478b. Long-crested jay. Cyanocitta stelleri diademata. Common resident; seldom strays far east of the foothills; breeds from base of foothills to timber-line; winter range from edge of plains almost to 10,000 feet.
480. Woodhouse's jay. Aphelocoma woodhousei. Common resident; most common along the base of foothills and lower wooded mountains; sometimes breeds as high as 8,000 feet; in fall roams up to 9,500 in special instances.
484a. Rocky Mountain jay. Perisoreus canadensis capitalis. Common resident; remains near timber-line throughout the year.
486. American raven. Corvus corax sinuatus. Resident; common locally; breeds; rather of western Colorado, but visitant among eastern mountains.
487. White-necked raven. Corvus cryptoleucus. Rare resident now; formerly abundant along eastern base of the front range and a hundred miles out on the plains; now driven out by advent of white man.
488. American crow. Corvus americanus. Resident; common in northeastern Colorado; rare in the rest of the State.
491. Clark's nutcracker. Nucifraga columbiana. Abundant resident; a mountain bird; breeds from 7,000 to 12,000 feet; sometimes in fall gathers in "enormous flocks"; at that season wanders up to at least 13,000 feet; most remain in the mountains through the winter, though a few descend to the plains.
492. Pinon jay. Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus. Resident; abundant locally; breeds almost exclusively among the pinon pines; keeps in small parties during breeding season; then gathers in large flocks; wandering up to 10,000 feet.
494. Bobolink. Dolichonyx oryzivorus. Rare summer visitor.
495. Cowbird. Molothrus ater. Common summer resident; breeds from plains to about 8,000 feet; author saw several in South Park.
497. Yellow-headed blackbird. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus. Common summer resident; breeds in suitable places on the plains and in mountain parks.
498. Red-winged blackbird. Agelaius phœniceus. Common summer resident; breeds mostly below 7,500 feet, though occasionally ascends to 9,000.
501b. Western meadow-lark. Sturnella magna neglecta. Abundant summer resident.
506. Orchard oriole. Icterus spurius. Summer visitor; rare, if not accidental.
507. Baltimore oriole. Icterus galbula. Marked as a rare summer resident, though no record of nesting.
508. Bullock's oriole. Icterus bullocki. Abundant summer resident; breeds on plains and in mountain regions below 10,000 feet.
509. Rusty blackbird. Scolecophagus carolinus. Migrant; rare, if not accidental; two records.
510. Brewer's blackbird. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus. Abundant summer resident.
511b. Bronzed grackle. Quiscalus quiscula æneus. Summer resident; not uncommon locally; comes only to eastern base of mountains.
514a. Western evening grosbeak. Coccothraustes vespertinus montanus. Resident; found every month of the year; no nests found, but evidently breeds.
515a. Rocky Mountain pine grosbeak. Pinicola enucleator montana. Resident; not uncommon; most common in late summer and fall when most of them are just below timber-line; stragglers descend to foothills and plains.
517. Purple finch. Carpodacus purpureus. Migrant; rare, if not accidental; only one specimen, and that a female.
518. Cassin's purple finch. Carpodacus cassini. Common resident; winters from plains to 7,000 feet; breeds from that altitude to 10,000 feet.
519. House finch. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis. Abundant resident.
521a. Mexican crossbill. Loxia curvirostra stricklandi. Resident; not uncommon; has been seen in summer at 11,000 feet; breeds in mountains, perhaps in winter like its eastern antitype.
522. White-winged crossbill. Loxia leucoptera. Rare winter visitor; one record.
524. Gray-crowned leucosticte. Leucosticte tephrocotis. Rare winter visitor; western species.
524a. Hepburn's leucosticte. Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis. Rare winter visitor; summers in the North.
525. Black leucosticte. Leucosticte atrata. Rare winter visitor; summer range unknown; winters in the Rockies.
526. Brown-capped leucosticte. Leucosticte australis. This little bird and the white-tailed ptarmigan have the highest summer range of any Colorado birds.
528. Redpoll. Acanthis linaria. Common winter resident; lives from plains to 10,000 feet.
528b. Greater redpoll. Acanthis linaria rostrata. Rare or accidental winter visitor; one record.
529. American goldfinch. Astragalinus tristis. Resident; quite common in summer; sometimes reaches 10,000 feet.
529a. Western goldfinch. Astragalinus tristis pallidus. Migrant; probably common; added by Mr. Aiken.
530. Arkansas goldfinch. Astragalinus psaltria. Common summer resident; breeds from plains to over 9,000 feet.
530a. Arizona goldfinch. Astragalinus psaltria arizonæ. Summer resident; not common.
530b. Mexican goldfinch. Astragalinus psaltria mexicanus. Rare, but believed to be a summer resident at Trinidad.
533. Pine siskin. Spinus pinus. Common resident; breeding range from plains to timber-line.
000. English sparrow. Passer domesticus. Rapidly increasing in numbers; has settled at points west of the range.
534. Snowflake. Passerina nivalis. Rare winter visitor; one record west of the range; several east.
536a. Alaskan longspur. Calcarius lapponicus alascensis. Common winter resident; breeds far north.
538. Chestnut-collared longspur. Calcarius ornatus. Rare summer resident; winter resident, not common; common in migration.
539. McCown's longspur. Rhyncophanes mccownii. Common winter resident, dwelling on the plains.
540a. Western vesper sparrow. Poocætes gramineus confinis. Abundant summer resident; breeds from plains to 12,000 feet.
542b. Western savanna sparrow. Ammodramus sandwichensis alaudinus. Common summer resident; breeds from base of foothills to almost 12,000 feet.
545. Baird's sparrow. Ammodramus bairdii. Migrant; not common; a number taken east of the range, and one west.
546a. Western grasshopper sparrow. Ammodramus savannarum perpallidus. Not uncommon summer resident; breeds on plains and in lower foothills.
552a. Western lark sparrow. Chondestes grammacus strigatus. Common summer resident; breeds on plains and in mountain parks to 10,000 feet.
553. Harris's sparrow. Zonotrichia querula. Rare migrant; abundant migrant in Kansas.
554. White-crowned sparrow. Zonotrichia leucophrys. Abundant summer resident.
554a. Intermediate sparrow. Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii. Common migrant, both east and west of the range; breeds north of the United States.
557. Golden-crowned sparrow. Zonotrichia coronata. Accidental winter visitor; Pacific Coast species; breeds in Alaska.
558. White-throated sparrow. Zonotrichia albicollis. Rare migrant; but three records.
559a. Western tree sparrow. Spizella monticola ochracea. Common winter resident; mostly on plains and in lower mountains.
560. Chipping sparrow. Spizella socialis. Rare summer resident; common in migration; goes as far west as base of the mountains.
560a. Western chipping sparrow. Spizella socialis arizonæ. Abundant summer resident; breeds from base of foothills to 10,000 feet.
561. Clay-colored sparrow. Spizella pallida. Summer resident; not uncommon; scattered over State east of mountains.
562. Brewer's sparrow. Spizella breweri. Summer resident; not uncommon; breeds from plains to 8,000 feet.
566. White-winged junco. Junco aikeni. Common winter resident; on plains and 8,000 feet up in the mountains.
567. Slate-colored junco. Junco hyemalis. Winter resident; not common; not found above 8,000 feet.
567b. Shufeldt's junco. Junco hyemalis connectens. Abundant winter resident; most common in southern part of the State; not uncommon elsewhere.
567.1. Montana junco. Junco montanus. Winter visitor; not uncommon.
568. Pink-sided junco. Junco mearnsi. Common winter resident; plentiful at base of foothills in winter; in spring ascend to 10,000 feet; then leaves the State for the North.
568.1. Ridgway's junco. Junco annectens. Rare winter visitor; one record.
569. Gray-headed junco. Junco caniceps. Abundant resident; breeds from 7,500 to 12,000 feet; sometimes rears three broods.
570a. Red-backed junco. Junco phæonotus dorsalis. Rare migrant; abundant just south of State.
573a. Desert sparrow. Amphispiza bilineata deserticola. Summer resident; not uncommon locally; found only in southwestern part of the State.
574a. Sage sparrow. Amphispiza belli nevadensis. Abundant summer resident; common on sage-brush plains of western and southwestern Colorado; ranges as far east as San Luis Park and north to Cheyenne, Wyoming.
581. Song-sparrow. Melospiza fasciata. Rare migrant; found only at eastern border of State.
581b. Mountain song-sparrow. Melospiza fasciata montana. Common summer resident; a few remain on plains in mild winters; breeds from plains to 8,000 feet.
583. Lincoln's sparrow. Melospiza lincolni. Common summer resident; abundant in migration; breeds from base of foothills to timber-line.
584. Swamp sparrow. Melospiza georgiana. Accidental summer visitor; one record.
585c. Slate-colored sparrow. Passerella iliaca schistacea. Rare summer resident; only three records.
588. Arctic towhee. Pipilo maculatus arcticus. Winter resident; not uncommon; comes to base of Rocky Mountains in winter; breeds in the North, as far as the Saskatchewan River.
588a. Spurred towhee. Pipilo maculatus megalonyx. Common summer resident; upper limit, 9,000 feet.
591. Cañon towhee. Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus. Resident; common locally; all records from Arkansas Valley; rare at an altitude of 10,000 feet.
592. Abert's towhee. Pipilo aberti. Rare summer resident; species abundant in New Mexico and Arizona.
592.1. Green-tailed towhee. Oreospiza chlorura. Common summer resident; melodious songster.
593. Cardinal. Cardinalis cardinalis. Winter visitor; rare, if not accidental; two records.
595. Rose-breasted grosbeak. Zamelodia ludoviciana. Accidental summer resident; one record.
596. Black-headed grosbeak. Zamelodia melanocephala. Common summer resident; breeds from plains to 8,500 feet; has been seen at 10,000 feet.
597a. Western blue grosbeak. Guiraca cærulea lazula. Summer resident; not uncommon locally; southern part of State; author saw one pair at Colorado Springs.
598. Indigo bunting. Cyanospiza cyanea. Rare summer visitor; range, farther east.
599. Lazuli bunting. Cyanospiza amœna. Abundant summer resident; does not breed far up in the mountains, but has been taken at 9,100 feet.
604. Dickcissel. Spiza americana. Rare summer resident; only on plains and in foothills.
605. Lark bunting. Calamospiza melanocorys. Abundant summer resident; very plentiful on the plains; sometimes breeds as far up in mountains as 9,000 feet.
607. Louisiana tanager. Piranga ludoviciana. Common summer resident; in migration common on the plains, but breeds from 6,000 to 10,000 feet.
608. Scarlet tanager. Piranga erythromelas. Rare migrant.
610a. Cooper's tanager. Piranga rubra cooperi. Rare or accidental summer visitor; abundant in New Mexico and Arizona; only one record for Colorado.
611. Purple martin. Progne subis. Summer resident; local; rare in eastern, quite common in western part of the State.
612. Cliff-swallow. Petrochelidon lunifrons. Abundant summer resident; breeds everywhere from plains to 10,000 feet; nests on cliffs and beneath eaves.
613. Barn swallow. Hirundo erythrogaster. Common summer resident; breeds from plains to 10,000 feet.
614. Tree swallow. Tachycineta bicolor. Summer resident; not uncommon; breeds occasionally on the plains; more frequently in mountains up to 10,000 feet.
615. Violet-green swallow. Tachycineta thalassina. Summer resident; abundant locally; a few breed on plains; more commonly from 6,000 to 10,500 feet.
616. Bank swallow. Clivicola riparia. Rare summer resident; rarest Colorado swallow; from plains to foothills.
617. Rough-winged swallow. Stelgidopteryx serripennis. Summer resident; not uncommon; breeds below 7,500 feet.
618. Bohemian waxwing. Ampelis garrulus. Winter resident; not uncommon; breeds north of the United States.
619. Cedar waxwing. Ampelis cedrorum. Resident; not common; breeds from plains to about 9,000 feet.
621. Northern shrike. Lanius borealis. Common winter resident; on its return from the North in October it first appears above timber-line, then descends to the plains.
622a. White-rumped shrike. Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides. Common summer resident; breeds mostly on the plains; sometimes in mountains up to 9,500 feet.
624. Red-eyed vireo. Vireo olivaceus. Rare summer resident; an eastern species, coming only to base of foothills; still, one was taken at 11,000 feet.
627. Warbling vireo. Vireo gilvus. Common summer resident; breeds sparingly on the plains; commonly in mountains up to 10,000.
629a. Cassin's vireo. Vireo solitarius cassinii. Rare or accidental summer visitor; not known to breed; a southwestern species.
629b. Plumbeous vireo. Vireo solitarius plumbeus. Summer resident; common; breeds in foothills and mountains up to over 9,000 feet.
636. Black and white warbler. Mniotilta varia. Rare summer visitor; two records.
644. Virginia's warbler. Helminthophila virginiæ. Common summer resident; western bird, but breeds along eastern base of foothills.
646. Orange-crowned warbler. Helminthophila celata. Summer resident; not uncommon; common migrant; breeds from 6,000 to 9,000 feet.
646a. Lutescent warbler. Helminthophila celata lutescens. Summer resident; not uncommon: western form of the orange-crowned warbler; ranges to eastern base of mountains.
647. Tennessee warbler. Helminthophila peregrina. Rare migrant; eastern Colorado to base of mountains.
648. Parula warbler. Compsothlypis americana. Rare summer resident; comes to base of foothills.
652. Yellow warbler. Dendroica æstiva. Abundant summer resident; breeds up to 8,000 feet.
652a. Sonora yellow warbler. Dendroica æstiva sonorana. Summer resident; probably common; to the southwest æstiva shades into sonorana.
654. Black-throated blue warbler. Dendroica cærulescens. Rare migrant; one record.
655. Myrtle warbler. Dendroica coronata. Common migrant; scarcely known west of the range.
656. Audubon's warbler. Dendroica auduboni. Abundant summer resident; breeds from 7,000 to 11,000 feet.
657. Magnolia warbler. Dendroica maculosa. Rare migrant; breeds northward.
658. Cerulean warbler. Dendroica rara. Rare migrant; one record.
661. Black-poll warbler. Dendroica striata. Rare summer resident; sometimes common in migration; one breeding record for the State—at Seven Lakes; altitude, 11,000 feet.
664. Grace's warbler. Dendroica graciæ. Summer resident; common in extreme southwestern part of the State.
665. Black-throated gray warbler. Dendroica nigrescens. Summer resident; not infrequent; breeds in pinon hills near Cañon City.
668. Townsend's warbler. Dendroica townsendi. Summer resident; not uncommon; western species, coming east to base of foothills and a few miles out on plains; breeds from 5,500 to 8,000 feet in western Colorado; in fall it is found as high as 10,000 feet.
672. Palm warbler. Dendroica palmarum. Rare or accidental migrant; one specimen seen.
674. Oven-bird. Seiurus aurocapillus. Rare breeder, on Mr. Aiken's authority.
675a. Grinnell's water thrush. Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis. Rare migrant; appearing from plains to 8,000 feet.
678. Connecticut warbler. Geothlypis agilis. Rare or accidental migrant; one record by Mr. Aiken.
680. Macgillivray's warbler. Geothlypis tolmiei. Common summer resident; breeds from base of foothills to 9,000 feet.
681. Maryland yellow-throat. Geothlypis trichas. One taken at Colorado Springs by Mr. Aiken.
681a. Western yellow-throat. Geothlypis trichas occidentalis. Common summer resident, almost restricted to the plains; both sides of the range.
683. Yellow-breasted chat. Icteria virens. Accidental summer visitor.
683a. Long-tailed chat. Icteria virens longicauda. Common summer resident; scarcely found in the mountains, but frequent in the lower foothills and on the plains; never seen above 8,000 feet.
685. Wilson's warbler. Wilsonia pusilla. Abundant summer resident; centre of abundance in breeding season, 11,000 feet; known to breed at 12,000 feet; also as low as 6,000.
685a. Pileolated warbler. Wilsonia pusilla pileolata. Summer resident; not uncommon; Mr. Aiken thinks it as plentiful as preceding.
686. Canadian warbler. Wilsonia canadensis. Rare or accidental migrant; one record by Mr. Aiken.
687. American redstart. Setophaga ruticilla. Summer resident; not uncommon in eastern, rare in western, Colorado; breeds below 8,000 feet.
697. American pipit. Anthus pensilvanicus. Common summer resident; breeds only on summits of the mountains.
701. American dipper. Cinclus mexicanus. Resident; common in favorite localities; one seen above timber-line in October.
702. Sage thrasher. Oroscoptes montanus. Summer resident; breeds from plains to nearly 10,000 feet; western species, coming east to mountain slopes.
703. Mocking-bird. Mimus polyglottos. Summer resident; common locally; mostly on plains, but sometimes reaches 8,000 feet.
704. Catbird. Galeoscoptes carolinensis. Common summer resident; from plains to 8,000 feet.
705. Brown thrasher. Harporhynchus rufus. Not uncommon as summer resident; almost restricted to the plains.
708. Bendire's thrasher. Harporhynchus bendirei. Summer resident; rare and local; south central part of State.
715. Rock wren. Salpinctes obsoletus. Common summer resident; breeds from plains to 12,000 feet.
717a. Cañon wren. Catherpes mexicanus conspersus. Rare resident; one nest recorded.
719b. Baird's wren. Thryomanes bewickii leucogaster. Rare summer resident.
721b. Western house wren. Troglodytes aëdon aztecus. Common summer resident; from plains to 10,000 feet; raises two broods, sometimes three.
722. Winter wren. Anorthura hiemalis. Rare resident; no nest found.
725a. Tulé wren. Cistothorus paludicola. Summer resident; not uncommon; breeds from plains to 8,000 feet; some remain all winter in hot-water swamps.
725c. Western marsh wren. Cistothorus palustris plesius. Summer resident; not uncommon locally.
726b. Rocky Mountain creeper. Certhia familiaris montana. Common resident; in breeding season confined to the immediate vicinity of timber-line, where some remain the year round.
727. White-breasted nuthatch. Sitta carolinensis. Resident; not common.
727a. Slender-billed nuthatch. Sitta carolinensis aculeata. Common resident; western form; commonly breeds from 7,500 feet to timber-line.
728. Red-breasted nuthatch. Sitta canadensis. Not uncommon resident; migrant on the plains; resident in the mountains to about 8,000 feet, sometimes 10,000.
730. Pigmy nuthatch. Sitta pygmæa. Abundant resident; mountain bird; makes scarcely any migration; most common from 7,000 to 10,000 feet.
733a. Gray titmouse. Parus inornatus griseus. Resident; not common; southern species, coming to eastern foothills.
735a. Long-tailed chickadee. Parus atricapillus septentrionalis. Not uncommon resident; winters on plains and in foothills; breeds from 7,000 to 10,000 feet; sometimes on plains.
738. Mountain chickadee. Parus gambeli. Abundant resident; nests from 8,000 feet to timber-line; ranges in the fall to the tops of the loftiest peaks.
744. Lead-colored bush-tit. Psaltriparus plumbeus. Resident; not common; western species, coming to eastern foothills.
748. Golden-crowned kinglet. Regulus satrapa. Rare summer resident; rather common in migration; breeds only near timber-line at about 11,000.
749. Ruby-crowned kinglet. Regulus calendula. Abundant summer resident; breeds from 9,000 feet to timber-line.
751. Blue-gray gnatcatcher. Polioptila cærulea. Rare summer resident; breeds on the plains and in the foothills.
754. Townsend's solitaire. Myadestes townsendii. Common resident; breeds from 8,000 to 12,000 feet; winters in mountains, though stragglers are sometimes seen on the plains. The author saw a pair on plains near Arvada, in company with a young, well-fledged bird.
756a. Willow thrush. Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola. Summer resident; rather common; breeds in foothills and parks up to about 8,000 feet.
758a. Olive-backed thrush. Hylocichla ustulata swainsonii. Rare migrant.
758c. Alma's thrush. Hylocichla ustulata alamæ. Rare summer resident; in migration common.
759. Dwarf hermit thrush. Hylocichla aonalaschkæ. Rare migrant.
759a. Audubon's hermit thrush. Hylocichla aonalaschkæ auduboni. Common summer resident; breeds from 8,000 feet to timber-line.
759b. Hermit thrush. Hylocichla aonalaschkæ pallasii. Rare migrant; comes to the eastern edge of Colorado, just touching range of auduboni.
761. American robin. Merula migratoria. Summer resident, but not common; some interesting questions arise in connection with intermediate forms.
761a. Western robin. Merula migratoria propinqua. Abundant summer resident; breeds from plains to timber-line.
765a. Greenland wheatear. Saxicola œnanthe leucorhoa. European species; a straggler taken at Boulder by Minot.
766. Bluebird. Sialia sialis. Rare summer resident; west to base of Rockies.
767a. Chestnut-backed bluebird. Sialia mexicana bairdi. Summer resident; not common; western form, coming east as far as Pueblo.
768. Mountain bluebird. Sialia arctica. Abundant summer resident; breeds from plains to timber-line; in autumn roams up to at least 13,000 feet.