1 Roosevelt's The Winning of the West, a stirring recital with chief stress thrown upon the militant characteristics of the frontiersmen, is open to grave criticism because of failure to give adequate account of social and economic tendencies, the development of democracy, and the evolution of government under the pressure of frontier conditions.
2 Johnson MSS., xii, No. 127.
3 Journal of a Tour in Unsettled Parts of North America in 1796 and 1797, 217.
4 Turner: "Significance of the Frontier in American History," American Historical Association Report, 1893.
5 Hugh Williamson: History of North Carolina (1812), ii, 71-2.
6 Virginia Historical Magazine, xiii, 133; William and Mary Quarterly, ix, 132.
7 Virginia Historical Magazine, op. cit. Cf. also West Virginia Historical Magazine, April, 1903.
8 Bernheim: The German Element and the Lutheran Church in the Carolinas.
9 For this and other Moravian diaries, see Virginia Historical Magazine, vols xi and xii.
10 Original diary in German in Archives of the Moravian Church, Winston-Salem, N. C. Cf. Mereness, Travels in the American Colonies 1690-1783, 327-356.
11 Cf. original minutes of Abington and Gwynedd Monthly Meetings, Pa.
12 MS. History of Bryan family, compiled by Col. W. L. Bryan, Boone, N. C.
13 Ely: The Finleys of Bucks (Publications, Bucks County Historical Society); also "Historic Associations of Neshaminy Valley," Daily Intelligencer (Reading, Pa.), July 29, 1913. See also Wisconsin State Historical Society, Draper MSS., 2 B 161.
14 "The Creative Forces in Westward Expansion," American Historical Review, xx, 1.
15 North Carolina Colonial Records, vii, 100-101.
16 Magazine of American History, November, 1881.
17 Foote: Sketches of North Carolina, xiii.
18 Howe: History of the Presbyterian Church in South Carolina.
19 Virginia Historical Magazine, xiii, 127-8-9.
20 Draper: MS. Life of Boone; Draper Collection, Wisconsin State Historical Society.
21 Rowan County Records, Salisbury, N. C.
22 Rumple: History of Rowan County.
23 Logan: History of Upper South Carolina.
24 "Diary of Bishop Spangenberg" (1752), North Carolina Colonial Records, v.
25 Sheets: History of Liberty Baptist Association.
26 Moravian Community Diary, preserved at Winston-Salem, N. C.
27 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 6.
28 J. F. D. Smyth: A Tour in the United States of America (London: 1784), vol. 1. Chapter xxiii.
29 Unpublished MS.: "In the Olden Time."
30 Margry: Navigation of the Mississippi, iv, 322.
31 Raunié: Chansonnier historique du xviiie siècle, iii, 132-3. This translation is by Barbara Henderson.
32 J. Haywood: Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee (1823), 223.
33 Byrd: History of the Dividing Line.
34 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 25.
35 D. D. Wallace: The Life of Henry Laurens, Appendix iv.
36 See also Hewit in Carroll's Collections, i, 435. Fort Prince George was located in the fork of the Six Mile Creek and Keowee River, in the southwestern part of Pickens County, and was completed probably by the end of 1753 (South Carolina Gazette, December 17, 1753).
37 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 140.
38 Cited in Channing, History of the United States, ii, 5-73 n.
39 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 333, 357.
40 Moravian Community Diary.
41 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 849.
42 Virginia Historical Magazine, xiii, 225-264. North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 560, 617.
43 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 579.
44 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 641, 742, 849. Cf. also Hunter: Sketches of Western North Carolina, 325.
45 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 604, 639.
46 Virginia Historical Magazine, xiii, 263; North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 606, 609, 613.
47 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 585, 612-4, 635, 637.
48 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 610; Cf. Timberlake's "A Draught of the Cherokee Country" in Avery's History of the United States, iv, facing p. 347; Ramsey, History of Tennessee, 57.
49 Summers: Southwest Virginia, 57-60.
50 Virginia Historical Magazine, xv, 254-7; Waddell, Augusta County (second edition), 115-6, 150-1.
51 North Carolina Colonial Records, v, 606-8.
52 Summers: Southwest Virginia, 60-1.
53 Williamson: History of North Carolina, ii, 37, footnote.
54 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 563; xi, map facing p. 80, and p. 227.
55 North Carolina Colonial Records, v. Introduction, pp. xxx-xxxi.
56 Carroll's Collections, i, 433; ii, 519-20; Draper's MS. Life of Boone, iii, 65-6.
57 Sparks: Washington, ii, 322.
58 Journal: "Concerning a March that Capt. Robt. Wade took to the New River," in Summers, Southwest Virginia. 62-66.
59 Carroll's Collections, i, 443-4.
60 South Carolina Gazette, May 12, 1759.
61 South Carolina Gazette, July 14, 1759.
62 South Carolina Gazette, Aug. 4, Sept. 22, 1759.
63 North Carolina Colonial Records, vi, 221.
64 Draper: MS. Life of Boone, iii, 75.
65 North Carolina Colonial Records, vi, 229-230.
66 For a full account of the part which Fort Dobbs played in this Indian warfare see the monograph, Fort Dobbs, by Mrs. M. H. Eliason.
67 Maryland Gazette, May 8, 1760; Haywood: Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee, 239-40; North Carolina Colonial Records, xxii, 822.
68 "Notes on the Indians and the Early Settlers of Western North Carolina," Collections of the North Carolina Historical Commission. Printed in Papers of A. D. Murphy, ii, 380 et seq.
69 Maryland Gazette, May 8, 1760.
70 South Carolina Gazette, Dec. 23, 1760; Feb. 28, April 11, 1761.
71 North Carolina Colonial Records, vi, 622.
72 J. S. Johnston: The First Explorations of Kentucky. Filson Club Publications, No. 13.
73 William and Mary College Quarterly, xii, 129-134; Young: Genealogical Narrative of the Hart Family (1882); Nash: "History of Orange County," North Carolina Booklet; Henderson: "A Federalist of the Old School," North Carolina Booklet.
74 North Carolina Colonial Records, ix, 349.
75 Turner: "The Old West," Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings, 1908.
76 Cf. "Memoir of Pleasant Henderson," Draper MSS. 2CC21-23; W. H. Battle: "A Memoir of Leonard Henderson," North Carolina University Magazine, Nov., 1859; T. B. Kingsbury: "Chief Justice Leonard Henderson," Wake Forest Student, November, 1898.
77 "The Life and Times of Richard Henderson," in the Charlotte Observer, March 9 to June 1, 1913; Draper's MS. Life of Boone; Morehead's Address at Boonesborough, 105 n.
78 C. W. Alvord: "The Genesis of the Proclamation of 1763," Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, xxxvi.
79 Sparks: Works of Franklin (1844), iii, 69-77.
80 J. M. Peck to L. C. Draper, May 15, 1854.
81 Washington to Crawford, September 21, 1767, in Sparks: Life and Writings of Washington, ii, 346-50.
82 Haywood: Civil and Political History of Tennessee (1823), 35.
83 Ramsey: Annals of Tennessee (1853), 69-70.
84 Ramsey: Annals of Tennessee, 69.
85 Cf. C. W. Alvord: "The British Ministry and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix," Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings, 1908.
86 North Carolina Colonial Records, vii, 851-855. For Tryon's line, ibid., 245, 460, 470, 508.
87 Johnson to Gage, December 16, 1768.
88 Jefferson MSS. Department of state. Cf. also Weeks: General Joseph Martin.
89 Hanna: The Wilderness Trail, ii, 216, 230, 255; Darlington: Journals of Gist, 131.
90 "Narrative of General William Hall," Draper MSS., Wisconsin State Historical Society.
91 Draper: MS. Life of Boone, viii, 238.
92 Summers: Southwest Virginia, 76.
93 Papers of A. D. Murphy, ii, 386.
94 Pennsylvania Journal, October 29, 1769.
95 Compare "John Finley; and Kentucky before Boone," being chapter seven in volume two of C. A. Hanna's The Wilderness Trail (1911).
96 J. W. Monette: History of the Discovery and Settlement of the Valley of the Mississippi (1846), ii, 53.
97 Court Records of Rowan County.
98 Cf. "The Pioneers of the West" in Missouri Republican (1847). Cf. also Putnam: Middle Tennessee, 20.
99 J. M. Peck to L. C. Draper, May 15, 1854.
100 Missouri Republican (1847).
101 A Memorial to the Legislature of Kentucky (1812).
102 Deposition Book No. 1, p. 156, Clark County Court, Kentucky.
103 Cf. "Daniel Boone and the Wilderness Trail," Bristol (Tennessee-Virginia) Herald Courier, Boone Trail Edition, April, 1917.
104 Hall: The Romance of Western History (1857), 150-1, 158-9.
105 North Carolina Colonial Records, vii, 713.
106 Martin: History of North Carolina, ii, 191.
107 "The Origin of the Regulation in North Carolina," American Historical Review, xxi, No. 2.
108 North Carolina Colonial Records, vii, 14-31, 32-4, 37.
109 Raleigh (N. C.) Register, June 2, 1825.
110 Cf. Tryon's Journal, North Carolina Colonial Records, vii, 819-838.
111 Tryon to Hillsborough, December 24, 1768.
112 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 231-4.
113 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 241-244.
114 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 241-244.
115 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 236-240.
116 Cf. J. S. Bassett: "The Regulators of North Carolina (1765-1771)", American Historical Association Report for 1894.
117 North Carolina Colonial Records, x, 1019-1022; Caruthers: Life of Caldwell, 145-158.
118 North Carolina Colonial Records, vi, 250.
119 Alderman: "The Baptists at the Forks of the Yadkin," in Baptist Historical Papers.
120 North Carolina Colonial Records, viii, 70-80.
121 The discovery of an immense quantity of contemporary documents, since Roosevelt's The Winning of the West was written, betrays the numerous inaccuracies of that fascinating work, as well as the imperfect perspective in the picture of the westward expansionist movement. Mr. Roosevelt's virile apotheosis of the strenuous pioneer seems today almost as old-fashioned in its method and outlook as is Draper's work on King's Mountain.
122 Bancroft Transcripts, Library of Congress.
123 Purefoy: History of Sandy Creek Baptist Association (1859).
124 Cf. "Pioneer Contributions of North Carolina to Kentucky," Charlotte (N. C.) Observer, November 10, 1913.
125 Summers: Southwest Virginia, 616-8.
126 North Carolina Colonial Records, xiv, 314. Cf. Farrand: "The Indian Boundary Line," American Historical Review, x.
127 Dunmore to Hillsborough, March, 1772. Cf. also Draper, MS. Life of Boone, Draper MSS., 3 B 87, 88.
128 North Carolina Colonial Records, x, 885-6.
129 Moses Fisk: "A Summary Notice of the First Settlements made by White People within the Limits which Bound the State of Tennessee," in Massachusetts Historical Collections, 1st series (1816).
130 Dunmore to Dartmouth, May 16, 1774.
131 North Carolina Colonial Records, ix, 825-6, 982. MS. Copy in Minutes of Council, Public Record Office, Colonial Office, 5:355.
132 Haywood: Civil and Political History of Tennessee (1823), 40.
133 Butler: History of Kentucky (1836), p. lxvii, note. Also Draper MSS., 2 CC 34.
134 Wharton: Plain Facts (1781), 9.
135 Alvord: The Illinois-Wabash Land Company Manuscript.
136 A copy of the opinion, bearing this date, is in the Henderson papers, Draper collection, Wisconsin Historical Society.
137 Extended investigation establishes beyond question that Judge Henderson was proceeding in strict accordance with law in seeking to acquire title by purchase from the Cherokees instead of applying to the royal government for a grant. When Virginia's sea-to-sea charter was abrogated in 1624, Virginia became a royal province and the settlement of boundaries a royal prerogative. Of the three presumed Indian claimants to the trans-Alleghany region, viz., the Iroquois, Shawanoes, and Cherokees, the Iroquois by defeating the Shawanoes and their confederates in the Ohio Valley at the battle of Sandy Island in 1672 acquired title, as understood by the Indians, to this region. By the treaties of Lancaster (1744), Loggstown (1752), and Fort Stanwix (1768), the claims of the Shawanoes and the Iroquois to the trans-Alleghany territory were ceded to the crown. While the Shawanoes and the Cherokees acquiesced in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, the crown fully acknowledged the claim of the Cherokees to the trans-Alleghany region; and by the treaties of Hard Labor (1768) and Lochaber (1770) confirmed them in possession of this region to the west of the boundary line (See Chapter XII). The sovereignty of England extended over this territory, the right of eminent domain being vested in the crown. Henderson was legally justified in disregarding the royal proclamation of 1763 which was largely in the nature of a temporary expedient, and in purchasing the title to the trans-Alleghany region from the Cherokees in 1775. The right of eminent domain over the trans-Alleghany region still vested in the crown after the treaty of Sycamore Shoals.
138 MS. Journals of James and Robert McAfee. Durrett Collection, University of Chicago. These journals are printed in Woods-McAfee Memorial.
139 Hening: Virginia Statutes at Large, x, 558.
140 Wharton: Plain Facts, 96 et seq. See also text ff.
141 Alvord: The Mississippi Valley in British Politics, ii, ch. 7; Cotterill: History of Pioneer Kentucky, 65-66.
142 T. Wharton to Walpole, September 23, 1774, in "Letter Book of Thomas Wharton," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, xxxiii (October, 1909).
143 For ample materials, cf. Thwaites and Kellogg: Documentary History of Dunmore's War—1774.
144 Cf. "The Inauguration of Westward Expansion," News and Observer (Raleigh, N. C.) July 5, 1914.
145 Letter of Major Pleasant Henderson, in The Harbinger (Chapel Hill, N. C), 1834.
146 Cf. "The Beginnings of Westward Expansion," North Carolina Review, September and October, 1910.
147 Draper MSS. 1 CC 2-9, Wisconsin State Historical Society.
148 Jefferson MSS. 5th Series, v. 8. In MSS. Division, Library of Congress.
149 Draper MSS. 1 CC 2-9.
150 Diary of Morgan Brown in Tennessee Historical Magazine.
151 Enclosure 6 in Dunmore to Dartmouth, No. 25, March 14, 1775, Public Record Office, Colonial Office, 5:1353.
152 North Carolina Colonial Records, ix, 1117, 1129-1131.
153 Draper MSS. 4 QQ 1.
154 Virginia Historical Magazine, viii, 355. Cf. also Draper MSS. 2 CC 5.
155 Letters to Washington, MSS. Division, Library of Congress.
156 I am indebted to Miss Lucretia Hart Clay for the privilege of examining the extensive collection of Hart and Benton MSS. in her possession.
157 The voluminous records of the treaty are found in the Jefferson MSS., vol. 5. MSS. Division, Library of Congress.
158 "Narrative of Felix Walker," Original MS. owned by C. L. Walker.
159 Hulbert: Boone's Road.
160 Original of Henderson's Journal is in Draper MSS., 1 CC 21-130 A. D.
161 Hall: Sketches of the West, i, 254-5.
162 This quotation is taken from the original manuscript. The version in De Bow's Review, 1854, is imperfect. For better printed versions of Walker's two accounts, see Memoirs of Felix Walker, New Orleans (1877), and Journal of American History, i, No. 1 (1907).
163 Original journal of William Calk, owned by Mrs. Price Calk.
164 Letters to Washington, MSS. Division, Library of Congress.
165 North Carolina Gazette.
166 Draper MSS., 1 CC 160-194, deposition of Arthur Campbell.
167 Draper MSS., 1 CC 160-194, deposition of Arthur Campbell.
168 Draper Collection, Kentucky MSS., ii. For a contrary view, cf. P. Henry's deposition, Kentucky MSS., i.
169 Published in Virginia Gazette, March 23, 1775. Cf. "Forerunners of the Republic", Neale's Monthly, January-June, 1913.
170 Draper MSS., 4 QQ 17.
171 Letters to George Washington, MSS. Division, Library of Congress.
172 Draper MSS., 1 L 20.
173 Henderson and Luttrell to the Proprietors, July 18, 1775; printed in Louisville News-Letter, May 9, 1840.
174 Nathaniel Henderson to John Williams, October 5, 1775. Copy supplied by heirs of B. J. Lossing.
175 "The Struggle for the Fourteenth American Colony," News and Observer (Raleigh, N. C.), May 19, 1918.
176 In connection with Transylvania, consult G. W. Ranck: Boonesborough: Filson Club Publications, No. 16; F. J. Turner: "State Making in the Revolutionary Era", American Historical Review, i; G. H. Alden: "New Governments West of the Alleghanies before 1780."
177 In a "Proposal for the Sale of its Lands" (Virginia Gazette, Sept. 30, 1775), the Transylvania Company offered to any settlers before June 1, 1776, land, limited in amount, at the rate of fifty shillings sterling per hundred acres, subject to an annual quit-rent of two shillings. Cf. facsimile.
178 Draper MSS., 2 CC 25.
179 These increased rates were voted at a meeting of the Proprietors of Transylvania at Oxford, N. C., September 25, 1775. American Archives, iv.
180 Draper MSS., 47 J 1. This memoir has often been printed.
181 Cf. for example, Mason to Washington, March 9, 1775, in Letters to Washington, MSS. Division, Library of Congress.
182 Letter of date May 19, 1776. Draper MSS., 33 S 292-295.
183 Original in Virginia State Archives.
184 Original in Virginia State Archives. This and the aforementioned petition are printed in the Virginia Historical Magazine, xvi, 157-163. See also J. R. Robertson: Petitions of the Early Inhabitants of Kentucky, Filson Club Publications, No. 27.
185 Cf. "Richard Henderson and the Occupation of Kentucky, 1775," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, December, 1914. Also A. B. Hulbert: Pilots of the Republic.
186 Original in North Carolina State Archives. Printed in Ramsey: Annals of Tennessee (1853), 134-138.
187 Haldimand MSS.
188 Original in Draper MSS. Collections. It has recently been printed in Colonial Men and Times (1915), by Lillie Du P. Van C. Harper.
189 Haywood: Civil and Political History of Tennessee, (1823), Appendix, 500-503.
190 Journal Virginia House of Delegates, Nov. 4-17, 1778.
191 Hening: Statutes at Large, ix, 571. Cf. also Starling: History of Henderson County, Kentucky.
192 Cf. Sioussat: "The Journal of Daniel Smith," Tennessee Historical Magazine, March, 1915.
193 The original journal is in the archives of the Tennessee State Historical Society.
194 N. Hart, Jr., to Wilkins Tannehill, April 27, 1839, in Louisville News-Letter, May 23, 1840.
195 The original document is preserved in the archives of the Tennessee Historical Society. It is printed, with a number of minor inaccuracies, in Putnam: Middle Tennessee, 94-102.
196 Acts of North Carolina, 1783, ch. xxxviii, North Carolina State Records, xxiv, 530-531.
197 For a more extended treatment of the subjects dealt with in the present chapter, see "Richard Henderson, the Authorship of the Cumberland Compact, and the Founding of Nashville," Tennessee Historical Magazine, September, 1916.
198 "Isaac Shelby, Revolutionary Patriot and Border Hero," in North Carolina Booklet, xvi, No. 3, 109-144.
199 While Draper's King's Mountain and its Heroes is most valuable as a source book, it is very faulty in style and arrangement. The account of the battle, in particular, is deficient in perspective; and in general no clear line is drawn between traditionary and authentic testimony.
200 F. B. McDowell: The Battle of King's Mountain (Raleigh, 1907). This account was prepared chiefly from unpublished letters from Isaac Shelby to Franklin Brevard.
201 A Sketch of the Life and Career of Colonel James D. Williams, by Rev. J. D. Bailey (Cowpens, S. C., 1898).
202 A valuable source is the King's Mountain Expedition, by David Vance and Robert Henry, edited by D. L. Schenck (Greensboro, 1891).
203 Cf. Acts of North Carolina, 1784, April Session, Chapters XI and XII.
204 Sioussat: "The North Carolina Cession of 1784 in its Federal Aspects," Mississippi Valley Historical Association Proceedings, ii.
205 Quoted in Alden: "The State of Franklin," American Historical Review, viii.
206 See Charlotte (N. C.) Observer, September 25, 1904. Also consult North Carolina State Records, xxii, 664 ff.
207 State Archives of North Carolina.
208 Pennsylvania Packet, August 9, 1785.
209 State Department MSS., Library of Congress.
210 A single complete draft, in pamphlet form, printed in 1786, is preserved in the archives of the Tennessee Historical Society. Cf. "The Provisional Constitution of Frankland," American Historical Magazine, i.
211 Franklin Papers, vii, folio 1651. MSS. Division, Library of Congress.
212 Franklin Papers, viii, folio 1803. MSS. Division, Library of Congress.
213 For a more extended treatment of matters dealt with in this chapter, compare "The Spanish Conspiracy in Tennessee," Tennessee Historical Magazine, December, 1917.
214 Gardoqui to Floridablanca, April 18, 1788.
215 On April 30th Miró wrote to Valdez, in Spain, informing him of the proposals received through McGillivray and stating that he had returned conciliatory replies but had refrained from committing the Spanish Government until the pleasure of the king should be known.
216 W. W. Henry: Life, Correspondence and Speeches of Patrick Henry, iii, 409, 412-5.
217 Archives of the Indies, Seville, Spain.
218 Ramsey: Annals of Tennessee (1853), 502-3.
For the entire period (1740-1790) covered by this volume, an exceptionally rich store of materials is to be found in the Colonial Records of North Carolina, 1662-1775 (published 1886-1890), and its continuation, the State Records of North Carolina, 1776-1790 (published 1895-1905), thirty volumes in all, including the four volumes of index. The introductions and supplementary matter in these volumes constitute a survey of the period. Theodore Roosevelt's The Winning of the West (1889-1896; various editions), a vigorous and stirring narrative, over-accentuates the strenuous life, largely underemphasises economic and governmental phases, and is by no means free from error.
For the Scotch-Irish migrations one should read C. A. Hanna, The Scotch-Irish (2 vols., 1902), a large collection of original materials, imperfectly coördinated; and the excellent historical sketch by H. J. Ford, The Scotch-Irish in America (1905). For the German migrations, adequate and readable accounts are A. B. Faust, The German Element in the United States (2 vols., 1909); J. H. Clewell, History of Wachovia in North Carolina (1902); J. W. Wayland, The German Element of the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia (1907); and G. D. Bernheim, History of the German Settlements and of the Lutheran Church in North and South Carolina (1872).
The best original sources for the life of the people in this period are: the State Archives of North Carolina at Raleigh, scientifically ordered and accessible to collectors; the Lyman C. Draper Collection at Madison, Wisconsin; the Reuben T. Durrett Collection at the University of Chicago; the State Archives of South Carolina, especially rich in collections of contemporary newspapers; the collections of the North Carolina Historical Society at Chapel Hill; and the Archives of the Moravian Church, in Pennsylvania and at Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The State Archives of Virginia, an unexplored mine of great riches, are as yet inaccessible, properly speaking, to investigators. The state of Tennessee has not yet made any provision for the conservation of historical materials; but the Tennessee Historical Society has preserved much valuable documentary material.
Books shedding light, from various quarters, upon the life of the people in this period are: W. H. Foote, Sketches of North Carolina, Historical and Biographical (1846; reprinted 1913), dealing almost exclusively with the Presbyterian Church and the Scotch-Irish; J. F. D. Smyth, A Tour in the United States of America (2 vols., 1784), untrustworthy as to historical events and partisan as to politics, but graphic in description of the people and the country; William Bartram, Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida (1791), delightful in its simplicity and genial tone; William Byrd, History of the Dividing Line and other writings (J. S. Bassett's edition, 1901), of sprightly style and instinct with literary charm, pungently satirical, untrustworthy as to North Carolina; Joseph Doddridge, Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars &c. (1824; reprinted 1912), photographic in its realistic delineation of backwoods conditions; J. H. Logan, History of Upper South Carolina (1859); J. Rumple, Rowan County (1881; reprinted 1916); Biographical History of North Carolina (8 volumes printed, 1905-); S. Dunbar, A History of Travel in America(4 vols., 1915), first volume; Travels in the American Colonies, 1690-1783 (Edited by N. D. Mereness, 1916); and O. Taylor, Historic Sullivan (1909).
Many valuable articles, of both local and national interest, are found in the excellent periodical publications: James Sprunt Historical Monographs and Publications (16 vols., 1900-), published by the University of North Carolina; North Carolina Booklet (18 vols., 1901-), published by the N. C. Society, D. A. R.; Virginia Magazine of History and Biography (27 vols., 1893-); American Historical Magazine (8 vols., 1896-1903); Tennessee Historical Magazine (4 vols., 1915-); Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society (17 vols., 1902-); Mississippi Valley Historical Review (6 vols., 1914-). A notable study is F. J. Turner, The Old West (Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings, 1908).
There is no adequate account in print of the French and Indian War, in the Old Southwest. Useful sources are E. McCrady, South Carolina under the Royal Government, 1719-1776 (1899); S. A. Ashe, History of North Carolina, 1584-1783 (1 vol., 1908); L. P. Summers, History of South-West Virginia, 1746-1786 (1903); J. P. Hale, Trans-Alleghany Pioneers (1886); J. A. Waddell, Annals of Augusta County, Virginia (1886); S. Kercheval, A History of the Valley of Virginia (third edition, 1902); A. S. Withers, Chronicles of Border Warfare (R. G. Thwaites' edition, 1908); B. R. Carroll, Historical Collections of South Carolina (2 vols., 1886); E. M. Avery, History of the United States (7 vols., 1908), fourth volume; J. G. M. Ramsey, Annals of Tennessee (1853); Calendar Virginia State Papers (11 vols., 1875-1893). An interesting biography is A. M. Waddell, A Colonial Officer and his Times (1890).
The early explorations of the West, and the career of Boone, are treated with reasonable fullness in the admirable publications of the Filson Club of Kentucky (27 vols., 1884-); C. A. Hanna, The Wilderness Trail (2 vols., 1911); John Haywood, Civil and Political History of Tennessee (1823; reprinted 1891), written in delightfully quaint style; L. and R. H. Collins, History of Kentucky (2 vols., 1882), a mine of conglomerate material; N. M. Woods, The Woods-McAfee Memorial (1905); A. B. Hulbert, Pilots of the Republic (1905) and Boone's Wilderness Road (1903), attractively written; R. G. Thwaites, Daniel Boone (1911), a lifeless condensation of Draper's sprawling projected (MS.) biography; and John Filson, Kentucke (1784).
Of the voluminous mass of literature dealing with the Regulation in North Carolina, one should read: J. S. Bassett, The Regulators of North Carolina, 1765-1771 (American Historical Association Report, 1894); M. DeL. Haywood, Governor Tryon of North Carolina (1903); H. Husband, An Impartial Relation of the First Rise and Cause of the Present Differences in Publick Affairs, in the Province of North Carolina (1770); and Archibald Henderson, The Origin of the Regulation in North Carolina (American Historical Review, 1916).
In addition to titles already mentioned, the following books and monographs give the best accounts of the Watauga and Cumberland settlements and of the State of Franklin: A. W. Putnam, History of Middle Tennessee (1859), a remarkably interesting book by a real "character"; J. W. Caldwell, Constitutional History of Tennessee (second edition, 1907); F. M. Turner, Life of General John Sevier (1910), in pedestrian style, reasonably accurate for the romantic period only; G. H. Alden, The State of Franklin (American Historical Review, 1903); S. B. Weeks, Joseph Martin (American Historical Association Report, 1894); Archibald Henderson, Isaac Shelby (North Carolina Booklet, 1917-1918). The source book for the Indian war of 1774 is Documentary History of Dunmore's War (Edited by R. G. Thwaites and L. P. Kellogg, 1905). For exhaustive data concerning the King's Mountain campaign and its preliminaries, read L. C. Draper, King's Mountain and its Heroes (1881), though the book is lacking in discrimination and deficient in perspective. For a briefer treatment, read D. L. Schenck, North Carolina, 1780-1781 (1889).
Other books and monographs dealing with the period, the westward movement, the settlement of the trans-Alleghany, and the little governments, to be consulted are: James Hall, Sketches of the West (2 vols., 1835) and The Romance of Western History (1857); Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia for 1766-1769 and 1770-1772 (published 1906); G. H. Alden, New Governments West of the Alleghanies before 1780 (published 1897); C. W. Alvord, The Mississippi Valley in British Politics (2 vols., 1917), a notable work, ably written and embodying an immense amount of information; J. T. Morehead, Address at Boonesborough, May 25, 1840 (published 1840); F. J. Turner, The Significance of the Frontier in American History (Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings, 1894) and Western State-Making in the Revolutionary Era (American Historical Review, 1895-1896), papers characterised by both brilliance and depth; and Archibald Henderson, The Creative Forces in Westward Expansion (American Historical Review, 1914), The Occupation of Kentucky in 1775 (Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 1914), The Founding of Nashville (Tennessee Historical Magazine, 1916), and The Spanish Conspiracy in Tennessee (Tennessee Historical Magazine, 1917).
On the subject of Indian tribes and Indian treaties, the Annual Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology, in especial numbers 5, 18, and 19, although compiled from secondary historical sources and occasionally erroneous in important matters, are useful—as is also Bulletin 22: J. Mooney, Siouan Tribes of the East (1895). Rare and interesting works dealing with the Eastern Indian tribes are H. Timberlake, Memoirs (1765); J. Haywood, Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee (1823); and J. Adair, American Indians (1775).
For both wider and more intensive reading in the history of this period, consult: F. J. Turner, List of References on the History of the West (Edition of 1915); A Critical Bibliography of Kentucky History, in R. M. McElroy, Kentucky in the Nation's History (1909); S. B. Weeks, A Bibliography of the Historical Literature of North Carolina (1895); E. G. Swem, A Bibliography of Virginia (Part I, 1916); and the bibliographies in J. Phelan, History of Tennessee (1888); E. McCrady, South Carolina under the Royal Government, 1719-1776 (published 1899) and South Carolina in the Revolution, 1775-1780 (published 1901); and E. M. Avery, A History of the United States (1908), volumes 4, 5, and 6.
Note. For the use of a complete set of transcripts of the Richard Henderson Papers in the Draper Collection, I am indebted to the North Carolina Historical Commission through the courtesy of the Secretary, Mr. R. D. W. Connor.