transactions
of the Society of Bibl. Archæology, vol. vii.; and compare Kenrick, Phoenicia,
p. 14; Robinson, Later Researches, pp. 617-624.]
162 (return)
[ Walpole’s Ansayrii,
iii. 6.]
163 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 34. Compare
Renan, Mission de Phénicie, who calls the pass over the spur “un
véritable casse-cou sur des roches inclinées” (p. 150).]
164 (return)
[ Kenrick, Phoenicia,
p. 16.]
165 (return)
[ Robinson, Biblical
Researches, iii. 432.]
21 (return)
[ Kenrick, Phoenicia,
p. 32.]
22 (return)
[ Grove, in Smith’s Dict.
of the Bible, ii. 693.]
23 (return)
[ Kenrick, l.s.c.]
24 (return)
[ See Canon Tristram’s
experiences, Land of Israel, pp. 96-115.]
25 (return)
[ Ibid. pp. 94, 95.]
26 (return)
[ Kenrick, p. 34.]
27 (return)
[ Walpole’s Ansayrii,
p. 76.]
28 (return)
[ Kenrick, p. 33.]
29 (return)
[ Tristram, Land of
Israel, p. 95.]
210 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 409.]
211 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 31.]
212 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 34.]
213 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 596.]
214 (return)
[ Hooker, in Dictionary
of the Bible, ii. 684.]
215 (return)
[ Hooker, in Dictionary
of the Bible, p. 683.]
216 (return)
[ Dr. Hooker says:—“Q.
pseudococcifera is perhaps the commonest plant in all Syria and
Palestine, covering as a low dense bush many square miles of hilly country
everywhere, but rarely or never growing on the plains. It seldom becomes a
large tree, except in the valleys of the Lebanon.” Walpole found it on
Bargylus (Ansayrii, iii. 137 et sqq.); Tristram on Lebanon, Land
of Israel, pp. 113, 117.]
217 (return)
[ Hooker, in Dict. of
the Bible, ii. 684. Compare Tristram, Land of Israel, p. 113.]
218 (return)
[ Ibid.]
219 (return)
[ See Walpole, Ansayrii,
iii. 222, 236; Tristram, Land of Israel, pp. 622, 623; Robinson, Later
Researches, p. 607.]
220 (return)
[ Walpole, iii. 433;
Robinson, Later Researches, p.. 614.]
221 (return)
[ Tristram, Land of
Israel, p. 6.]
222 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 111; Walpole,
Ansayrii, iii. 166; Hooker, in Dict. of the Bible, ii. 683.]
223 (return)
[ Walpole says that
Ibrahim Pasha cut down as many as 500,000 Aleppo pines in Casius (Ansayrii,
iii. 281), and that it would be quite feasible to cut down 500,000 more.]
224 (return)
[ Hooker, in Dict. of
the Bible, ii. 684; and compare Tristram, Land of Israel, pp.
16, 88.]
225 (return)
[ Robinson, Biblical
Researches, iii. 383, 415.]
226 (return)
[ Ezek. xxxi. 3.]
227 (return)
[ Ibid. xxvii. 5. The
Hebrew erez probably covered other trees besides the actual cedar,
as the Aleppo pine, and perhaps the juniper. The pine would have been more
suited for masts than the cedar.]
228 (return)
[ 1 Kings vi. 9, 10, 15,
18, &c.; vii. 1-7.]
229 (return)
[ Records of the Past,
i. 104. ll. 78, 79; iii. 74, ll. 88-90; p. 90, l. 9; &c. Compare
Layard, Nineveh and Babylon, pp. 356, 357.]
230 (return)
[ Joseph, Bell. Jud.,
v. 5, § 2.]
231 (return)
[ Plin. H. N.,
xiii. 5; xvi. 40.]
232 (return)
[ Compare the arguments
of Canon Tristram, Land of Israel, pp. 631, 632.]
233 (return)
[ Walpole, Ansayrii,
pp. 123, 227.]
234 (return)
[ Tristram, Land of
Israel, p. 621.]
235 (return)
[ Ibid. pp. 13, 38, &c.]
236 (return)
[ Hooker, in Dictionary
of the Bible, ii. 684.]
237 (return)
[ Tristram, Land of
Israel, p. 82; compare Hooker, l.s.c.]
238 (return)
[ This is Dr. Hooker’s
description. Canon Tristram says of the styrax at the eastern foot of
Carmel, that “of all the flowering shrubs it is the most abundant,” and
that it presents to the eye “one sheet of pure white blossom, rivalling
the orange in its beauty and its perfume” (Land of Israel, p.
492).]
239 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 596.]
240 (return)
[ Walpole, Ansayrii,
iii. 298.]
241 (return)
[ Tristram, pp. 16, 28,
&c.; Robinson, Biblical Researches, iii. 438.]
242 (return)
[ The “terraced vineyards
of Esfia” on Carmel are noted by Canon Tristram (Land of Israel, p.
492). Walpole speaks of vineyards on Bargylus (Ansaryii, iii. 165).
The vine-clad slopes of the Lebanon attract notice from all Eastern
travellers.]
243 (return)
[ Quoted by Dr. Hooker,
in Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible, ii. 684, 685.]
244 (return)
[ Deut. xxxiii. 24.]
245 (return)
[ Tristram, Land of
Israel, pp. 7, 16, 17; Walpole, Ansayrii, iii. 147, 177.]
246 (return)
[ Tristram, p. 492;
Stanley, Sinai and Palestine, p. 347.]
247 (return)
[ Hooker, in Smith’s Dictionary
of the Bible, ii. 685.]
248 (return)
[ Tristram, pp. 622, 633;
Walpole, Ansayrii, iii. 446; Robinson, Later Researches, p.
607.]
249 (return)
[ Tristram, pp. 17, 38;
Walpole, Ansayrii, iii. 32, 294, 373.]
250 (return)
[ Robinson, Bibl.
Researches, iii. 419, 431, 438, &c.]
251 (return)
[ Tristram, Land of
Israel, p. 28.]
252 (return)
[ Hasselquist, Reise,
p. 188.]
253 (return)
[ Ansayrii, i.
66.]
254 (return)
[ Tristram, l.s.c.]
255 (return)
[ Hooker, in Dictionary
of the Bible, ii. 685.]
256 (return)
[ Reise, l.s.c.]
257 (return)
[ Mémoires, i.
332.]
258 (return)
[ Tristram, Land of
Israel, p. 493.]
259 (return)
[ Tristram, Land of
Israel, p. 82.]
260 (return)
[ Renan, Mission de
Phénicie, p. 59; Hooker, in Dictionary of the Bible, ii. 687;
Tristram, Land of Israel, p. 493.]
261 (return)
[ Tristram, Land of
Israel, l.s.c.]
262 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 82.]
263 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 596. Compare
Walpole’s Ansayrii, iii. 443.]
264 (return)
[ Tristram, Land of
Israel, p. 102.]
265 (return)
[ Tristram, Land of
Israel, pp. 61, 599.]
266 (return)
[ Ibid. pp. 38, 626,
&c. Dr. Robinson notices the cultivation of the potato high up in
Lebanon; but he observed it only in two places (Later Researches,
pp. 586, 596).]
267 (return)
[ It can scarcely be
doubted that Phoenicia contained anciently two other land animals of
considerable importance, viz. the lion and the deer. Lions, which were
common in the hills of Palestine (1 Sam. xvii. 34; 1 Kings xiii. 24; xx.
36; 2 Kings xvii. 25, 26) and frequented also the Philistine plain (Judg.
xiv. 5), would certainly not have neglected the lowland of Sharon, which
was in all respects suited for their habits. Deer, which still inhabit
Galilee (Tristram, Land of the Israel, pp. 418, 447), are likely,
before the forests of Lebanon were so greatly curtailed, to have occupied
most portions of it (See Cant. ii. 9, 17; viii. 14). To these two Canon
Tristram would add the crocodile (Land of Israel, p. 103), which he
thinks must have been found in the Zerka for that river to have been
called “the Crocodile River” by the Greeks, and which he is inclined to
regard as still a denizen of the Zerka marshes. But most critics have
supposed that the animal from which the Zerka got its ancient name was
rather some large species of monitor.]
268 (return)
[ Kenrick, Phoenicia,
p. 36.]
269 (return)
[ See his article on
Lebanon in Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible, ii. 87.]
270 (return)
[ Land of Israel,
p. 447.]
271 (return)
[ Houghton, in Smith’s Dict.
of the Bible, ad voc. BEAR, iii. xxv.]
272 (return)
[ Dict. of the Bible,
ii. 87.]
273 (return)
[ Land of Israel,
p. 116. Compare Porter’s Giant Cities of Bashan, p. 236.]
274 (return)
[ Cant. iv. 8; Is. xi. 6;
Jer. v. 6; xiii. 23; Hos. xiii. 7; Hab. i. 8.]
275 (return)
[ Land of Israel,
l.s.c.]
276 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 83.]
277 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 115.]
278 (return)
[ Walpole’s Ansayrii,
iii. 23.]
279 (return)
[ Houghton, in Smith’s Dict.
of the Bible, ad voc. CONEY (iii. xliii.); Tristram, Land of Israel,
pp. 62, 84, 89.]
280 (return)
[ Tristram, Land of
Israel, p. 106.]
281 (return)
[ Ibid. pp. 88, 89.]
282 (return)
[ Tristram, Land of
Israel, p. 83.]
283 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 55.]
284 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 103. Compare
Walpole, Ansayrii, iii. 34, 188, and Lortet, La Syrie
d’aujourd’hui, pp. 58, 61.]
285 (return)
[ Hist. Nat. ix.
36.]
286 (return)
[ Kenrick, Phoenicia,
p. 239. There are representations of the Buccunum in Forbes and Hanley’s
British Mollusks, vol. iv. pl. cii. Nos. 1, 2, 3.]
287 (return)
[ Kenrick, p. 239.]
288 (return)
[ Tristram, Land of
Israel, p. 51.]
289 (return)
[ Wilksinson, in
Rawlinson’s Herodotus, ii. 347, note 2.]
290 (return)
[ Canon Tristram writs:
“Among the rubbish thrown out in the excavations made at Tyre were
numerous fragments of glass, and whole ‘kitchen middens’ of shells,
crushed and broken, the owners of which had once supplied the famous
Tyrian purple dye. All these shells were of one species, the Murex
brandaris” (Land of Israel, p. 51).]
291 (return)
[ Porter, in Dict. of
the Bible, ii. 87.]
292 (return)
[ Kenrick, Phoenicia,
p. 37.]
293 (return)
[ Tristram, p. 634.]
294 (return)
[ Grove, in Dict. of
the Bible, i. 279.]
III—THE PEOPLE—ORIGIN AND CHARACTERISTICS
31 (return)
[ Histoire des Languages
Sémitiques, p. 22.]
32 (return)
[ Rhet. iii. 8.]
33 (return)
[ Deutsch, Literary
Remains, p. 160.]
34 (return)
[ Renan, Hist. des
Langues Sémitiques, pp. 5, 14.]
35 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 16.]
36 (return)
[ Deutsch, Literary
Remains, p. 305.]
37 (return)
[ Ibid.]
38 (return)
[ Ancient Monarchies,
i. 275; Deutsch, p. 306.]
39 (return)
[ Herod. i. 2; vii. 89.]
310 (return)
[ Strab. xvi. 3, § 4.]
311 (return)
[ Hist. Philipp.
xviii. 3, § 2.]
312 (return)
[ Ancient Monarchies,
i. 14.]
313 (return)
[ Renan, Histoire des
Langues Sémitiques, p. 183.]
314 (return)
[ Deutsch, Literary
Remains, pp. 162, 163.]
315 (return)
[ Herod. vi. 47:—{’Oros
mega anestrammenon en te zetesei}.]
316 (return)
[ On this imaginary
“monsters,” see Herod. vi. 44.]
317 (return)
[ Ibid. iv. 42.]
318 (return)
[ Herod. vii. 85.]
319 (return)
[ Ibid. ii. 112.]
320 (return)
[ 1 Kings xi. 1.]
321 (return)
[ Ibid. xvi. 31.]
322 (return)
[ Ezra iii. 7.]
323 (return)
[ Is. xxiii. 15-18.]
324 (return)
[ Mark vii. 26-30.]
325 (return)
[ Acts xii. 20.]
326 (return)
[ Herod. iv. 196.]
327 (return)
[ Herod, i. 1:—{Perseon
oi Lagioi}.]
328 (return)
[ Ibid. ii. 190.]
329 (return)
[ Ibid. ii. 4, 99, 142.]
330 (return)
[ Ibid. i. 1; iv. 42; vi.
47; vii. 23, 44, 96.]
331 (return)
[ As they do of being
indebted to the Babylonians and the Egyptians for astronomical and
philosophic knowledge.]
332 (return)
[ Deutsch, Literary
Remains, p. 163.]
333 (return)
[ Ibid.]
334 (return)
[ Compare the
representation of Egyptian ships in Dümichen’s Voyage d’une Reine
Egyptienne (date about B.C. 1400) with the far later Phoenician
triremes depicted by Sennacherib (Layard, Monuments of Nineveh,
second series, pl. 71).]
335 (return)
[ Renan, Mission de
Phénicie, pp. 100, 101.]
336 (return)
[ The Cypriot physiognomy
is peculiar. (See Di Cesnola’s Cyprus, pp. 123, 129, 131, 132, 133,
141, &c.)]
337 (return)
[ Herod. vii. 90.]
338 (return)
[ Kenrick, Phoenicia,
p. 68, note 3.]
41 (return)
[ The nearest approach to
such a period is the time a little preceding Nebuchadnezzar’s siege, when
Sidon, Byblus, and Aradus all appear as subject to Tyre (Ezek. xxvii.
8-11).]
42 (return)
[ 1 Kings xvii. 9-24.]
43 (return)
[ 1 Macc. xv. 37.]
44 (return)
[ Gen. x. 15.]
45 (return)
[ Josh. xix. 29.]
46 (return)
[ Ibid. verse 28.]
47 (return)
[ See Hom. Il. vii.
290; xxiii. 743; Od. iv. 618; xiv. 272, 285; xvi. 117, 402, 424.]
48 (return)
[ Hist. Philipp.
xviii. 3, § 2.]
49 (return)
[ Kenrick, Phoenicia,
p. 460.]
410 (return)
[ Steph, Byz. ad voc.]
411 (return)
[ Renan, Mission de
Phénicie, pl. lxvii.]
412 (return)
[ Scylax, Periplus,
§ 104. This work belongs to the time of Philip, Alexander’s father.]
413 (return)
[ See Renan, Mission
de Phénicie, pl. lxii.]
414 (return)
[ The inscription on the
sarcophagus of Esmunazar. (See Records of the Past, ix. 111-114,
and the Corp. Inscr. Semit., i. 13-20.)]
415 (return)
[ The name “Palæ-Tyrus”
is first found in Strabo (xvi. 2, § 24).]
416 (return)
[ Kenrick, Phoenicia,
p. 347.]
417 (return)
[ Plin. H. N. v.
17.]
418 (return)
[ Renan (Mission de
Phénicie, p. 552) gives the area as 576,508 square metres.]
419 (return)
[ Arrian, Exp. Alex.
ii. 21.]
420 (return)
[ Renan, Mission de
Phénicie, p. 560.]
421 (return)
[ So Bertou (Topographie
de Tyr, p. 14), and Kenrick (Phoenicia, p. 352).]
422 (return)
[ Renan, Mission de
Phénicie, p. 560.]
423 (return)
[ Kenrick, Phoenicia,
p. 351.]