7111 (return)
[ Herod. vii. 61.]
7112 (return)
[ Di Cesnola, Cyprus,
pl. xxxv. fig. a.]
7113 (return)
[ Herod. v. 113.]
7114 (return)
[ That of Canon Spano.
(See Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 655, note 1.)]
7115 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez,
iii. 656, 657, Nos. 466, 467, 468.]
7116 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez,
iii. p. 655.]
7117 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 656, Nos.
464, 465.]
7118 (return)
[ See the author’s History
of Ancient Egypt, ii. 47, 54, 70.]
7119 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez,
iii. 657, 658, Nos. 471-476.]
7120 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez,
iii. 655:—“La couleur parait y avoir été employée d’une manière
discrète; elle servait à faire ressortir certains détails.”]
7121 (return)
[ Ross, Reisen auf
den griechischen Inseln, iv. 100.]
7122 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez,
iii. 666:—“On obtenait ainsi un ensemble qui, malgré la rapidité du
travail, ne manquait pas de gaieté, d’harmonie et d’agrément.”]
7123 (return)
[ See Di Cesnola, Cyprus,
pp. 65, 71, 91, 181, &c.; and Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 686, 691, 699,
&c.]
7124 (return)
[ Cyprus, pl.
xxix. (p. 333).]
7125 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez,
iii. 704.]
VIII—INDUSTRIAL ART AND MANUFACTURES
81 (return)
[ Ezek. xxvii. 18.]
82 (return)
[ Ibid. xxvii. 21.]
83 (return)
[ See Herod. ii. 182, and
compare the note of Sir G. Wilkinson on that passage in Rawlinson’s Herodotus,
ii. 272.]
84 (return)
[ Kenrick, Phoenicia,
p. 246.]
85 (return)
[ Ibid.]
86 (return)
[ Hom. Il. vi. 289;
Od. xv. 417; Æsch. Suppl. ll. 279-284; Lucan, Phars.
x. 142, &c.]
87 (return)
[ Ex. xxvi. 36, xxviii.
39.]
88 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, Histoire
de l’Art, iii. 877.]
89 (return)
[ Smyth, Mediterranean
Sea, pp. 205-207.]
810 (return)
[ Tristram, Land of
Israel, p. 51.]
811 (return)
[ Lortet, La Syrie
d’aujourd’hui, p. 103.]
812 (return)
[ See Phil.
Transactions, xv. 1,280.]
813 (return)
[ Wilksinson, in
Rawlinson’s Herodotus, ii. 347.]
814 (return)
[ Kenrick, Phoenicia,
p. 258.]
815 (return)
[ See Jul. Pollux, Onomasticon,
i. 4, § 45.]
816 (return)
[ This is the case with
almost all the refuse shells found in the “kitchen middens” (as they have
been called) on the Syrian coast. See Lortet, La Syrie d’aujourd’hui,
p. 103).]
817 (return)
[ See Réaumur, quoted by
Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 256.]
818 (return)
[ Plin. H. N. ix.
38.]
819 (return)
[ See Grimaud de Caux’s
paper in the Revue de Zoologie for 1856, p. 34; and compare Lortet,
La Syrie d’aujourd’hui, p. 102.]
820 (return)
[ Ibid.]
821 (return)
[ Lortet, La Syrie
d’aujourd’hui, p. 127.]
822 (return)
[ Plin. H. N.
xxxii. 22.]
823 (return)
[ Ibid. ix. 37-39.]
824 (return)
[ For the tints
producible, see a paper by M. Lacaze-Duthiers, in the Annales des
Sciences Naturelles for 1859, Zoologie, 4me. série, xii. 1-84.]
825 (return)
[ Plin. H. N. ix.
41.]
826 (return)
[ Ibid. ix. 39:—“Cornelius
Nepos, qui divi Augusti principatu obiit. Me, inquit, juvene violacea
purpura vigebat, cujus libra denariis centum venibat.”]
827 (return)
[ Kenrick, Phoenicia,
p. 242. Compare Pliny, H. N. ix. 38:—“Laus summa in colore
sanguinis concreti.”]
828 (return)
[ Hist. Nat.
xxxvi. 65.]
829 (return)
[ Wilkinson, in
Rawlinson’s Herodotus, ii. 82. Similar representations occur in
tombs near the Pyramids.]
830 (return)
[ Wilksinson, Manners
and Customs, iii. 88.]
831 (return)
[ Herod. ii. 86-88.]
832 (return)
[ Plin. H. N. v
19; xxxvi. 26, &c.]
833 (return)
[ Lortet, La Syrie
d’aujourd’hui, p. 113.]
834 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 127.]
835 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, Hist.
de l’Art, iii. 735, note 2.]
836 (return)
[ Plin. H. N.
xxxvi. 26.]
837 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, iii.
739.]
838 (return)
[ See Perrot et Chipiez,
Histoire de l’Art, iii. 734-744.]
839 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, Histore
de l’Art, iii. pl. viii. No. 2 (opp. p. 740).]
840 (return)
[ Ibid. pl. vii. No. 1
(opp. p. 734).]
841 (return)
[ Herod. ii. 44.]
842 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, Hist.
de l’Art, iii. 745, and pl. x.]
843 (return)
[ Ibid.]
844 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, iii.
746, No. 534.]
845 (return)
[ Ibid. pp. 739, 740.]
846 (return)
[ See Perrot et Chipiez,
Histoire de l’Art, iii. 740, 741.]
847 (return)
[ The British Museum has
a mould which was found at Camirus, intended to give shape to glass
earrings. It is of a hard greenish stone, apparently a sort of breccia.]
848 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, iii.
745.]
849 (return)
[ Strabo, iii. 5, § 11.]
850 (return)
[ Scylax, Periplus,
§ 112.]
851 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, Histoire
de l’Art, iii. 669. (Compare Renan Mission de Phénicie, pl.
xxi.)]
852 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, iii.
670. The vase is figured on p. 670, No. 478.]
853 (return)
[ Di Cesnola, Cyprus,
p. 68. Compare Perrot et Chipiez, Hist. de l’Art, iii. 671, No.
479.]
854 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez,
l.s.c.]
855 (return)
[ Di Cesnola, Cyprus,
appendix, p. 408.]
856 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, iii.
685, No. 485.]
857 (return)
[ Di Cesnola, Cyprus,
p. 102. Compare Perrot et Chipiez, Hist. de l’Art, iii. 675, No.
483.]
858 (return)
[ So Di Cesnola, Cyprus,
p. 332, and Mr. Murray, of the British Museum, ibid., appendix, pp. 401,
402.]
859 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, Hist.
de l’Art, iii. 693-695.]
860 (return)
[ Di Cesnola, Cyprus,
pp. 394, 402, and pl. xlii. fig. 4.]
861 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, Hist.
de l’Art, iii. 698.]
862 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 676, No. 484;
p. 691, No. 496; and p. 697, No. 505.]
863 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 730.]
864 (return)
[ Di Cesnola, Cyprus,
p. 282, and pl. xxx.]
865 (return)
[ Ibid.]
866 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, Hist.
de l’Art, iii. 866-868. Compare Di Cesnola, Cyprus, pl. x.]
867 (return)
[ Di Cesnola, Cyprus,
pp. 335, 336, and pls. iv. and xxx.; Perrot et Chipiez, Hist. de l’Art,
iii. 831, 862, 863, &c.]
868 (return)
[ Di Cesnola, l.s.c.;
Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 864.]
869 (return)
[ Di Cesnola, Cyprus,
pl. xx.]
870 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, iv.
15, 66-68, 70; Cesnola, Cyprus, p. 203.]
871 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, iii.
870, 871.]
872 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 867, No. 633.]
873 (return)
[ Ibid. iv. 94.]
874 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, iv.
94, No. 91.]
875 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 67, No. 53.]
876 (return)
[ Ibid. iii. 862, No.
629.]
877 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, iii.
p. 863.]
878 (return)
[ De Cesnola, Cyprus,
p. 336.]
879 (return)
[ See Perrot et Chipiez,
iii. 133, Nos. 80, 81.]
880 (return)
[ Di Cesnola, p. 335.]
881 (return)
[ See Ezek. xxvii. 12;
Strab. iii. 2, § 8.]
882 (return)
[ Plutarch, Vit. Alex.
Magni, § 32.]
883 (return)
[ Ceccaldi, Monumens
Antiques de Cyprus, p. 138; Di Cesnola, Cyprus, p. 282; Perrot
et Chipiez, Hist. de l’Art, iii. 874.]
884 (return)
[ Plutarch, Vit.
Demetrii, § 21.]
885 (return)
[ Hom. Il. xi.
19-28.]
886 (return)
[ 2 Chron. ii. 14. Iron,
in the shape of nails and rings, has been found in several graves in
Phoenicia Proper, where the coffin seems to have been of wood (Renan, Mission
de Phénicie, p. 866).]
887 (return)
[ Strab. iii. 5, § 11.]
888 (return)
[ Ezek. xxvii. 12.]
889 (return)
[ See Perrot et Chipiez,
Hist. de l’Art, iv. 80.]
890 (return)
[ Ibid. iii. 815, No.
568.]
891 (return)
[ Renan, Mission de
Phénicie, p. 427, and pl. lx. fig. 1; Perrot et Chipiez, Hist. de
l’Art, iii. 177, No. 123.]
IX—SHIPS, NAVIGATION, AND COMMERCE
91 (return)
[ Plin. H. N. vii.
56.]
92 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, Hist.
de l’Art, iii. 517, No. 352.]
93 (return)
[ Layard, Nineveh and
its Remains, ii. 383.]
94 (return)
[ Compare the practice of
the Egyptians (Rosellini, Monumenti Storici, pl. cxxxi.)]
95 (return)
[ See Mionnet, Déscript.
de Médailles, vol. vii. pl. lxi. fig. 1; Gesenius, Ling.
Scripturæque Phoen. Monumenta, pl. 36, fig. G; Layard, Nineveh and
its Remains, ii. 378.]
96 (return)
[ Layard, Monuments of
Nineveh, first series, pl. 71; Nineveh and its Remains, l.s.c.]
97 (return)
[ So Perrot et Chipiez, Hist.
de l’Art, iii. 34.]
98 (return)
[ See Di Cesnola, Cyprus,
pl. xlv.]
99 (return)
[ Herod. iii. 136.]
910 (return)
[ In later times there
must have been more sails than one, since Xenophon describes a Phoenician
merchant ship as sailing by means of a quantity of rigging, which implies
several sails (Xen. OEconom. § 8).]
911 (return)
[ Scylax. Periplus,
§ 112.]
912 (return)
[ Thucyd. i. 13.]
913 (return)
[ Herod. l.s.c.]
914 (return)
[ See Herod. vii. 89-94.]
915 (return)
[ Ibid. vii. 44.]
916 (return)
[ Ibid. vii. 100.]
917 (return)
[ Xen. OEconom. §
8, pp. 11-16 (Ed. Schneider).]
918 (return)
[ Herodotus (iii. 37)
says they were at the prow of the ship; but Suidas (ad voc.) and Hesychius
(ad voc.) place them at the stern. Perhaps there was no fixed rule.]
919 (return)
[ The {pataikoi} of the
Greeks probably representes the Hebrew {...}, which is from {...},
“insculpere,” and is applied in Scripture to “carved work” of any kind.
(See 1 Kings vi. 29; Ps. lxxiv. 6; &c.) Some, however, derive the word
from the Egyptian name Phthah, or Ptah. (See Kenrick, Phoenicia, p.
235.)]
920 (return)
[ Manilius, i. 304-308.]
921 (return)
[ Strab. Geograph.
xv.]
922 (return)
[ Tarshish (Tartessus)
was on the Atlantic coast, outside the Straits.]
923 (return)
[ Ezek. xxvii.]
924 (return)
[ Signified by one of its
chief cities, Haran (now Harran).]
925 (return)
[ Signified by “the house
of Togarmarh” (verse 14).]
926 (return)
[ Ionia, Cyprus, and
Hellas are the Greek correspondents of Javan, Chittim, and Elishah,
Chittim representing Citium, the capital of Cyprus.]
927 (return)
[ Spain is intended by
“Tarshish” (verse 12) == Tartessus, which was a name given by the
Phoenicians to the tract upon the lower Bætis (Guadalquivir).]
928 (return)
[ See the Speaker’s
Commentary, ad loc.]
929 (return)
[ Strab. xv. 3, § 22.]
930 (return)
[ Minnith appears as an
Ammonite city in the history of Jephthah (Judg. xi. 33).]
931 (return)
[ Herod. ii. 37, 182;
iii. 47.]
932 (return)
[ See Rawlinson’s Herodotus,
ii. 157; History of Ancient Egypt, i. 509; Rosellini, Mon.
Civili, pls. 107-109.]
933 (return)
[ See Herod. iii. 107; History
of Ancient Egypt, ii. 222-224.]
934 (return)
[ That these were Arabian
products appears from Herod. iii. 111, 112. They may be included in the
“chief of all spices,” which Tyre obtained from the merchants of Sheba and
Raamah (Ezek. xxvii. 22).]
935 (return)
[ Arabia has no ebony
trees, and can never have produced elephants.]
936 (return)
[ See Ezek. xxvii. 23,
24. Canneh and Chilmad were probably Babylonian towns.]
937 (return)
[ Upper Mesopotamia is
indicated by one of its chief cities, Haran (Ezek. xxvii. 23).]
938 (return)
[ Ezek. xxvii. 6. Many
objects in ivory have been found in Cyprus.]
939 (return)
[ Ibid. verse 7. The Murex
brandaris is still abundant on the coast of Attica, and off the island
of Salamis (Perrot et Chipiez, Hist. de l’Art, iii. 881).]
940 (return)
[ Strab. iii. 2, § 8-12;
Diod. Sic. v. 36; Plin. H. N. iii. 3.]
941 (return)
[ See Gen. xxxvii. 28.]
942 (return)
[ Isaiah xxi. 13.]
943 (return)
[ Ibid. lx. 6.]
944 (return)
[ Ibid. verses 6, 7.]
945 (return)
[ Heeren, Asiatic
Nations, ii. 93, 100, 101.]
946 (return)
[ 1 Kings v. 11; 2 Chr.
ii. 10.]
947 (return)
[ Ezek. xxvii. 17.]
948 (return)
[ Ezra iii. 7.]
949 (return)
[ Acts xii. 20.]
950 (return)
[ 2 Chron. l.s.c.; Ezra
l.s.c.; Ezek. xxvii. 6, 17.]
951 (return)
[ Ezek. l.s.c.]
952 (return)
[ Gen. xxxvii. 28.]
953 (return)
[ Strab. xvi. 2, § 41.]
954 (return)
[ Ezek. xxvii. 18.]
955 (return)
[ Strab. xv. 3, § 22.]
956 (return)
[ So Heeren (As. Nat.
ii. 118). But there is a Helbon a little to the north of Damascus, which
is more probably intended.]
957 (return)
[ Ibid.]
958 (return)
[ See Amos, iii. 12,
where some translate “the children of Israel that dwell in Samaria in the
corner of a bed, and upon a damask couch.”]
959 (return)
[ Ezek. xxvii. 16.]
960 (return)
[ The Hebrew terms for
Syria {...} and Edom {...} are constantly confounded by the copyists, and
we must generally look to the context to determine which is the true
reading.]
961 (return)
[ Herod. i. 1.]
962 (return)
[ Ibid. ii. 112.]
963 (return)
[ Ch. xxvii. 7.]
964 (return)
[ Egyptian pottery,
scarabs, seals, figures of gods, and amulets, are common on most
Phoenician sites. The Sidonian sarcophagi, including that of Esmunazar,
are of an Egyptian stone.]
965 (return)
[ Herod. iii. 5, 6.]
966 (return)
[ Ibid. iii. 107; Strab.
xvi. 4, § 19; Diod. Sic. ii. 49.]
967 (return)
[ Theophrast. Hist.
Plant. ix. 4.]
968 (return)
[ Wilkinson, in the
author’s Herodotus, iii. 497, note 6; Heeren, As. Nat. ii.
95.]
969 (return)
[ Is. lx. 7; Her. xlix.
29.]
970 (return)
[ Ezek. xxvii. 21.]
971 (return)
[ Ezek. xxvii. 20.]
972 (return)
[ Ex. xxvi. 7; xxxvi.
14.]
973 (return)
[ Ezek. xxvii. 15,
19-22.]
974 (return)
[ See Heeren, Asiatic
Nations, ii. 96.]
975 (return)
[ Ibid. pp. 99, 100.]
976 (return)
[ Gerrha, Sanaa, and
Mariaba were flourishing towns in Strabo’s time, and probably during
several centuries earlier.]
977 (return)
[ Ezek. xxvii. 23, 24.]
978 (return)
[ Herod. i. 1.]
979 (return)
[ See Di Cesnola, Cyprus,
pls. xxxi.-xxxiii.; A. Di Cesnola, Salaminia, ch. xii.; Perrot et
Chipiez, Hist. de l’Art, iii. 636-639.]
980 (return)
[ Layard, Monuments of
Nineveh, 2nd series, pls. 57-67; Nineveh and Babylon, pp.
183-187.]
981 (return)
[ Ezek. xxvii. 23.]
982 (return)
[ So Heeren translates (As.
Nat. ii. 123).]
983 (return)
[ Ezek. xxvii. 14.]
984 (return)
[ Strab. xi. 14, § 9:—{’Estin
ippobotos sphodra e khora}.]
985 (return)
[ Ibid.]
986 (return)
[ 1 Kings i. 33; Esth.
viii. 10, 14.]
987 (return)
[ Ezek. xxvii. 13.]
988 (return)
[ Xen. Anab. iv.
1, § 6.]
989 (return)
[ Hom. Od. xv.
415-484; Herod. i. 1.]
990 (return)
[ Joel iii. 6.]
991 (return)
[ Ezek. xxvii. 13.]
992 (return)
[ Herod. v. 5.]
993 (return)
[ Herod. ii. 32.]
994 (return)
[ Ibid. iv. 183.]
995 (return)
[ Ibid.]
996 (return)
[ Ibid. iv. 181-184.
Compare Heeren, African Nations, ii. pp. 202-235.]
997 (return)
[ No doubt some of these
may have been imparted by the Cyprians themselves, and others introduced
by the Egyptians when they held Cyprus; but they are too numerous to be
accounted for sufficiently unless by a continuous Phoenician importation.]
998 (return)
[ Especially Etruria,
which was advanced in civilisation and the arts, while Rome was barely
emerging from barbarism.]
999 (return)
[ 2 Chron. ii. 14.]
9100 (return)
[ Dennis, Cities and
Cemeteries of Etruria, ii. 204, 514; Gerhard, Etruskische Spiegel,
passim.]
9101 (return)
[ Schliemann, Mycenæ,
Pls. 357-519.]
9102 (return)
[ Ezek. xxvii. 12;
Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 16; &c.]
9103 (return)
[ Strabo, iii. 5, §
11.]
9104 (return)
[ Ibid. In Roman times
the pigs of tin were brought to the Isle of Wight by the natives, thence
transported across the Channel, and conveyed through Gaul to the mouth of
the Rhône (Diod. Sic. v. 22).]
9105 (return)
[ Heeren, Asiatic
Nations, ii. 80.]
9106 (return)
[ Hom. Od. xv.
460. Some doubt, however, if amber is here intended.]
9107 (return)
[ Scylax, Periplus,
§ 112.]
9108 (return)
[ Herod. iv. 196.]
9109 (return)
[ These forests (spoken
of by Diodorus, v. 19) have now to a great extent been cleared away,
though some patches still remain, especially in the more western islands
of the group. The most remarkable of the trees is the Pinus canariensis.]
9110 (return)
[ Pliny, H. N.
vi. 32, sub fin.]
9111 (return)
[ Pliny, l.s.c. The
breed is now extinct.]
9112 (return)
[ The savagery of the
ancient inhabitants of the mainland is strongly marked in the narrative of
Hanno (Periplus, passim).]
9113 (return)
[ As Heeren (As.
Nat. ii. 71, 75, 239).]
9114 (return)
[ Ezek. xxvii. 15, 20,
23.]
9115 (return)
[ See 1 Kings x. 22; 2
Chr. ix. 21.]
9116 (return)
[ 1 Kings ix. 26, 27.]
9117 (return)
[ Ibid. x. 11; 2 Chr.
ix. 10.]
9118 (return)
[ Gen. x. 29. Compare
Twistleton, in Dr. Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible, vol. ii. ad
voc. OPHIR.]
9119 (return)
[ Ps. lxxii. 15; Ezek.
xxvii. 22; Strab. xvi. 4, § 18; Diod. Sic. ii. 50.]
9120 (return)
[ Ezel. l.s.c.; Strab.
xvi. 4, § 20.]
9121 (return)
[ There are no
sufficient data for determining what tree is intended by the almug or
algum tree. The theory which identifies it with the “sandal-wood” of India
has respectable authority in its favour, but cannot rise beyond the rank
of a conjecture.]
9122 (return)
[ If Scylax of Cadyanda
could sail, in the reign of Darius Hystaspis, from the mouth of the Indus
to the Gulf of Suez (Herod. iv. 44), there could have been no great
difficulty in the Phoenicians accomplishing the same voyage in the
opposite direction some centuries earlier.]
101 (return)
[ Diod. Sic. v. 35, § 2.]