102 (return)
[ Brugsch, History of
Egypt, i. 65; Birch, Ancient Egypt, p. 65.]
103 (return)
[ Deut. viii. 7-9.]
104 (return)
[ Plin. H. N.
xxxiv. 2:—“In Cypro proma æris inventio.” The story went, that
Cinryas, the Paphian king, who gave Agamemnon his breastplate of steel,
gold, and tin (Hom. Il. xii. 25), invented the manufacture of
copper, and also invented the tongs, the hammer, the lever, and the anvil
(Plin. H. N. vii. 56, § 195).]
105 (return)
[ Strab. xiv. 6, § 5;
Steph. Byz. ad voc. {Tamasos}.]
106 (return)
[ See the Dictionary
of Gk. and Rom. Geography, i. 729.]
107 (return)
[ Ross, Inselnreise,
iv. 157, 161.]
108 (return)
[ Plin. H. N.
l.s.c.]
109 (return)
[ Herod. vi. 47.]
1010 (return)
[ Plin. H. N.
vi. 56; Strab. xiv. 5, § 28.]
1011 (return)
[ See the description
of Thasos in the Géographie Universelle, i. 142.]
1012 (return)
[ Herod. vii. 112;
Aristot. De Ausc. Mir. § 42; Thuc. iv. 105; Diod. Sic. xvi. 8; App.
Bell. Civ. iv. 105; Justin, viii. 3; Plin. H. N. vii. 56,
&c.]
1013 (return)
[ Col. Leake speaks of
one silver mine as still being worked (Northern Greece, iii.
161).]
1014 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, Hist.
de l’Art, iv. 99.]
1015 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 100, note.]
1016 (return)
[ Plin. H. N.
xxxiii. 4, § 21.]
1017 (return)
[ Ibid. xxxiii. 4, §
23.]
1018 (return)
[ Diod. Sic. v. 35, §
1.]
1019 (return)
[ Plin. H. N.
xxxiii. 6, § 31.]
1020 (return)
[ Ibid. § 96.]
1021 (return)
[ Strab. iii. 2, § 8;
Diod. Sic. v. 36, § 2.]
1022 (return)
[ Ap. Strab. iii. 2, §
9. Compare Diod. Sic. v. 38, § 4.]
1023 (return)
[ Strab. l.s.c.]
1024 (return)
[ Plin. H. N.
xxxiv. 16, § 156.]
1025 (return)
[ Plin. H. N.
xxxiv. 16, § 158 and § 165.]
1026 (return)
[ Polyb. xxxiv. 5, §
11; Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 16, § 158.]
1027 (return)
[ Plin. xxxiv. 18, §
173.]
1028 (return)
[ Ibid. § 159.]
1029 (return)
[ Ibid. xxxiv. 17, §
164.]
1030 (return)
[ Quicksilver is still
among the products of the Spanish mines, where its presence is noted by
Pliny (H. N. xxxiii. 6, § 99).]
1031 (return)
[ Diod. Sic. v. 36, §
2.]
1032 (return)
[ Ibid. {Kai plagias
kai skolias diaduseis poikilos metallourgountes}.]
1033 (return)
[ Pliny says “flint,”
but this can scarcely have been the material. (See Plin. H. N.
xxxiii. 4, § 71.)]
1034 (return)
[ Ibid. § 70.]
1035 (return)
[ Ibid. § 73.]
1036 (return)
[ Diod. Sic. v. 37, §
3.]
1037 (return)
[ Diod. Sic. v. 37, §
3. Compare Strab. iii. 2, § 9.]
1038 (return)
[ Plin. H. N.
xxxiii. 4, § 69.]
1039 (return)
[ Ibid.]
1040 (return)
[ Kenrick, Phoenicia,
p. 263.]
1041 (return)
[ Diod. Soc. v. 38, §
1.]
1042 (return)
[ Kenrick thinks that
the Carthaginians “introduced the practice of working the mines by slave
labour” (Phoenicia, l.s.c.); but to me the probability appears to
be the other way.]
1043 (return)
[ See Wilkinson, in the
author’s Herodotus, ii. 504.]
1044 (return)
[ Herod. iii. 96.]
0111 (return)
[ Renan, Histoire
des Langues Sémitiques, p. 5.]
0112 (return)
[ Ithobal, father of
Jezebel, was High Priest of Ashtoreth (Menand. Ephes. Fr. 1). Amastarte,
the mother of Esmunazar II. (Records of the Past, ix. 113) was
priestess of the same deity.]
0113 (return)
[ As figures of
Melkarth, or Esmun, or dedications to Baal, as lord of the particular city
issuing it.]
0114 (return)
[ Herod. iii. 37.]
0115 (return)
[ For the fragments of
the work which remain, see the Fragmenta Historicum Græcorum of C.
Müller, iii. 561-571. Its value has been much disputed, but seems to the
present writer only slight.]
0116 (return)
[ Compare Max Müller,
Science of Religion, p. 177 et seqq.]
0117 (return)
[ Gen. xiv. 18-22.]
0118 (return)
[ Philo Bybl. Fr. 1, §
5.]
0119 (return)
[ Records of the
Past, iv. 109, 113.]
1110 (return)
[ Gen. vi. 5.]
1111 (return)
[ Ps. cxxxix. 2.]
1112 (return)
[ Max Müller, Chips
from a German Workshop, i. 28.]
1113 (return)
[ Philo Bybl. Fr. 1, §
5. Compare the Corpus Ins. Semit. vol. i. p. 29.]
1114 (return)
[ See Renan, Mission
de Phénicie, pl. xxxii.; Gesenius, Linguæ Scripturæque Phoeniciæ
Monumenta, Tab. xxi.]
1115 (return)
[ 2 Kings xxiii. 5.
Compare verse 11.]
1116 (return)
[ Gesenius, Monumenta
Phoenicia, p. 96.]
1117 (return)
[ Ibid. pp. 276-278.]
1118 (return)
[ See Döllinger’s Judenthum
und Heidenthum, i. 425; E. T.]
1119 (return)
[ Döllinger, Judenthum
und Heidenthum, i. 425, E. T. Compare Gesenius, Mon. Phoen.
Tab. xxiii.]
1120 (return)
[ Herod. ii. 44; Perrot
et Chipiez, Hist. de l’Art, iii. 77.]
1121 (return)
[ Judg. ii. 11; iii. 7;
x. 6, &c.]
1122 (return)
[ 2 Kings i. 2.]
1123 (return)
[ Strab. iii. 5, § 5.]
1124 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, Hist.
de l’Art, iv. 113.]
1125 (return)
[ 2 Kings iii. 2.]
1126 (return)
[ See the
representation in Perrot et Chipiez, Hist. de l’Art, iii. 73.]
1127 (return)
[ Döllinger, Judenthum
und Heidenthum, i. 427.]
1128 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez,
iii. 77.]
1129 (return)
[ Gen. xiv. 5.]
1130 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez,
iii. 419, 450, 555, &c.]
1131 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 554.]
1132 (return)
[ Curtius, in the Archäologische
Zeitung for 1869, p. 63.]
1133 (return)
[ Kenrick, Phoenicia,
p. 303.]
1134 (return)
[ Menand. Ephes. Fr.
1.]
1135 (return)
[ See Philo Bybl. Fe.
ii. 8, § 14; {’Ilon ton kai Kronon}. Damascius ap. Phot. Bibl. p.
1050.]
1136 (return)
[ Philo. Bybl. Fr. ii.
8, § 17.]
1137 (return)
[ Diod. Sic. xx. 14.]
1138 (return)
[ Philo Bybl. Fr. ii.
8, § 25.]
1139 (return)
[ Ibid. Fr. iv.]
1140 (return)
[ Ibid. Fr. ii. 8, §
14-19.]
1141 (return)
[ Karth or Kartha,
is probably the root of Carthage, Carthagena, Carteia, &c., as Kiriath
is of Kiriathaim, Kiriath-arba, Kiriath-arim, &c.]
1142 (return)
[ Melicertes is the son
of Demaroüs and the grandson of Uranus; Baal-samin is a god who stands
alone, “without father, without mother, without descent.”]
1143 (return)
[ See Perrot et
Chipiez, Hist. de l’Art, iii. 567, 577, 578; Gesenius, Mon.
Phoen. Tab. xxxvii. I.]
1144 (return)
[ Herod. ii. 44.]
1145 (return)
[ Ibid.]
1146 (return)
[ Strab. iii. 5, §
4-6.]
1147 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, Hist.
de l’Art, iii. 575.]
1148 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 574.]
1149 (return)
[ Strab. iii. 5, § 5.]
1150 (return)
[ Sil. Ital. iii.
18-20.]
1151 (return)
[ Ibid. iii. 21-27.]
1152 (return)
[ 1 Sam. v. 2-5; 1 Mac.
x. 18.]
1153 (return)
[ Philo Bybl. Fr. ii.
8, § 14.]
1154 (return)
[ Ibid. § 20.]
1155 (return)
[ Layard, Ninev. and
Bab. p. 343; Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 323.]
1156 (return)
[ See 2 Sam. viii. 3,
and 1 Kings xv. 18, where the names Hadad-ezer and Ben-hadad suggest at
any rate the worship of Hadad.]
1157 (return)
[ Macrob. Saturnalia,
i. 23.]
1158 (return)
[ So Macrobius, l.s.c.
Compare the representations of the Egyptian Sun-God, Aten, in the
sculpures of Amenhotep IV. (See the Story of Egypt, in G. Putnam’s
Series, p. 225.)]
1159 (return)
[ The h in
“Hadad” is he ({...}), but in chad it is heth
({...}). The derivation also leaves the reduplication of the
1160 (return)
[ Philo Bybl. Fr. ii.
24, § 1.]
1161 (return)
[ Zech. xii. 11.]
1162 (return)
[ 1 Kings i. 18; 2
Kings v. 18.]
1163 (return)
[ Kenrick, Phoenicia,
p. 311.]
1164 (return)
[ Ezek. viii. 14.]
1165 (return)
[ The Adonis myth is
most completely set forth by the Pseudo-Lucian, De Dea Syra, §
6-8.]
1166 (return)
[ Philo Bybl. Fr. ii.
8, § 11.]
1167 (return)
[ Ibid.]
1168 (return)
[ “King of
Righteousness” and “Lord of Righteousness” are the interpretations usually
given; but “Zedek is my King” and “Zedek is my Lord” would be at least
equally admissible.]
1169 (return)
[ Berytus was under the
protection of the Cabeiri generally (Philo Bybl. ii. 8, § 25) and of Esmun
in particular. Kenrick says that he had a temple there (Phoenicia,
p. 327).]
1170 (return)
[ Cyprian inscriptions
contain the names of Bar-Esmun, Abd-Esmun, and Esmun-nathan; Sidonian ones
those of two Esmun-azars. Esmun’s temple at Carthage was celebrated
(Strab. xvii. 14; Appian, viii. 130). His worship in Sardinia is shown by
votive offerings (Perrot et Chipiez, Hist. de l’Art, iii. 308).]
1171 (return)
[ Ap. Phot. Bibliothec.
Cod. ccxlii. p. 1074.]
1172 (return)
[ Pausan. viii. 23.]
1173 (return)
[ The name Astresmunim,
“herb of Esmun,” given by Dioscorides (iv. 71) to the solanum,
which was regarded as having medicinal qualities, is the nearest approach
to a proof that the Phoenicians themselves connected Esmun with the
healing art.]
1174 (return)
[ Philo Bybl. Fr. ii.
8, § 11.]
1175 (return)
[ Herod. ii. 51;
Kenrick, Egypt, Appendix, pp. 264-287.]
1176 (return)
[ Philo Bybl. l.s.c.]
1177 (return)
[ Herod. iii. 37;
Suidas ad voc. {pataikos}; Hesych. ad voc. {Kabeiroi}.]
1178 (return)
[ Strab. x. 3, § 7.]
1179 (return)
[ Gen. ix. 22; x. 6.
Compare the author’s Herodotus, iv. 239-241.]
1180 (return)
[ Herod. iii. 37.]
1181 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, Hist.
de l’Art, iii. 65, 78, &c.]
1182 (return)
[ Gesenius, Mon.
Phoen. Tab. xxxix.]
1183 (return)
[ Berger, La
Phénicie, p. 24; Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 70.]
1184 (return)
[ Pausan. ix. 12;
Nonnus, Dionysiac. v. 70; Steph. Byz. ad voc. {’Ogkaiai}; Hesych.
ad voc. {’Ogka}; Scholiast. ad Pind. Ol. ii. &c.]
1185 (return)
[ As Stephen and
Hesychius.]
1186 (return)
[ Philo Bybl. Fr. ii. §
24.]
1187 (return)
[ The “Oncæan” gate at
Thebes is said to have taken its name from her.]
1188 (return)
[ Gesen. Mon. Phoen.
p. 113.]
1189 (return)
[ Ibid. pp. 168-177.]
1190 (return)
[ Prosper, Op.
iii. 38; Augustine, De Civ. Dei, ii. 3.]
1191 (return)
[ Gesen. Mon. Ph.
Tab. ix.]
1192 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 168.]
1193 (return)
[ Apul. Metamorph.
xi. 257.]
1194 (return)
[ Gesen. Mon. Ph.
Tab. xvi.]
1195 (return)
[ Ibid. pp. 115-118.]
1196 (return)
[ See the author’s History
of Ancient Egypt, i. 400.]
1197 (return)
[ See the Fragments of
Philo Bybl. Fr. ii. 8, § 19.]
1198 (return)
[ Ibid. § 25.]
1199 (return)
[ See Sir H.
Rawlinson’s Essay on the Religion of the Babylonians and Assyrians,
in the author’s Herodotus, i. 658.]
11100 (return)
[ So Gesenius, Mon.
Phoen. p. 402; Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 301, and others.]
11101 (return)
[ There seems also to
have been a tendency to increase the number of the gods by additions, of
which the foreign origin is, at any rate, “not proven.” Among the deities
brought into notice by the later Phoenicians are—1. Zephon, an
equivalent of the Egyptian Typhon, but probably a god of Phoenician origin
(Ex. xiv. 2); 2. Sad or Tsad, sometimes apparently called Tsadam; 3. Sakon
or Askun, a name which forms perhaps the first element in Sanchon-iathon
(= Sakon-yithan); 4. Elat, a goddess, a female form of El, perhaps
equivalent to the Arabian Alitta (Herod. i. 131) or Alilat (ibid. iii. 8);
5. ‘Aziz, a god who was perhaps common to the Phoenicians with the
Syrians, since Azizus is said to have been “the Syrian Mars;” and 6. Pa’am
{...}, a god otherwise unknown. (See the Corpus Inscr. Semit. i.
122, 129, 132, 133, 144, 161, 197, 333, 404, &c.)]
11102 (return)
[ Gesenius, Mon.
Phoen. pp. 96, 110, &c.; Corpus Ins. Semit. Fasc. ii. pp.
154, 155.]
11103 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 99 and
Tab. xl. A.]
11104 (return)
[ Steph. Byz. ad voc.
{’Amathous}.]
11105 (return)
[ Lucian, De Dea
Syra, § 7.]
11106 (return)
[ Plut. De Is. et
Osir. § 15, 16; Steph. Byz. l.s.c.; Gesen. Mon. Phoen. pp. 96,
110.]
11107 (return)
[ Gesen. Mon.
Phoen. Tab. xxi.]
11108 (return)
[ Ibid. pp. 168, 174,
175, 177.]
11109 (return)
[ Ibid. Tab. xxi.]
11110 (return)
[ Ibid. pp. 197, 202,
205.]
11111 (return)
[ Ibid. Tab. xxi. and
Tab. xxiii.]
11112 (return)
[ Lucian, De Dea
Syria, § 54.]
11113 (return)
[ Clermont-Ganneau,
in the Journal Asiatique, Série vii. vol. xi. 232, 444.]
11114 (return)
[ Lucian, § 42.]
11115 (return)
[ Ibid. Compare the
450 prophets of Baal at Samaria (1 Kings xviii. 19).]
11116 (return)
[ Lucian, l.s.c.]
11117 (return)
[ Ibid. Lucian’s
direct testimony is conined to Hierapolis, but his whole account seems to
imply the closest possible connection between the Syrian and Phoenician
religious usages.]
11118 (return)
[ Lucian, § 49.]
11119 (return)
[ Lucian, § 50:
{’Aeidousi enthea kai ira asmata}.]
11120 (return)
[ Gesenius, Scripturæ
Linguæque Phoeniciæ Monumenta, Tab. 6, 9, 10, &c.; Corp. Ins.
Semit. Tab. ix. 52; xxii. 116, 117; xxiii. 115 A, &c.]
11121 (return)
[ Gesen. Tab. 15, 16,
17, 21, &c.; Corp. Ins. Semit. Tab. xliii. 187, 240; liv. 352,
365, 367, 369, &c.]
11122 (return)
[ Revue
Archéologique, 2me Série, xxxvii. 323.]
11123 (return)
[ Jarchi on Jerem.
vii. 31.]
11124 (return)
[ Diod. Sic. xx. 14.]
11125 (return)
[ 2 Kings iii. 27;
xvi. 3; xxi. 6; Micah vi. 7.]
11126 (return)
[ Plutarch, De
Superstitione, § 13.]
11127 (return)
[ Döllinger, Judenthum
und Heidenthum, i. 427, E. T.]
11128 (return)
[ Judenthum und
Heidenthum, book vi. § 4 (i. 428, 429 of N. Darnell’s translation).]
11129 (return)
[ Herod. i. 199;
Strab. xvi. 1058; Baruch vi. 43.]
11130 (return)
[ De Dea Syra,
§ 6.]
11131 (return)
[ Judenthum und
Heidenthum, l.s.c. p. 429; Engl. Trans.]
11132 (return)
[ Euseb. Vit.
Constantin. Magni, iii. 55, § 3.]
11133 (return)
[ See 1 Kings xiv.
24; xv. 12; xxii. 46; 2 Kings xxiii. 7.]
11134 (return)
[ Lucian, De Dea
Syra, § 50-52; Corp. Ins. Semit. vol. i. Fasc. 1, p. 92; Liv.
xxix. 10, 14; xxxvi. 36; Juv. vi. 512; Ov. Fast. iv. 237; Mart. Ep.
iii. 31; xi. 74; Plin. H. N. v. 32; xi. 49; xxxv. 13; Propert. ii.
18, l. 15; Herodian, § 11.]
11135 (return)
[ Lucian, § 51.]
11136 (return)
[ Ibid. § 50.]
11137 (return)
[ Döllinger, Judenthum
und Heidenthum (i. 431; Engl. Tr.). Compare Senec. De Vita Beata,
§ 27; Lact. § 121.]
11138 (return)
[ Liban. Opera,
xi. 456, 555; cxi. 333.]
11139 (return)
[ Compare Perrot et
Chipiez, Histoire de l’Art, iii. 210, 232, 233, 236; Di Cesnola, Cyprus,
pp. 66, 67, &c. In the anthropoeid sarcophagi, a hole is generally
bored from the cavity of the ear right through the entire thickness of the
stone, in order, apparently, that the corpse might hear the prayers
addressed to it (Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 139).]
11140 (return)
[ One of Esmunazar’s
curses on those who should disturb his remains is a prayer that they may
not be “held in honour among the Manes” (Corps. Ins. Semit. vol. i.
Fasc. 1, p. 9). A funereal inscription translated by Gesenius (Mon.
Phoen. p. 147) ends with the words, “After rain the sun shines
forth.”]
11141 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez,
iii. 139.]
11142 (return)
[ Job iii. 11-19.]
11143 (return)
[ The compilers of
the Corpus Ins. Smit. edit 256 of these, and then stop, fearing to
weary the reader (i. 449).]
11144 (return)
[ Di Cesnola, Cyprus,
p. 325.]
11145 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 146.]
11146 (return)
[ Di Cesnola, Cyprus,
pp. 306-334.]
XII—DRESS, ORNAMENTS, AND SOCIAL HABITS
0121 (return)
[ See also Di Cesnola,
Cyprus, p. 233; Perrot et Chipiez, Hist. de l’Art, iii. 405,
447, 515, &c.]
0122 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez,
iii. 428, 527, 531, 533, 534, &c.]
0123 (return)
[ Ibid. pp. 527, 545;
Di Cesnola, Cyprus, p. 145.]
0124 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, p.
538.]
0125 (return)
[ Ibid. pp. 539, 547;
Di Cesnola, pp. 143, 145, 149, 151, &c.]
0126 (return)
[ Di Cesnola, pp. 141,
145, 149, 151, 153, 240, 344.]
0127 (return)
[ Ibid. pp. 141, 143,
149; Perrot et Chipiez, pp. 511, 513, 531, &c.]
0128 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez,
pp. 519, 523, &c.]
0129 (return)
[ Ibid. pp. 531, 533;
Di Cesnola, pp. 129, 131, &c.]
1210 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez,
pp. 527, 533, 539; Di Cesnola, pp. 129, 145, 154.]
1211 (return)
[ Di Cesnola, p. 306.]
1212 (return)
[ Ibid. Pls. xlvi. and
xlvii.; Perrot et Chipiez, pp. 205, 643, 837.]
1213 (return)
[ Di Cesnola, p. 132.]
1214 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez,
pp. 64, 450, 555, 557; Di Cesnola, Pls vi. and xv.; also p. 275.]
1215 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez, Hist.
de l’Art, iii. 431.]
1216 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez,
pp. 202, 451, 554.]
1217 (return)
[ Ibid. pp. 473, 549;
Di Cesnola, Cyprus, p. 230.]
1218 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez,
iii. 549.]
1219 (return)
[ Ibid. pp. 189, 549,
565.]
1220 (return)
[ Di Cesnola, Cyprus,
141, 190, 230.]
1221 (return)
[ Ibid. pp. 141, 191.]
1222 (return)
[ Ibid. p. 141.]
1223 (return)
[ Is. iii. 18-23.]
1224 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez,
pp. 257, 450, 542, 563, 824.]
1225 (return)
[ Di Cesnola, Cyprus,
pl. xxiii.; Perrot et Chipiez, Histoire de l’Art, iii. 819, A.]
1226 (return)
[ Di Cesnola, pl.
xxii.; Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 819, B.]
1227 (return)
[ Di Cesnola, p. 315.]
1228 (return)
[ See plate x. in
Perrot et Chipiez, iii. opp. p. 824.]
1229 (return)
[ Ibid. pp. 826, 827.]
1230 (return)
[ Compare Di Cesnola,
pl. xxv.; Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 826.]
1231 (return)
[ Perrot et Chipiez,
iii. 826.]
1232 (return)
[ Di Cesnola, Cyprus,
p. 311.]
1233 (return)
[ Ibid. Compare Perrot
et Chipiez, p. 832.]
1234 (return)
[ These bracelets are
in Paris, in the collection of M. de Clercq (Perrot et Chipiez, iii.
832).]
1235 (return)
[ Ibid.]
1236 (return)
[ This bracelet is in
silver, but the head of the lion has been gilded. It is now in the British
Museum.]