3137 (return)
[ Madame de Rémusat, "Mémoires," II., 312, 315 and following pages, 373.—Madame de Staël, "Considérations sur la révolution française," 4th part, ch IV.]

3138 (return)
[ Roederer, III., 459. (Speech by Napoleon, December 30, 1802.)—"Very well, I do protect the nobles of France; but they must see that they need protection.... I give places to many of them; I restore them to public distinction and even to the honors of the drawing-room; but they feel that it is alone through my good will.—Ibid., III., 558 (January 1809): "I repent daily of a mistake I have made in my government; the most serious one I ever made, and I perceive its bad effects every day. It was the giving back to the émigrés the totality of their possessions. I ought to have massed them in common and given each one simply the chance of an income of 6000 francs. As soon as I saw my mistake I withdrew from thirty to forty millions of forests; but far too many are still in the hands of a great number of them."—We here see the attitude he would impose on them, that of clients and grateful pensioners. They do not stand in this attitude. (Roederer, III., 472. Report on the Sénatorerie of Caen, 1803.)—"The returned émigrés are not friendly nor even satisfied; their enjoyment of what they have recovered is less than their indignation at what they have lost. They speak of the amnesty without gratitude, and as only partial justice.... In other respects they appear submissive."]

3139 (return)
[ Duc de Rovigo1 "Memoires." V., 297. Towards the end, large numbers of the young nobles went into the army. "In 1812, there, was not a marshal, or even a general, who had not some of these on his staff, or as aids-de-camp. Nearly all the cavalry regiments in the army were commanded by officers belonging to these families. They had already attracted notice in the infantry. All these young nobles had openly joined the emperor because they were easily influenced by love of glory."]

3140 (return)
[ Madame de Rémusat II., 299 (1806): "He began to surround himself about this time with so much ceremony that none of us had scarcely any intimate relations with him.... The court became more and more crowded and monotonous, each doing on the minute what he had to do. Nobody thought of venturing outside the brief series of ideas which are generated within the restricted circle of the same duties.... Increasing despotism,... fear of a reproof if one failed in the slightest particular, silence kept by us all.... There was no opportunity to indulge emotion or interchange any observation of the slightest importance."]

3141 (return)
[ Roederer, III., 558 (January 1809).—"The Modern Régime," ante, book I., ch. II.]

3142 (return)
[ Madame de Rémusat, III., 75, 155: "When the minister of police learned that jesting or malicious remarks had been made in one of the Paris drawing-rooms he at once notified the master or mistress of the house to be more watchful of their company."—Ibid., p.187 (1807): "The emperor censured M. Fouché for not having exercised stricter watchfulness. He exiled women, caused distinguished persons to be warned, and insinuated that, to avoid the consequences of his anger, steps must be taken to show that his power was recognized in atonement for the faults committed. In consequence of these hints many thought themselves obliged to be presented."—Ibid., II., 170, 212, 303.—Duc de Rovigo, "Mémoires," IV., 311 and 393. "Appointed minister of police, said he, I inspired everybody with fear: each packed up his things; nothing was talked about but exiles, imprisonment and worse still."—He took advantage of all this to recommend "everybody on his list who was inscribed as an enemy of the government" to be presented at court, and all, in fact, except stubborn "grandmothers" were presented. (Note that the Duc de Rovigo and the general Savary mentioned many times by Taine is one and the same person. Savary was the general who organized the infamous kidnapping and execution of the Duc d'Enghien. He was later made minister of police (1810-1814) and elevated Duke of Rovigo by Napoleon. SR.)]

3143 (return)
[ Madame de Staël, "Considérations sur la révolution française" and "Dix ans d'exil." Exile of Madame de Balbi, of Madame de Chevreuse, of Madame de Duras, of Madame d'Aveaux, of Madame de Staël, of Madame de Récamier, etc.—Duc de Rovigo, Ibid., IV., 389: "The first exiles dated from 1805; I think there were fourteen."]

3144 (return)
[ Roederer, III., 472. (Report on the Sénatorerie of Caen, 1803.) The nobles "have no social relations either with citizens or with the public functionaries, except with the prefect of Caen and the general in command.... Their association with the prefect intimates their belief that they might need him. All pay their respects to the general of division; his mantelpiece is strewed with visiting-cards."]

3145 (return)
[ Madame de la Rochejaquelein, "Mémoires," 423: "We lived exposed to a tyranny which left us neither calm nor contentment. At one time a spy was placed amongst our servants, at another some of our relations would be exiled far from their homes, accused of exercising a charity which secured them too much affection from their neighbors. Sometimes, my husband would be obliged to go to Paris to explain his conduct. Again, a hunting-party would be represented as a meeting of Vendéans. Occasionally, we were blamed for going into Poitou because our influence was regarded as too dangerous; again, we were reproached for not living there and not exercising our influence in behalf of the conscription."—Her brother-in-law, Auguste de la Rochejaquelein, invited to take service in the army comes to Paris to present his objections. He is arrested, and at the end of two months "the minister signifies to him that he must remain a prisoner so long as he refuses to be a second-lieutenant."]

3146 (return)
[ Sénatus-consulte of April 26, 1802: "Considering that this measure is merely one of pardon to the large number who are always more led astray than criminal... the amnestied will remain for ten years under a special government surveillance." It may oblige each one "to leave his usual residence and go to a distance of twenty leagues, and even farther if circumstances demand it."]

3147 (return)
[ Thiers, X., 41. (Letter to Fouché, Dec.31, 1808, not inserted in the correspondence.)—"The Modern Régime," book I., ch.II.]

3148 (return)
[ Rocquain, "État de la France au 18 brumaire," pp.33, 189, 190. (Reports of Français de Nantes and of Fourcroy.)—"Statistique elementaire de la France," by Peuchet (according to a statement published by the minister of the interior, year IX), p. 260.—"Statistiques des préfets," Aube, by Aubray, p.23; Aisne, by Dauchet, p.87; Lot-et-Garonne, by Pieyre, p. 45: "It is during the Revolution that the number of foundlings increased to this extraordinary extent by the too easy admission in the asylums of girls who had become mothers, along with their infants; through the passing sojourn of soldiers in their houses; through the subversion of every principle of religion and morality."—Gers, by Balguerie: "Many defenders of the country became fathers before their departure.... The soldiers, on their return, maintained the habits of their conquests.... Many of the girls, besides, for lack of a husband took a lover."—Moselle, by Coichen, p.91: "Morals are more lax. In 1789, at Metz, there are 524 illegitimate births; in the year IX, 646; in 1789, 70 prostitutes; in the year IX, 260. There is the same increase of kept women."—Peuchet, "Essai d'une statistique générale de la France," year IX, p.28. "The number of illegitimate births, from one forty-seventh in 1780, increased to nearly one eleventh of the total births, according to the comparative estimates of M. Necker and M. Mourgue."]

3149 (return)
[ Rocquam, ibid., p. 93. (Report of Barbé-Marbois.)]

3150 (return)
[ "The Revolution," III., p.416 (note), P.471 (note). (Laff. II. pp. 307-308, p 348.)]

3151 (return)
[ "Statistiques des préfets," Deux-Sèvres, by Dupin, p. 174: "Venereal diseases which thanks to good habits. were still unknown in the country in 1789, are now spread throughout the Bocage and in all places where the troops have sojourned."—"Dr. Delahay, at Parthenay observes that the number of maniacs increased fright fully in the Reign of Terror." (It should be remembered that the terminal stage of untreated syphilis is madness and death. SR.)]

3152 (return)
[ Decrees of March 19, 1793, and Messidor 23, year II.—Decrees of Brumaire 2, year IV, and Vendémiaire 16 year V.]

3153 (return)
[ "Statistiques des préfets," Rhône, by Verminac, year X. Income of the Lyons Asylums in 1789,1.510,827 francs; to-day, 459,371 francs.—Indre, by Dalphonse, year XII. The principal asylum of Issoudun, founded in the twelfth century, had 27,939 francs revenue, on which it loses 16,232. Another asylum, that of the Incurables, loses, on an income of 12,062 francs, 7457 francs.—Eure, by Masson Saint-Amand, year XIII: "14 asylums and 3 small charity establishments in the department, with about 100,000 francs income in 1789, have lost at least 60,000 francs of it.—Vosges, by Desgouttes, year X: "10 asylums in the department. Most of these have been stripped of nearly the whole of their property and capital on account of the law of Messidor 23, year II; on the suspension of the execution of this law, the property had been sold and the capital returned.—Cher, by Luçay: "15 asylums before the revolution; they remain almost wholly without resources through the loss of their possessions.—Lozère, by Jerphaniou, year X: "The property belonging to the asylums, either in real estate or state securities, has passed into other hands."—Doubs, analysis by Ferrieres: "Situation of the asylums much inferior to that of 1789, because they could not have property restored to them in proportion to the value of that which had been alienated. The asylum of Pontarlier lost one-half of its revenue through reimbursements in paper-money. All the property of the Ornans asylum has been sold," etc.—Rocquain, p. 187. (Report by Fourcroy.) Asylums of Orne: their revenue, instead of 123,189 francs, is no more than 68,239.—Asylums of Calvados: they have lost 173,648 francs of income, there remains of this only 85,955 francs.—Passim, heart-rending details on the destitution of the asylums and their inmates, children, the sick and the infirm.—The figures by which I have tried to show the disproportion between requirements and resources are a minimum.]

3154 (return)
[ Abbé Allain, "l'Instruction primaire en France avant la Révolution," and Albert Duruy, "l'Instruction publique et la Révolution," passim.]

3155 (return)
[ "Statistique de l'enseignement primaire" (1880),II., CCIV. The proportion of instructed and uninstructed people has been ascertained in 79 departments, and at various periods, from 1680 down to the year 1876, according to the signatures on 1,699,985 marriage-records.—In the "Dictionnaire de pédagogie et d'instruction primaire," published by M. Buisson, M. Maggiolo, director of these vast statistics, has given the proportion of literate and illiterate people for the different departments; now, from department to department, the figures furnished by the signatures on marriage records correspond with sufficient exactness to the number of schools, verified moreover by pastoral visits and by other documents. The most illiterate departments are Cantal, Puy-de-Dome, Nièvre, Allier, Vienne, Haute-Vienne, Deux-Sèvres, Vendée and the departments of Brittany.]

3156 (return)
[ One sou equals 1/20 of a franc or 5 centimes. (SR.)]

3157 (return)
[ Albert Duruy, ibid., p.25. (According to the report of M. Villemain on common-school education in 1843.)—Abbé Allain, "la Question d'enseignement en 1789," p. 88—A. Silvy, "les Collèges en France avant la Révolution," p.5. The researches of M. Silvy show that the number of high-schools (collèges) given by M. Villemain is much too low: "The number of these schools under the ancient Régime cannot be estimated at less than about 900.... I have ascertained 800.... I must add that my search is not yet finished and that I find new institutions every day."]

3158 (return)
[ Lunet, "Histoire du collège de Rodez," p. 110.—Edmond, "Histoire du collège de Louis-le-Grand," p. 238.—"Statistiques des préfets," Moselle. (Analysis by Ferrière, year XII.) Before 1789, 4 high-schools at Metz, very complete, conducted by regular canons, Benedictines, with 33 professors, 38 assistant teachers, 63 servants, 259 day-scholars and 217 boarders. All this was broken up. In the year IX there is only one central school, very inadequate, with 9 professors, 5 assistants, 3 servants and 233 day-scholars.]

3159 (return)
[ Albert Duruy, ibid., p. 25.]

3160 (return)
[ Lunet, ibid, p.110,]

3161 (return)
[ "Statistiques des préfets," Ain, by Bossi, p.368. At Bourg, before the revolution, 220 pupils, of which 70 were boarders, 8000 livres income in real property confiscated during the revolution.—At Belley, the teachers consist of the congregationist of Saint-Joseph; 250 pupils, 9950 francs revenue from capital invested in the pays d'état, swept away by the revolution.—At Thoissy, 8000 francs rental of real property sold, etc.—Deux-Sèvres, by Dupin, year IX, and "analyse" by Ferrière, P. 48: "Previous to the revolution, each department town had its high-school.—At Thouars, 60 boarders at 300 livres per annum, and 40 day-scholars. At Niort, 80 boarders at 450 livres per annum, and 100 day-scholars".—Aisne, by Dauchy, p.88. Before 1789, nearly all the small high-schools were gratuitous, and, in the large ones, there were scholarships open to competition. All their possessions, except large buildings, were alienated and sold, as well as those of the 60 communities in which girls were taught gratuitously.—Eure, by Masson Saint-Amand. There were previous to 1789, 8 high-schools which were all suppressed and destroyed.—Drôme, by Collin, p.66. Before the revolution, each town had its high-school," etc.]

3162 (return)
[ Cf. Marmontel, "Mémoires," I., 16, for details of these customs; M. Jules Simon found the same customs afterwards and describes them in the souvenirs of his youth.—La Chalotais, at the end of the reign of Louis XV., had already described the efficiency of the institution. "Even the people want to study. Farmers and craftsmen send their children to the schools in these small towns where living is cheap."—This rapid spread of secondary education contributed a good deal towards bringing on the revolution.]

3163 (return)
[ "Statistiques des préfets," Indre, by Dalphonse, year XII, p.104: "The universities, the colleges, the seminaries, the religious establishments, the free schools are all destroyed; vast plans only remain for a new system of education raised on their ruins. Nearly all of these rest unexecuted.... Primary schools have nowhere, one may say, been organized, and those which have been are so poor they had better not have been organized at all. With a pompous and costly system of public instruction, ten years have been lost for instruction."]

3164 (return)
[ Moniteur, XXI., 644. (Session of Fructidor 19, year II.) One of the members says: "It is very certain, and my colleagues see it with pain, that public instruction is null."—Fourcroy: "Reading and writing are no longer taught."—Albert Duruy, p. 208. (Report to the Directory executive, Germinal 13, year IV.) "For nearly six years no public instruction exists."—De La Sicotiere, "Histoire du collège de Alençon," p.33: "In 1794, there were only two pupils in the college."—Lunet, "Histoire du collège de Rodez," p.157: "The recitation-rooms remained empty of pupils and teachers from March 1793 to May 16, 1796."—"Statistiques des préfets," Eure, by Masson Saint-Amand year XIII: "In the larger section of the department, school-houses existed with special endowments for teachers of both sexes. The school-houses have been alienated like other national domains; the endowments due to religious corporations or establishments have been extinguished—As to girls, that portion of society has suffered an immense loss, relatively to its education, in the suppression of religious communities which provided them with an almost gratuitous and sufficiently steady instruction."]

3165 (return)
[ My maternal grandmother learned how to read from a nun concealed in the cellar of the house.]

3166 (return)
[ Albert Duruy, ibid., 349. (Decree of the Directory, Pluviôse 17, year V, and circular of the minister Letourneur against free schools which are "dens of royalism and superstition."—Hence the decrees of the authorities in the departments of Eure, Pas de Calais, Drôme, Mayenne and La Manche, closing these dens.) "From Thermidor 27, year VI, to Messidor 2, year VII, say the authorities of La Manche, we have revoked fifty-eight teachers on their denunciation by the municipalities and by popular clubs."]

3167 (return)
[ Archives nationales, cartons 3144 to 3145, No. 104. (Reports of the Councillors of State on mission in the year IX.) Report by Lacuée on the first military division. Three central schools at Paris, one called the Quatre-Nations. "This school must be visited in order to form any idea of the state of destruction and dilapidation which all the national buildings are in. No repairs have been made since the reopening of the schools; everything is going to ruin.... Walls are down and the floors fallen in. To preserve the pupils from the risks which the occupation of these buildings hourly presents, it is necessary to give lessons in rooms which are very unhealthy on account of their small dimensions and dampness. In the drawing-class the papers and models in the portfolios become moldy."]

3168 (return)
[ Albert Duruy, ibid., 484. ("Procès-verbaux des conseils-généraux," year IX, passim.)]

3169 (return)
[ Ibid., 476. ("Statistiques des préfets," Sarthe, year X.) "Prejudices which it is difficult to overcome, as well on the stability of this school as on the morality of some of the teachers, prevented its being frequented for a time."—483. (Procès-verbaux des conseils-généraux," Bas-Rhin.) "The overthrow of religion has excited prejudices against the central schools."—482. (Ibid., Lot.) "Most of the teachers in the central school took part in the revolution in a not very honorable way. Their reputation affects the success of their teaching. Their schools are deserted."]

3170 (return)
[ Albert Duruy, ibid., '94. (According to the reports of 15 central schools, from the year VI. to the year VIII.) The average for each central school is for drawing, 89 pupils; for mathematics, 28; for the classics, 24; for physics, chemistry and natural history, 19; for general grammar, 5; for history, 10; for legislation, 8: for belles-lettres, 6.—Rocquam, ibid., P.29. (Reports of Français de Nantes, on the departments of the South-east.) "There, as elsewhere, the courses on general grammar, on belles-lettres, history and legislation, are unfrequented. Those on mathematics, chemistry, Latin and drawing are better attended, because these sciences open up lucrative careers.—Ibid., p. 108. (Report by Barbé-Marboi on the Brittany departments.)]

3171 (return)
[ "Statistiques des préfets," Meurthe, by Marquis, year XIII, p.120. "In the communal schools of the rural districts, the fee was so small that the poorest families could contribute to the (teacher's) salary. Assessments on the communal property, besides, helped almost everywhere in providing the teacher with a satisfactory salary, so that these functions were sought after and commonly well fulfilled.. .. Most of the villages had Sisters of Saint-Vincent de Paul for instructors, or others well known under the name of Vatelottes."—"The partition of communal property, and the sale of that assigned to old endowments, had deprived the communes of resources which afforded a fair compensation to schoolmasters and schoolmistresses. The product of the additional centimes scarcely sufficed for administrative expenses.—Thus, there is but little else now than people without means, who take poorly compensated places; again, they neglect their, schools just as soon as they see an opportunity to earn something elsewhere."—Archives nationales, No. 1004, cartons 3044 and 3145. (Report of the councillors of state on mission in the year IX.—First military division, Report of Lacuée.) Aisne: "There is now no primary school according to legal institution."—The situation is the same in Oise, also in Seine for the districts of Sceaux and Saint Denis.]

3172 (return)
[ Albert Duruy, 178. (Report drawn up in the bureaux of the ministry of the interior, year VIII.) "A detestable selection of those called instructors; almost everywhere, they are men without morals or education, who owe their nomination solely to a pretended civism, consisting of nothing but an insensibility to morality and propriety. ... They affect an insolent contempt for the (old) religious opinions."—Ibid., p.497. (Procès-verbaux des conseils-généraux.) On primary school-teachers, Hérault: "Most are blockheads and vagabonds."—Pas-de-Calais:" Most are blockheads or ignoramuses."]

3173 (return)
[ Rocquam, '94. (Report by Fourcroy on the 14th military division, Manche, Orne, Calvados.) "Besides bad conduct, drunkenness, and the immorality of many of these teachers, it seems certain that the lack of instruction in religion is the principal motive which prevents parents from sending their children to these schools."—Archives nationales, ibid. (Report by Lacuée on the 1st military division.) "The teachers, male and female, who desired to conform to the law of Brumaire 3 and to the different rules prescribed by the central administration, on placing the constitution and the rights of man in the hands of their pupils, found their schools abandoned one after the other. The schools the best attended are those where the Testament, the catechism, and the life of Christ are used.... The instructors, obliged to pursue the line marked out by the government, could not do otherwise than carry out the principles which opposed the prejudices and habits of the parents; hence their loss of credit, and the almost total desertion of the pupils."]

3174 (return)
[ "The Revolution," vol. III., p. 81, note 2. (Laff. II. pp.68-69, note 4.)]

3175 (return)
[ "Statistiques des préfets," Moselle. (Analysis by Ferrière.) At Metz, in 1789, there were five free schools for young children, of which one was for boys and four for girls, kept by monks or nuns; in the year XII there were none: "An entire generation was given up to ignorance." Ibid., Ain, by Bossi, 1808: "In 1800, there were scarcely any primary schools in the department, as in the rest of France." In 1808, there are scarcely thirty.—Albert Duruy, p.480, 496. (Procès-verbaux des conseils-généraux, year IX.) Vosges: "Scarcely any primary instruction."—Sarthe: "Primary instruction, none."—Meuse-Inférieure: "It is feared that in fifteen years or so there will not be one man in a hundred able to write," etc.]

3176 (return)
[ These are the minimum figures, and they are arrived at through the following calculation. Before 1789, 47 men out of 100, and 26 women out of 100, that is to say 36 or 37 persons in 100, received primary instruction. Now, according to the census from 1876 to 1881 (official statistics of primary instruction, III., XVI.), children from six to thirteen number about twelve % of the entire population. Accordingly, in 1789, out of a population of 26 millions, the children from 6 to 13 numbered 3,120,000, of whom 1,138,000 learned to read and write. It must be noted that, in 1800, the adult population had greatly diminished, and that the infantine population had largely increased. France, moreover, is enlarged by 12 departments (Belgium, Savoy, Comtat, Nice), where the old schools had equally perished.—If all the old schools had been kept up, it is probable that the children who would have had primary instruction would have numbered nearly 1,400,000.]

3177 (return)
[ Saint Thomas, "Summa theologica," pars III., questio 60 usque ad 85: "Sacramenta efficiunt quod figurant.... Sant necessaria ad salutem hominum.... Ab ipso verbo incarnata efficaciam habent. Ex sua institutione habent quod conferant gratiam.... Sacramentum est causa gratiæ, causa agens, principalis et instrumentalis."]

3178 (return)
[ Except priests ordained by a bishop of the Greek church.]

3179 (return)
[ "The Revolution," I. 161.—Archives nationales. (Reports of the Directory commissioners from the cantons and departments.—There are hundreds of these reports, of which the following are specimens.)—F7, 7108. (Canton of Passavent, Doubs, Ventôse 7, year IV.) "The sway of religious opinions is much more extensive here than before the revolution, because the mass of the people did not concern themselves about them, while nowadays they form among the generality the subject of conversation and complaint."—F7, 7127. (Canton of Goux, Doubs, Pluviôse 13, year IV.) "The hunting down of unsworn priests, coupled with the dilapidation and destruction of the temples, displeased the people, who want a religion and a cult; the government became hateful to them."—Ibid. (Dordogne, canton of Livrac, Ventôse 13, year IV.) "The demolition of altars, the closing of the churches, had rendered the people furious under the Tyranny."—F7, 7129. (Seine-Infèrieure, canton of Canteleu, Pluviôse 12, year IV.) "I knew enlightened men who, in the ancient regime, never went near a church, and yet who harbored refractory priests."—Archives nationales, cartons 3144-3145, No. 1004. (Missions of the councillors of state in the year IX.) At this date, worship was everywhere established and spontaneously. (Report by Lacuée.) In Eure-et-Loire, "nearly every village has its church and minister; the temples are open in the towns and are well attended."—In Seine-et-Oise, "the Roman Catholic cult prevails in all the communes of the department."—In Oise, "worship is carried on in all the communes of the department."-In Loiret, "the churches are attended by the multitude almost as regularly as before 1788. One-sixth of the communes (only) have neither worship nor minister and, in these communes, both are strongly desired."]

3180 (return)
[ Archives nationales, F7, 7129. (Tarn, canton of Vielmur, Germinal 10, year IV.) "The ignorant now regard patriot and brigand as synonymous."]

3181 (return)
[ Archives nationales, F7, 7108. (Doubs, canton of Vercel, Pluviôse 20, year IV.) "Under the law of Prairial II, the unsworn priests were all recalled by their former parishioners. Their hold on the people is so strong that there is no sacrifice that they will not make, no ruse nor measures that they will not employ to keep them and elude the rigor of the laws bearing on them"—(Ibid., canton of Pontarlier, Pluviôse 3, year IV.) "In the primary assemblies, the aristocracy, together with spite, have induced the ignorant people not to accept the constitution except on condition of the recall of their transported or emigrant priests for the exercise of their worship."—(Ibid., canton of Labergement, Pluviôse 14, year IV.) "The cultivators adore them.... I am the only citizen of my canton who, along with my family, offers up prayers to the Eternal without any intermediary."—F7, 7127. (Côte-d'Or, canton of Beaune, Ventôse 5, year IV.) "Fanaticism is a power of great influence."—(Ibid., canton of Frolois, Pluviôse 9, year IV.) "Two unsworn priests returned eighteen months ago; they are hidden away and hold nocturnal meetings. .. They have seduced and corrupted at least three-quarters of the people of both sexes."—(Ibid., canton of Ivry, Pluviôse 1, year IV.) "Fanaticism and popery have perverted the public mind."—F7, 7119. (Puy-de-Dôme, canton of Ambert, Ventôse 15, year IV.) "Five returned priests have celebrated the mass here, and each time were followed by 3000 or 4000 persons."—F7, 7127. (Dordogne, canton of Carlux, Pluviôse 18, year IV.) "The people are so attached to the Catholic faith, they walk fully two leagues to attend mass."—F7, 7119. (Ardèche, canton of Saint-Barthélemy, Pluviôse 15, year IV.) "The unsubmissive priests have become absolute masters of popular opinion."—(Orne, canton of Alençon, Ventôse 22, year IV.) "Presidents, members of the municipal councils, instead of arresting the refractory priests and bringing them into court, admit them to their table, lodge them and impart to them the secrets of the government."—F7, 7129. (Seine-et-Oise, canton of Jouy, Pluviôse 8, year IV.) "Forty-nine out of fifty citizens seem to have the greatest desire to profess the Catholic faith."—Ibid., canton of Dammartin, Pluviôse 7, year IV.) "The Catholic religion has full sway; those who do not accept it are frowned upon."—At the same date (Pluviôse 9, year IV), the commissioner at Chamarande writes: "I see persons giving what they call blessed bread and yet having nothing to eat."]

3182 (return)
[ Ibid., cartons 3144 and 3145, No. 1004, missions of the councillors of state, year IX.—(Report of Barbé-Marbois on Brittany.) "At Vannes, I entered the cathedral on the jour des Rois, where the constitutional mass was being celebrated; there were only one priest and two or three poor people there. A little farther on I found a large crowd barring the way in the street; these people could not enter a chapel which was already full and where the mass called for by the Catholics was being celebrated.—Elsewhere, the churches in the town were likewise deserted, and the people went to hear mass by a priest just arrived from England."—(Report by Français de Nantes on Vaucluse and Provence.) One tenth of the population follows the constitutional priests; the rest follow the returned emigré priests; the latter have on their side the rich and influential portion of society."—(Report of Lacuée on Paris and the seven surrounding departments.) "The situation of the unsubmissive priests is more advantageous than that of the submissive priests.... The latter are neglected and abandoned; it is not fashionable to join them... (The former) are venerated by their adherents as martyrs; they excite tender interest, especially from the women."]

3183 (return)
[ Archives nationales, cartons 3144 and 3145, No.1004, missions of the councillors of state, year IX.—(Report by Lacuée.) "The wants of the people in this way seem at this moment to be confined... to a vain spectacle, to ceremonies: going to mass, the sermon and vespers, which is all very well; but confession, the communion, fasting, doing without meat, is not common anywhere.... In the country, where there are no priests, the village schoolmaster officiates, and people are content; they would prefer bells without priests rather than priests without bells."—This regret for bells is very frequent and survives even in the cantons which are lukewarm.—(Creuse, Pluviôse 10, year IV.) "They persist in replanting the crosses which the priests have dug up; they put back the ropes to the bells which the magistrate has taken away."]

3184 (return)
[ Archives nationales, cartons 3144 and 3145, No. 1004, missions of the councilors of state, year IX.—(Report by Fourcroy.) "The keeping of Sunday and the attendance on the churches, which is seen everywhere, shows that the mass of Frenchmen desire a return to ancient usages, and that the time has gone by for resisting this national tendency... The mass of mankind require a religion, a system of worship and a priesthood. It is an error of certain modern philosophers, into which I have myself been led, to believe in the possibility of any instruction sufficiently widespread to destroy religious prejudices; they are a source of consolation for the vast number of the unfortunate.... Priests, altars and worship must accordingly be left to the mass of the people."]

3185 (return)
[ Peuchet, "Statistique élémentaire de la France" (published in 1805), p.228. According to statements furnished by prefects in the years IX and X, the population is 33,111,962 persons; the annexation of the island of Elbe and of Piedmont adds 1,864,350 Total, 34,976,313.—Pelet de la Lozère, P.203. (Speech by Napoleon to the council of state, February 4, 1804, on the Protestant seminaries of Geneva and Strasbourg, and on the number of Protestants in his states.) "Their population numbers only 3 millions."]

3186 (return)
[ Roederer, III., 330 (July 1800): "The First Consul spoke to me about the steps necessary to be taken to prevent the (emigrés) who had been struck off from getting back their possessions, in view of maintaining the interest in the revolution of about 1,200,000 purchasers of national domains. "—Rocquain, "État de la France au 18 Brumaire." (Report by Barbé-Marbois on Morbihan, Finisterre, Ile-et-Vilaine, and Côtes-du-Nord, year IX.) "In every place I have just passed through the proprietors recognize that their existence is attached to that of the First Consul."]

3187 (return)
[ Constitution of Frimaire 22, year VIII, art. 94.—Article 93, moreover, declares that "the possessions of the émigrés are irrevocably acquired by the republic."]

3188 (return)
[ Law of Floréal 29, year X, title I, article 8. The member also swears "to combat with all the means which justice, reason and the law authorize, every enterprise tending to restore the feudal régime," and, consequently, feudal rights and tithes]

3189 (return)
[ Organic Sénatus-consulte, Floreal 28, year XII (18th May 1804). Title VII., art. 53.]

3190 (return)
[ Roederer, III., 430-432 (April 4, 1802, May I, 1802): "Defermon remarked to me yesterday, 'This will all go on well as long as the First Consul lives; the day after his death we shall all emigrate.' "—"Every one, from the sailor to the worker, says to himself, 'All this is very well, but will it last?...—This work we undertake, this capital we risk, this house we build, these trees we plant, what will become of them if he dies?"]

3191 (return)
[ Ibid., 340. (Words of the First Consul, November 4, 1800.) "Who is the rich man to-day? The buyer of national domains, the contractor. the robber."—These details, above, are provided for me by family narrations and souvenirs.]

3192 (return)
[ Napoleon, "Correspondance," letter of September 5, 1795. "National and émigré property is not dear; patrimonies are priceless."—Archives nationales, cartons 3144 to 3145, No.1004, missions of the councillors of state, year IX. (Report by Lacuée on the seven departments of the division of the Seine.) "The proportion of value, in Seine, between national and patrimonial properties is from 8 to 15."—In Eure, national property of every kind is sold about 10 %. off, and patrimonial at about 4 %. off. There are two sorts of national property, one of first origin (that of the clergy), and the other of second origin (that of the émigrés). The latter is much more depreciated than the former. Compared with patrimonial property, in Aisne, the former loses a fifth or a quarter of its value and the latter a third; in Loiret, the former loses a quarter and the latter one-half; in Seine-et-Oise the former loses one-third and the latter three-fifths; in Oise the former is at about par, the latter loses a quarter.—Roederer, III., 472 (December 1803). Depreciation of national property in Normandy: "But little is bought above 7 %. off; this, however, is the fate of this sort of property throughout France."—Ibid., III., 534 (January 1809): "In Normandy, investments on patrimonial property bring only 3 %., while State property brings 5 %. "—Moniteur (January 4, 1825). Report of M. de Martignac: "The confiscated property of the emigrés finds its purchasers with difficulty, and its commercial value is not in proportion to its real value."—Duclosonge, former inspector of domains, "Moyens de porter les domaines nationaux à la valeur des biens patrimoniaux," p.7. "Since 1815, national property has generally been bought at a rate of income of 3 %. or, at the most, 4 %. The difference for this epoch is accordingly one-fifth, and even two-fifths."]

3193 (return)
[ Treaty between the Pope and the French government, July '5, 1801. Ratifications exchanged September 1, 1801, and published with its articles April 8, 1802.—Article 13.]

3194 (return)
[ Ibid., article 14.]

3195 (return)
[ Articles organiques, 64, 65, 66.]

3196 (return)
[ Law of November 30, 1809, and opinion of the Council of State, May 19, 1811.]

3197 (return)
[ Articles organiques, 68.]

3198 (return)
[ Articles organiques, 71, 72.—Concordat, article 12.—Law passed July 26, 1803.]

3199 (return)
[ Councils of laymen entrusted with the administration of parish incomes.]

31100 (return)
[ Law of December 30, 1809, articles 39, 92 and following articles, 105 and following articles.]

31101 (return)
[ Law of September 15, 1807, title IX.]

31102 (return)
[ Concordat, article 15.—Articles organiques, 73.]

31103 (return)
[ Alexis Chevalier, "les Frères des écoles chrétiennes et l'Enseignement primaire après la révolution," passim. (Act of Vendémiare 24 and Prairial 28, year XI, and Frimiaire II, year XII; laws of May 14, 1806, March 7, 1808, February 17, 1809, Dec. 26, 1810.)]

31104 (return)
[ Alexis Chevalier, ibid., 189.]

31105 (return)
[ Ibid., p.185 sequitur. (Decision of Aug. 8, 1803, of March 25, of May 30, 1806.)]

31106 (return)
[ Decree of June 22, 1804 (articles I and 4).—"Consultation sur les decrets du 29 Mars 1880," by Edmond Rousse, p.32. (Out of 54 communities, there were two of men, the "Pères du tiers-ordre de Saint-François" and the priests of "la Miséricorde," one founded in 1806 and the other in 1808.)]

31107 (return)
[ "Mémorial de Sainte-Héléne." Napoleon adds" that an empire like France may and must have some refuge for maniacs called Trappists."—Pelet de la Lozère, p.208. (Session of the council of state, May 22, 1804.) "My intention is to have the house of foreign missions restored; these monks will be of great use to me in Asia, Africa, and America.... I will give them a capital of 15,000 francs a year to begin with.... I shall also re-establish the 'Sisters of Charity;' I have already had them put in possession of their old buildings. I think it necessary also, whatever may be said of it, to re-establish the 'Ignorantins.'"]

31108 (return)
[ Roederer, III., 481. (Sénatorerie of Caen, Germinal 17, year XIII.) Constant lamentations of bishops and most of the priests he has met. "A poor curé, an unfortunate curé,... The bishop invites you to dinner, to partake of the poor cheer of an unfortunate bishop on 12,000 francs salary."—The episcopal palaces are superb, but their furniture is that of a village curé; one can scarcely find a chair in the finest room.—"The officiating priests have not yet found a fixed salary in any commune.... The peasants ardently longed for their usual mass and Sunday service as in the past, but to pay for this is another thing."]

31109 (return)
[ Decrees of May 31 and Dec. 26, 1804, assigning to the Treasury the salaries of 24,000 and then 30,000 assistant-priests.]

31110 (return)
[ Charles Nicolas, "le Budget de la France depuis le commencement du XIXe siecle;" appropriation in 1807, 12,341,537 francs.]

31111 (return)
[ Decrees of Prairial 2, year XII, Nivôse 5. year XIII, and Sep. 30, 1807.—Decree of Dec. 30, 1809 (articles 37, 39, 40, 49 and ch. IV.)—Opinion of the council of state, May 19, 1811.]

31112 (return)
[ These are limited (articles organiques, 5): "All ecclesiastical functions are gratuitous except the authorized oblations fixed by the regulations."]

31113 (return)
[ Articles organiques, 73.]

31114 (return)
[ Ibid., 74: "Real property other than dwellings with their adjoining gardens, shall not be held under ecclesiastical titles or possessed by ministers of worship by reason of their functions."]

31115 (return)
[ Opinion of the Council of State, January 22, 1805, on the question whether the communes have become owners of the churches and parsonages abandoned to them by the law of Germinal 18, year X (articles organiques).—The Council of State is of the opinion that "the said churches and parsonages must be considered as communal property." If the State renounces ownership in these buildings it is not in favor of the fabrique, curé or bishop, but in favor of the commune.]

31116 (return)
[ In 1790 and 1791 a number of communes had made offers for national property with a view to re-sell it afterwards, and much of this, remaining unsold, was on their hands.]

31117 (return)
[ Articles organiques, 26. "The bishops will make no ordination before submitting the number of persons to the government for its acceptance."]

31118 (return)
[ "Archives de Grenoble." (Documents communicated by Mdlle. de Franclieu.) Letter of the bishop, Monseigneur Claude Simon, to the Minister of Worship, April 18, 1809. "For seven years that I have been bishop of Grenoble, I have ordained thus far only eight priests; during this period I have lost at least one hundred and fifty. The survivors threaten me with a more rapid gap; either they are infirm, bent with the weight of years, or wearied or overworked. It is therefore urgent that I be authorized to confer sacred orders on those who are old enough and have the necessary instruction. Meanwhile, you are limited to asking authorization for the first eight on the aforesaid list, of whom the youngest is twenty-four.... I beg Your Excellency to present the others on this list for the authorization of His Imperial Majesty."—Ibid., October 6, 1811. "I have only one deacon and one subdeacon, whilst I am losing three or four priests monthly."]

31119 (return)
[ Articles organiques, 68, 69. "The pensions enjoyed by the curés by virtue of the laws of the constituent assembly shall be deducted from their salary. The vicars and assistants shall be taken from the pensioned ecclesiastics according to the laws of the constituent assembly. The amount of these pensions and the product of oblations shall constitute their salary."]

31120 (return)
[ Laws of Vendémiaire 16, year V, and Ventôse 20, year V..]

31121 (return)
[ Decree of Nov. 6, 1800.]

31122 (return)
[ Decisions of February 23, 1801, and June 26, 1801. (We find, through subsequent decisions, that these recoveries were frequently effected.)]

31123 (return)
[ Law of Frimaire 7, year V (imposing one decime per franc above the cost of a ticket in every theatre for the benefit of the poor not in the asylums).—Also the decree of Dec. 9, 1809.—Decisions of Vendémiaire 27, year VII, and the restoration of the Paris octroi, "considering that the distress of the civil asylums and the interruption of succor at domiciles admit of no further delay."—Also the law of Frimaire 19, year VIII, with the addition of 2 decimes per franc to the octroi duties, established for the support of the asylums of the commune of Paris.—Paul Leroy-Beaulieu, "Traité de la science des finances," I., 685. Many towns follow this example: "Two years had scarcely passed when there were 293 Octrois in France."]

31124 (return)
[ Law of Messidor 25, year V.—Alexis Chevalier, ibid., p. 185. (Decisions of Thermidor 20, year XI, and Germinal 4, year XIII.)—Law of Dec.. 11, 1808 (article 1.)]

31125 (return)
[ Albert Duruy, "l'Instruction publique et la Révolution," p.480 et seq. ("Procès-verbaux des conseils-généraux de l'an IX;" among others, the petitions from Gironde, Ile-et-Vilaine, Maine-et-Loire, Puy.de-Dôme, Haute-Saône, Haute Vienne, la Manche, Lot-et-Garonne, Sarthe, Aisne, Aude, Côte-d'Or, Pas-de-Calais, BassePyrénées, Pyrénées-Orienta1es, and Lot.)]

31126 (return)
[ Alexis Chevalier, ibid., p. 182. (According to statistical returns of the parent establishment, rue Oudinot.—These figures are probably too low.)]

31127 (return)
[ "Recueil des lois et réglemens sur l'enseignement supérieur," by A. de Beauchamp, I., 65. (Report by Fourcroy, April 20, 1802.) "Old schools, since the suppression of upper schools and universities, have taken a new extension, and a pretty large number of private institutions have been formed for the literary education of the young."]

31128 (return)
[ Ibid., 65 and 71. (Report by Fourcroy.) "As to the primary schools, the zeal of the municipalities must be aroused, the emulation of the functionaries excited, and charitable tendencies revived, so natural to the French heart and which will so promptly spring up when the religious respect of the government for local endowments becomes known."]

31129 (return)
[ Ibid., p. 81. (Decree of May 1st, 1802, titles 2 and 9.—Decree of Sept. 17, 1808, article 23.)]

31130 (return)
[ "Histoire du collège des Bons-Enfans de l'université de Reims," by abbé Cauly, p. 649.—The lycée of Reims, decreed May 6, 1802, was not opened until the 24th of September, 1803. The town was to furnish accommodations for 150 pupils. It spent nearly 200,000 francs to put buildings in order.... This sum was provided, on the one hand, by a voluntary subscription which realized 45,000 francs and, on the other hand, by an additional tax.]

31131 (return)
[ Law of May 1, 1802, articles 32, 33, and 34.—Guizot, "Essai sur l'instruction publique, I., 59. Bonaparte maintained and brought up in the lycées, at his own expense and for his own advantage, about 3000 children... commonly selected from the sons of soldiers or from poor families."—Fabry, "Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de l'instruction publique," III., 802. "Children of soldiers whose wives lived in Paris, the sons of office-holders who were prevented by luxury from bringing up their families—such were the scholarships of Paris."—"In the provinces, the employees in the tax—and post-offices, with other nomadic functionaries—such were the communal scholarships."—Lunet, "Histoire du collège de Rodez," 219, 224. Out of 150 scholarships, 87 are filled, on the average.]

31132 (return)
[ "Recueil," etc., by A. de Beauchamp, I, 171, 187, 192. (Law of September 17, 1808, article 27, and decision of April 7, 1809.)]

31133 (return)
[ Ibid. Masters of private schools and heads of institutions must pay additionally every year one-quarter of the sums above fixed. (Law of Sept. 17, 1808, article 25. Law of March 17, 1808, title 17.—Law of February 17, 1809.)]

31134 (return)
[ Ibid., I., 189. (Decree of March 24, 1808, on the endowment of the University.)]

31135 (return)
[ Emond, "Histoire du collège Louis-le-Grand," p.238. (This college, previous to 1789, enjoyed an income of 450,000 livres.)—Guizot, ibid., I., 62.—This college was maintained during the revolution under the name of the "Prytanée Français" and received in 1800 the property of the University of Louvain. Many of its pupils enlisted in 1792, and were promised that their scholarships should be retained for them on their return; hence the military spirit of the "Prytanée."—By virtue of a decree, March 5, 1806, a perpetual income of 400,000 francs was transferred to the Prytanée de Saint-Cyr. It is this income which, by the decree of March 24, 1808, becomes the endowment of the imperial University. Henceforth, the expenses of the Prytanée de Saint-Cyr are assigned to the war department.]

31136 (return)
[ Alexis Chevalier, Ibid., p.265. Allocution to the "Ignorantin" brethren.]

31137 (return)
[ "The Ancient Régime," pp.13-15. (Laff. I. pp. 17 and 18.)—"The Revolution," III., p. 54. (Laff. II. pp. 48-49)—Alexis Chevalier, "Les Frères des écoles chrétiennes," p.341. "Before the revolution, the revenues of public instruction exceeded 30 millions."—Peuchet, "Statistique elementaire de la France" (published in 1805), p.256. Revenue of the asylums and hospitals in the time of Necker, 40 millions, of which 23 are the annual income from real-estate and 17 provided by personal property, contracts, the public funds, and a portion from octrois, etc.]

31138 (return)
[ D'Haussonville, "l'Église romaine et le premier Empire," vol. IV. et V., passim—Ibid., III., 370, 375. (13 Italian cardinals and 19 bishops of the Roman states are transported and assigned places in France, as well as many of their grand-vicars and chanoines; about the same date over 200 Italian priests are banished to Corsica).—V., 181. (July 12, 1811, the bishops of Troyes, Tournay and Ghent are sent to (the fortress-prison of) Vincennes.)—V., 286. (236 pupils in the Ghent seminary are enrolled in an artillery brigade and sent off to Wesel, where about fifty of them die in the hospital.)—"Souvenirs", by PASQUIER (Etienne-Dennis, duc) Librarie Plon, Paris 1893. (Numbers of Belgian priests confined in the castles of Ham, Bouillon and Pierre-Châtel were set free after the Restoration.)]

31139 (return)
[ Decree of November 15, 1811, art. 28, 29, and 30. (Owing to M. de Fontanes, the small seminaries were not all closed, many of them, 41, still existing in 1815.)]