Footnotes

1.
Il. ix. 63.
2.
Il. ii. 400.
3.
Il. xi. 807.
4.
Il. ii. 788.
5.
Journal of Philology, xiv. 145 (1885), Mr. Frazer on Prytaneum.
6.

Cauer, Delect. Inser. Graec. § 121. (Crete, c. 200 B.C.) “I swear by Hestia in the Prytaneum (τὰν ἐμ πρυτανείῳ), by Zeus of the Agora, Zeus Tallaios, Apellon Delphinios, Athanaia Poliouchos, Apellon Poitios, and Lato, and Artemis, and Ares, and Aphordite, and Hermes, and Halios ... and all gods and goddesses.” Cf. also § 116, and Od. xiv. 158.

Plato, in Laws § 848, says Hestia, Zeus and Athena shall have temples everywhere.

7.
Thuc. ii. 16.
8.
Journal of Philol. xiv. 145.
9.
Op. cit. p. 153.
10.
Exception, however, was sometimes made in the case of the stranger as a favoured guest, v. infra, p. 99.
11.
Plato (Laws 948) remarks that at the time of Rhadamanthos the belief in the existence of the gods was a reasonable one, seeing that at that time most men were sons of gods.
12.
Il. xxiii. 206. It is clear from Il. i. 466 et seq. that the sacrifice was held to be a feast at which the choice portions were devoured by the god by means of the fire on his altar. Cf. p. 139, note.
13.
It was not therefore only at the mouth of Hades that the dead could benefit by such offerings.
14.
Od. iv. 197. Cf. Il. xvi. 455.
ἔνδα ἑ ταρχύσουσι κασίγνητοι τε ἔται τε
τύμβῳ τε στήλῃ τε: τὸ γὰρ γέρας ἐστὶ θανόντων.
15.
The speculative state of mind displayed in the Iliad may be illustrated from the effect on Achilles of the apparition of Patroklos after death in a dream. As he wakes suddenly the conviction comes upon him:—“Ay me, there remaineth then even in the house of Hades a spirit and phantom of the dead, albeit the life be not anywise therein: for all night long hath the spirit of hapless Patroklos stood over me, wailing and making moan, and charged me everything that I should do, and wondrous like his living self it seemed.” Il. xxiii, 113 &c.
16.
Ps. cvi. 28. v. Maine's Early Law and Custom, p. 59.
17.
1 Sam. xx. 6. Θυσία τῶν ἡμερῶν ἐκεῖ ὅλῃ τῇ φυλῇ.
18.
Soph. Antig. 659.
19.
Coulanges, Cité Antique, p. 65.
20.
Soph. Antig. 199.
21.
Soph. Phil. 933. Soph. Elekt. 411.
22.
Aesch. Pers. 609-618. The speaker in this case is a Persian and a woman; but many passages might be quoted from the Greek poets. Cf. Lucian, De Luctu, 9. Τρέφονται δὲ ἄρα ταῖς παρ᾽ ἡμῖν χοαῖς καὶ τοῖς καθαγιζομένοις ἐπὶ τῶν τάφων: ὡς εἴ τῳ μὴ εἴη καταλελειμμένος ὑπὲρ γῆς φίλος ἥ συγγενὴς, ἄσιτος οὗτος νεκρὸς καὶ λιμώττων ἐν αὐτοῖς πολιτεύεται.
23.
Edited by C. H. S. Davis (Putnam, 1894).
24.
Id. chap. liii.
25.
Id. chap. lxxii.
26.
Id. chap. lxxvii.
27.
Cité Antique, p. 93, ἑστία δέσποινα.
28.
Wks. & Days, 327-332.
29.
Id. 353-5.
30.
Laws § 717, Trans. Jowett, cf. 729 C and 931 A.
31.

Arist, Ath. Pol. lv. 3. Isaeus, viii. 32. “The law commands us to maintain (τρέφειν) our parents even if they have nothing to leave us.” Cf. Ruth iv. 15 διαθρέψαι τὴν πολιάν σου.

Iliad iv. 477 and xvii. 302.

... οὐδὲ τοκεῦσιν
θρέπτα φίλοις ἀπέδωκε...

Hesiod, Works and Days, 118.

οὐδέ κεν οἵγε
γηράντεσσι τοκεῦσιν ἀπὸ θρεπτήρια δοῖεν
χειροδίκαι.

32.
Plato, Laws, 877 C.
33.
Aeschin. c. Timarch. § 13.
34.
Isaeus, iv. 19 (Nicostrat.).
35.
Ordinances of Manu, translated by A. C. Burnell, edited by E. W. Hopkins. London: 1884. Bk. ix. 106, 8, 182, 137, 161.
36.
Laws, 721 B, Trans. Jowett, cf. 923 A.
37.
Dem. c. Leoch. 1090, and Il. xxiii. 163, xvi. 455, xxiv. 793.
38.
Dem. c. Macart. 1077.
39.
Isaeus, ii. 36 and 42.
40.
Arist. Pol. 1, 2, 4, Ἡ κτῆσις μέρος τῆς οἰκίας ἐστί.
41.
Plut. Lycurg. and Numa 4. Xen. Rep. Lac. i. 7 to 9.
42.
From Xen. Rep. Lac. i. 9, it would seem that such children, born into a family where there were already children of both father and mother, had no share in the family property.
43.
This was the practice also in Arabia (Rob. Smith, Kinship &c., p. 110).
44.
Herod. v. 40.
45.
Herod. vii. 205. Quoted by Hearn, Aryan Household, p. 71.
46.
Iliad xv. 497.
47.
Is. vii. 30.
48.
Is. ii. 36.
49.
Is. iii. 59 and 60, vi. 28.
50.
For want of a better translation implying “going with the property” this word will be rendered by “heiress.”
51.
Is. viii. 31. Cf. συνουκεῖν in Dem. in Neaeram 1386.
52.
Demosth. Steph. ii. 1134. Son. of ἐπίκληρος inherits (κρατεῖν τῶν χρημάτων) ἐπὶ δίετες; τὸν δὲ σῖτον μετρεῖν τῇ μητρί.
53.
Is. vi. 14. Cf. Ar. Vesp. 583 et seq.
54.
Manu ix. 131 and 132.
55.
Ib. 136.
56.
Ib. 135.
57.
Laws, 924.
58.

Cf. Terence, Phormio 125-6.

Lex est ut orbae, qui sunt genere proxumi,
Eis nubant, et illos ducere cadem haec lex jubet.

and Diod. Sic. xii. 18: ὁ δὲ ἀγχιστεὺς πλούσιος ὦν ἠναγκάσθη γῆμαι γυναῖκα πενιχρὰν ἐπίκληρον ἄνευ προικός.

59.
Isaeus, iii. 64.
60.
Ordinances iii. 11.
61.
Isaeus, i. 39.
62.
vii. 15-ix. 24. We may compare this with Odyssey vii. 60 et seq. where Alkinoos marries his niece, Arete, the only child and therefore ἐπίκληρος of his brother Rhexenor.
63.
c. Macart. 1068 (Law)
64.
(Plut. Solon 21. ἐν τῷ γένει τοῦ τεθηκότος ἔδει τὰ χρήματα καταμένειν. Plato, Laws 925. A heiress must marry a citizen. In the Gortyn laws, if any one marry the heiress contrary to law, the next of kin shall have the property).
65.

Dem. c. Macart. 1076. Widow only allowed to remain in her deceased husband's house on plea of pregnancy and under the guardianship of the archon.

Dem. c. Boeot. 1010. Wife leaves her husband's house and is portioned out again by her brothers.

66.

Cf. Ord. of Manu v. 147-8. “No act is to be done according to (her) own will by a young girl, a young woman, or even by an old woman, though in (their own) houses.

“In her childhood (a girl) should be under the will of her father; in her youth, of her husband; her husband being dead, of her sons; a woman should never enjoy her own will.”

67.

Dem. c. Spoud. 1029. Father takes away daughter and gives her to another.

Cf. also Dem. c. Eubulid. 1311.

Isaeus, v. 10. By coming into an inheritance from his first cousin, a man also becomes guardian (ἐπίτροπος καὶ κύριος) of his three female first cousins, though all married.

68.
Dem. pro Phormio. 953.
69.
As in Isaeus, ii. 7 and 8.
70.
ix. 70. &c.
71.
vii. 11 and 12.
72.
Gen. xxxviii. 10.
73.
Ruth i. 8-12.
74.
For the meaning of ἀγχιστεύς see below p. 55.
75.
xi. 49.
76.
Isaeus, vii. 31.
77.
c. Macart. 1077.
78.
Dem. c. Leochar. 1093. ἐκ τῶν κατὰ γένος ἐγγυτάτω εἰσποιεῖν υἱὸν τῷ τετελευτηκότι ὅπως ἄν ὁ οἶκος μὴ ἐξερημωθῇ.
79.
Is. x. 17.
80.
Arist. Pol. 1, 2, 4 Ἡ κτῆσις μέρος τῆς οἰκίας ἐστί.
81.
Is. ii. 14.
82.
Is. vii. 1, 16, 13 and 27.
83.
Dem. c. Eubulid. 1315.
84.
Is. vi. 25.
85.
Andoc. de Myst. 126.
86.
Dem. c. Macart. 1054 and 1078.
87.
Dem. c. Leoch. 1091. Isaeus iii. 80 and viii. 18.
88.
Isaeus ix. 7 (Astyph.) τελευτήσαντι αὐτῷ καὶ τοῖς ἐκείνου προγόνοις τά νομιζόμενα ποισει.
89.
Isaeus vi. 44; ix. 2 and 33; x. 2 and 4. Dem. c. Leoch. passim. Cf. Manu, ix. 142.
90.
Dem. c. Leoch. 1094, 1099, and (lex Solonis) 1100.
91.
Ib. 1090.
92.
Mayne on Hindu Law (1892), p. 105 and 162.
93.
Op. cit. p. 141-2 and 189. Manu ix. 142. He offers no cake to his original ancestors.
94.
Thes. 5.
95.
ἀπάρχεσθαι: in Homer to “begin” a sacrifice by offering the hair of the victim. Later, to “dedicate.”
96.
Il. ii. 542 ὄπιθεν κομόωντες.
97.
Herod, iii. 8. The Arabs cut their hair in a ring away from the temples.
98.
Il. xxiii. 141-6.
99.
Paus. i. 37, 3.
100.
Char. 21.
101.
Deipnosoph. xi. 88.
102.
Manu ii. 65.
103.
Cf. ii. 38. This was the last year that a Brahman could receive investiture.
104.
Isaeus, vi. 10.
105.
Anc. Grk. Inscr. Brit. Mus. cccxv. cccxvii. and cccxviii. Oath of mother required before legitimacy registered, in the island of Kalymna.
106.
Cf. Aristot. Ath. Pol. xlii.
107.
Isaeus, iii. 75.
108.
Ib. vi. 47. Cf. Deuteronomy xxiii. i.
109.
Robertson Smith, Kinship, &c. in Arabia, p. 262.
110.
Dem. in Euerg. and Mnesib. 1160.
111.
Dem. Macart. 1069. Cf. Deut. xxi. 1-9.
112.
Cf. Od. iii. 195.
113.
Il. ix. 63.
ἀφρήτωρ, ἀθέμιστος, ἀνέστιός ἐστιν ἐκεῖνος,
ὅς πολέμου ἔραται ἐπιδημίου ὀκρυόεντος.
114.
Il. xiii. 695. Cf. xv. 335.
115.
Il. xvi. 572.
116.
Il. ii. 662.
117.
Cf. Od. xiii. 259, xiv. 380.
118.
Quoted in Dem. c. Aristocrat. 629.
119.
Laws 865 d.
120.
Ib. 871. Soph. O.C. 407. Oedipus could not be buried on Theban soil, because he had shed ἔμφυλον αἷμα.
121.
Cf. Aeschines in Ctesiph. 244.
122.
ix. 17-19. Cf. Dem. c. Pantaen. 983, 59.
123.
Plato, Laws 871 D.
124.
Plato, Laws 871 B. Cf.868.
125.
Ib. 872 E. Cf. Tacitus, Germania, 21. Suscipere tam inimicitias seu patris seu propinqui quam amicitias necesse est. Nec implacabiles durant: luitur enim etiam homicidium certo armentorum ac pecorum numero, recipitque satisfactionem universa domus, utiliter in publicum, quia periculosiores sunt inimicitiae juxta libertatem.
126.
Ib. 873 E.
127.
Herod. i. 44.
128.
v. infra p. 90 et seq.
129.
c. Leoch. 1083.
130.
Dem. c. Macart. 1055-6.
131.
Isaeus, viii. 32.
132.
Venedotian Code, ii. xii.
133.
Lady Charlotte Guest's Mabinogion, p. 234.
134.
cxxviii-cxxxi.
135.
Dimetian Code, ii. xxiii.
136.
Manu, ix. 186.
137.
Manu, iii. 5.
138.
Manu v. 60.
139.
Gwentian Code, ii. viii.
140.
Dem. c. Makart. 1076.
141.
Cf. infra, tree on p. 62.
142.
Dem. c. Makart. 1055-6.
143.
Dem. c. Makart. 1077.
144.
Id. 1078 et seq.
145.
Isaeus, vii. 22, and xi. i.
146.
Isaeus, xi. 30.
147.
c. Makart. 1067.
148.
In Dem. c. Leochar. 1088. ἀνεψιαδοῦς is used to denote the relationship of a man to the adopted son of his great-uncle, or, as we should say, first cousin once removed.
149.
c. Makart. 1053.
150.
Dem. c. Makart. and c. Leoch. 1100, &c.
151.
The wife's kin are no kin to her husband, but are to her son.
152.
Plato, Laws, 929 c. Trans. Jowett.
153.
Dem. c. Makart. 1058.
154.
Id. 1070.
155.
Mentioned in Dem. c. Makart. 1056.
156.
Supra, p. 56.
157.
c. Makart. 1068, supra, p. 26.
158.
Welsh Laws, iv. i. and x. vii. Exception is made for the son of a stranger chieftain.
159.
Welsh Laws, v. ii. and Vened. Code, ii. xvi. and elsewhere.
160.
Welsh Laws, v. ii.
161.
Welsh Laws, xiii. ii.
162.
Venedotian Code, ii. xiv. and Gwentian Code, ii. xxx. Cf. the Shunammite's cry unto the King for restoration of her house and fields after an absence of seven years. 2 Kings viii. 3.
163.
Gen. xlviii. 5. Cf. Pindar, Ol. viii. 46. Troy to be subdued by children of Aeacus in first and fourth generations.
164.
Dem. in Neaer. 1376.
165.
Anc. Inscrip. Brit. Mus. ccxxxviii. Citizenship had to be confirmed on son of foreigner admitted to citizenship.
166.
Ath. Pol. lv. 3.
167.
Cf. Pollux, viii. 85: εἰ Ἀθηναῖοί εἰσιν ἑκατερωθεν ἐκ τριγονίας.
168.
Cf. Aristot. Pol. iii. 2: ὁρίζονται δὲ πρὸς τὴν χρῆσιν πολίτην τὸν ἔξ ἀμφοτέρων πολιτῶν καὶ μὴ θατέρου μόνον, οἷον πατρὸς ἢ μητρός, οἳ δὲ καὶ τοῦτ᾽ ἐπὶ πλέον ζητοῦσιν, οἷον ἐπὶ πάππους δύο ἢ τρεῖς ἢ πλείους.
169.
Oed. Tyr. 742 and 1063 quoted by Hearn, Aryan Household, p. 206.

θάρσει; σὺ μὲν γὰρ οὐδ᾽ ἐὰν τρίτης ἐγὼ
μητρὸς φανῶ τρίδουλος, ἐκφανεῖ κακή ...

Cf. Demosth. 1327. πονηρὸς ἐκ τριγονίας.
170.
Handbuch der Griechischen Staatsalterthümer, von G. Gilbert, ii. p. 298, quotation from Dittenberger 371, 4 ff.:—(ὁ) πριάμε(νος τ)ὴν ἱερητείαν τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος τῆς Περ(γα)ίας π(αρ)έξετα(ι ἱ)έρειαν ἀστὴν ἐξ ἀστῶν ἀμφοτέρων ἐπὶ (τ)ρεῖς γενεὰς γεγενημένην καὶ πρὸς πατρὸς καὶ πρὸς μητρός.
171.
Nehemiah vii. 64.
172.
Manu, x. 64.
173.
Plato's Laws, ix. 871 B.
174.
Cf. 868.
175.
872 E.
176.
878 D.
177.

Dem. c. Makart, 1069.

There is some uncertainty in the text of this passage, but the following is Blass' reading adopted by Kohler:—προειπεῖν τῷ κτείναντι ἐν ἀγορᾷ ἐντὸς ἀνεψιότητος καὶ ἀνεψιοῦ συνδίωκειν δὲ καὶ ἀνεψιοὺς καὶ ἀνεψιῶν παῖδας καὶ ἀνεψιαδοῦς καὶ γαμβροὺς καὶ πενθέρους καὶ φράτορας.

I am indebted to Mr. J. W. Headlam for this information, and also for the fact of the discovery of the confirmatory inscription.

178.
Dem. c. Euerg. et Mnesib. 1161. κελεύει ὁ νόμος τοὺς προσήκοντας ἐπεξιέναι μέχρι ἀνεψιαδῶν; καὶ ἐν τῷ ὅρκῳ διορίζεται ὅτι προσήκων ἐστι etc.... Cf. Pollux, viii. 118 (obviously quoting this passage).
179.
Laws, 877 c.
180.
Cf. 2 Sam. xiv. 7. House extinguished for fratricide.
181.
Dimetian Code, ii. i.
182.
Gwentian Code, ii. viii. Cf. Sapinda and Samānodaka: both owe rites at death of kinsman. Manu, ix. 186, and v. 60, quoted above.
183.
Venedotian Code, iii. i.
184.
Inscript. Jurid. Grecques par Dareste, &c., 1891, p. 10. Inscription found at Iulis in Keos. Fifth century B.C. Cf. Numbers xix. 14.
185.
c. Makart. 1071.
186.
Welsh Laws, vol. i. 229. Cf. Ord. of Manu, ix. 201, where list of those incapable of receiving inheritance includes eunuchs.
187.
ὁ περὶ τῶν κλήρων καὶ ἐπικλήρων. Pol. Ath. 9.
188.
Cf. Cic. de Legibus ii. 21. Nam sacra cum pecunia pontificum auctoritate, nulla lege conjuncta sunt.
189.
Dem. in Calliclem, 13-14. Coulanges, Problèmes d'Histoire, p. 19.
190.
Arist. Pol. Ath. lv. 3; Harpocration, ὅτι δὲ τούτοις μετῆν τῆς πολιτείας οἷς εἴη Ζεὺς ἑρκεῖος, δεδήλωκε καὶ Ὑπερείδης ...
191.
In other words, the devisee could not possess the property devised to him until his place as heir in the succession by blood or adoption was legally established.
192.
Isaeus, i. 17. The “friendship” insured that his presence and officiating at the tomb would be acceptable to the soul of the deceased—always an important consideration.
193.
Thuc. i. 2. Νεμόμενοί τε τὰ αὑτῶν ἔκαστοι ὅσον ἀποζῇν, καὶ περιουσίαν χρημάτων οὐκ ἔχοντες οὐδὲ γῆν φυτεύοντες, ἄδηλον ὃν ὁπότε τις ἐπελθὼν καὶ ἀτειχίστων ἅμα ὄντων ἄλλος ἀφαιρήσεται.
194.
Od. 21. 16. Cf. Il. xi. 682 sq. where the booty consists of 50 herds of kine, 50 flocks of sheep, 50 droves of swine, 50 flocks of goats, and 150 chestnut mares, many with foals at foot.
195.
Il. xx. 216-8.
196.
Il. xxi. 602. Cf. Od. iii. 495.
197.
Consular Reports, p. 20.
198.
Ibid.
199.
P. 199.
200.
Consular Reports, pp. 23 and 30.
201.
Ibid. p. 26.
202.
Ibid. p. 40.
203.
Ibid. p. 49.
204.
“The Homeric Land System,” Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1885.
205.
Isaeus, xi. 49 (Hagnias).
206.
Harp. s. v. ἀφ᾽ Ἑστίας μυεῖσθαι; Ἰσαῖος ἐν τῷ πρὸς Καλυδῶνα. ὁ ἀφ᾽ Ἑστίας μυούμενος Ἀθηναῖος ἦν πάντως. κλήρῳ δὲ λαχὼν ἐμυεῖτο.
207.
Isaeus, vii. 15 and 27, (Apollod.)
208.
1055 et seq. Cf. 1149 where one brother lives with his father after the division, whilst his brother has a house of his own: and 1086 where two brothers live apart but with undivided estate.
209.
Il. xv. 187 sq.
210.
Ib. xiii. 355.
211.
Cf. the use of ἠθεῖος (“revered”) as the stock epithet of the eldest brother in Homer Il. vi. 518, and elsewhere. Pollux, On. 3, 24, states that this is the right use of the word.
212.
Od. xiii. 142.
213.
Il. iv. 59 sq.

Καὶ γὰρ ἐγὼ θεός εἰμι, γένος δὲ μοι ἔνθεν, ὅθεν σοι;
καὶ με πρεσβυτάτην τέκετο Κρόνος ἀγκυλομήτης,
ἀμφότερον, γενεῇ τε καὶ οὕνεκα σὴ παράκοιτις
κέκλημαι; σὺ δὲ πᾶσι μετ᾽ ἀθανάτοισιν ἀνάσσεις.
214.
Od. i. 397, cf. ix. 115.
215.
xxix. Εἰς Ἑστίαν.

Ἑστιη, ἣ πάντων ἐν δώμασιν ὑψηλοῖσιν
ἀθανάτων τε θεῶν χαμαὶ ἐρχομένων τ᾽ ἀνθρώπων
ἕδρην ἀίδιον ἔλαχε, πρεσβηίδα τιμὴν,
καλὸν ἔχουσα γέρας καὶ τίμιον; οὐ γὰρ ἄτερ σοῦ
εἰλαπίναι θνητοῖσιν, ἵν᾽ οὐ πρώτῃ πυμάτῃ τε
Ἑστίῃ ἀρχόμενος σπένδει μελιηδέα οἶνον.
216.
Pol. I. 2, 6. πᾶσα γὰρ οἰκία βασιλεύεται ὑπὸ τοῦ πρεσβυτάτου. Cf. use of πρεσβεύεσθαι in Aesch. Ag. 1300, Choeph. 486 and 631.
217.
Gortyn Law, iv. 24, supra p. 47.
218.
In the island of Tenos, according to an inscription of the second or third century B.C., the transfer of undivided fractions of houses and property was of exceedingly common occurrence. Sales are recorded of a fourth part of a tower and cistern; half a house, lands, tower, &c. Inscr. Jurid. Gr.: Dareste, &c. p. 63.
219.
Gortyn Laws, iv. 29-31.
220.

Cf. Ordinances of Manu, ix. 213-4. “If an eldest (brother), through avarice, commit an injury against his younger (brothers), he should be made a not-eldest and shareless, and be put under restraint by kings.”

“None of the brothers who perform wrong acts deserve (share in) the property, ...”

221.
Laws, 877 c.
222.
Lev. xxv. 25; Jerem. xxxii. 8.
223.
Another version runs:
“The fader to the bonde
And the son to the londe.”

Sandys, History of Gavelkind, 1851, pp. 5 and 150.
224.
Od. xiv. 209. Cf. Pindar, Ol. ix. 95-100. Bastard prince named after his mother's father and given one πόλιν λαόν τε διαιτᾶν.
225.
Is. vi. 23.
226.
Cf. Eur. Ion 1541.

... τοῦ θεοῦ δὲ λεγόμενος
οὐκ ἔσχες ἄν ποτ᾽ οὔτε παγκλήρους δόμους
οὔτ᾽ ὄνομα πατρός.
227.

See inscriptions quoted in Mittheilungen Athen. vol. 9, pt. 1, p. 60. εὐεργέτῃ γενομενῳ τῆς πόλεως δοῦναι πολιτείαν, κλῆρον ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ, οἰκίην, κῆπον κυάμων διηκοσίων ἀμφορέων, ἀτέλειαν ... αὐτῷ καὶ ἐκγόνοις.

... δοῦναι ἡμικλήριον δασείης κτήνειον (?) ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ, οἰκίην, κῆπον κυάμων ἀμφορέων ἑκατὸν, &c. ... αὐτῷ καὶ ἐκγόνοις.

Cf. Cauer Delect. § 221. αὐτοῖ καὶ ἐκγόνοις, καὶ ἔγκτησιν γᾶς καὶ οἰκίας καὶ ἐπινομίας, &c. ... and § 232.

Do. § 395 (4th cent. B.C.). So many plethra each ἔχειν πατρουέαν τὸμ πάντα χρόνον.

Do. § 27. The importance of the grant of ἔγκτησις must lie in its being the evidence of admission to full privilege. V. infra, p. 139.

228.
p. 122, note A.
229.
Manu, ix. 104-106.
230.
iv. 184. “An elder brother is equal to a father.”
231.
ix. 182.
232.
iii. 171-2.
233.
ix. 110 and 213.
234.
ix. 111.
235.
iii. 77 et seq.
236.
vi. 90.
237.
iii. 67, 70, and 72.
238.
iii. 108.
239.
Elektra, 784.
240.
Elektra, 637.
241.
Od. viii. 546. ἀντὶ κασιγνήτου ξεῖνός θ᾽ ἱκέτης τε τέτυκται ἀνέρι, ὅς τ᾽ ὀλίγον περ ἐπιψαύῃ πραπίδεσσιν.
242.
Od. iii. 30-80.
243.
Cf. Manu, ix. 163. “The son of the body is the one and only lord of the paternal wealth: but to do the others no harm he should afford (them something) to support life.”
244.
Manu, ix. 115.
245.
ix. 214.
246.
ix. 118.
247.
ix. 47.
248.
ix. 210.
249.
ix. 209.
250.
ix. 208. Though viii. 416 states the contrary. “A wife, son, and slave are said to be without property: whatever property they acquire is his to whom they (belong).”
251.
ix. 207.
252.
Il. xx. 165.
253.
Od. xiv. 96.
254.
Il. vi. 194.
255.
Il. ix. 574; cf. xx. 184.
256.
Il. xiv. 121.
257.
Or “belonging to a basileus.”
258.

Cf. Il. xi. 67. “As when reapers over against each other drive their swaths through the ploughland of a rich man of wheat and barley, and thick fall the handfuls”...

This contrast is drawn by Professor Ridgeway: op. cit. p. 19 Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1885.

259.
Il. xviii. 541.
260.
Il. xxi. 602.
261.
Ridgeway, op. cit.
262.
Plato, Laws, 842. E. Διὸς ὁρίου πρῶτος νόμος ὅδε εἰρήσθω; μὴ κινείτω γῆς ὅρια μηδεὶς ... νομίσας τὸ τἀκίνητα κινεῖν τοῦτο εἶναι ... καταφρονήσας δὲ, διτταῖς δίκαις ἔνοχος ἔστω, μιᾷ μὲν παρὰ θεῶν, δευτέρᾳ δὲ ὑπὸ νόμου.
263.
Il. xi. 558.
264.
Il. xii. 421; v. Ridgeway, op. cit.
265.
Isaeus, ix. 17-19.
266.
πίονες ἀγροί. Il. xxiii. 832. v. Ridgeway, op. cit. p. 16.
267.
Il. xii. 313. Cf. Il. ix. 297. A good king also has power over the crops, etc., to bring plenty. See Od. xix. 110-5. Frazer, Golden Bough, i. 8 et seq.
268.
Il. vi. 191.
269.
Il. xii. 313. καὶ τέμενος νεμόμεσθα μέγα (not τεμένεα).
270.
Od. vi. 291-3. Xenophon states that choice portions of land in the territory of many neighbouring towns were set apart for the king of Sparta. Rep. Laced. xv. 3.
271.
Od. xi. 184.
272.
Il. xx. 391, ὅθι τοι τέμενος πατρώιόν ἐστιν.
273.
τὸ τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ ἀπὸ προγόνων.
274.
Vide Il. ii. 46 and 101-8. Agamemnon's σκῆπτρον πατρῴιον had been handed down to him in succession from Thyestes, Atreus, Pelops, Hermes, and Zeus, for whom it had been made by Hephaistos.
275.

Od. i. 386. Cf. Od. ii. 22. δύο δ᾽ αἰὲν ἔχον πατρώια ἔργα.

Cf. Od. i. 407. ποῦ δέ νύ οἱ γενεὴ καὶ πατρὶς ἄρουρα?

Cf. Od. xi. 185. Telemachos νέμεται τεμένεα of Odysseus.

Cf. Od. xx. 336. πατρώια πάντα νέμηαι.

276.
Pindar, Pyth. iv. 255 et seq.
277.
Od. xiv. 211.
278.
Cf. Il. xii. 421. περὶ ἴσης.
279.
Od. xiv. 62.
280.
Od. xiv. 211.
281.
Wks. and Dys. 405. The next line which explains that the woman is to be slave and not a wife is evidently a later addition. Aristotle did not know it, and interpreted γυνη as wife.
282.
Pol. i. 2, 5-7.
283.
I am indebted to Professor Ridgeway for the right meaning and derivation of this word, which stands for ὁμόκηποι, having the α long and not short as stated in Liddell and Scott's Dictionary. Another reading is ὁμόκαπνοι which would mean sharers of the smoke or hearth.
284.
Pindar, Nem. ix. 11.
285.
Œcon. i. 2. μέρη δὲ οἰκίας ἄνθρωπός τε καὶ κτῆσίς ἐστιν. Pol. i. 4, 1. ἡ κτῆσις μέρος τῆς οἰκίας ἐστί.
286.
Od. iv. 318.
287.
Od. xiv. 158; xvii. 155; xx 230. ἴστω νῦν Ζεὺς πρῶτα θεῶν ξενίν τε τράπεζα ἱστίν τ᾽ Ὀδυσῆος ἀμύμονος, ἥν ἀφικάνω.
288.
Il. vi. 230.
289.
Il. xv. 497.
290.
p. 75. Mr. Leaf mentions other countries where the father takes a new name as father of his eldest son.
291.

Od. iv. 754-7

οὐ γὰρ ὀίω
πάγχυ θεοῖς μακάρεσσι γονὴν Ἀρκεισιάδαο
ἔχθεσθ᾽, ἀλλ᾽ ἔτι πού τις ἐπέσσεται, ὅς κεν ἔχῃσιν
δώματα θ᾽ ὑψερεφέα καὶ ἀπόπροθι πίονας ἀγρούς.

“Far away” implies width of sway and extent of influence; and the protection of outlying properties would necessitate a great name and a strong hand.

292.
Il. v. 151 et seq.
293.
Od. vii. 150.
294.
Od. xi. 184. Cf. xx. 336. ὄφρα σὺ μὲν (= Telemachos) χαίρων πατρώια πάντα νέμηαι.
295.
1 Kings xxi 3.
296.
Ezekiel xlvi. 16.
297.
Od. i. 392.
298.
βασιλεύς in Homer means “prince” and is applied to a class, not a single chieftain. Il. xii. 319 of Sarpedon and Glaukos. Il. iv. 96 of Paris. Od. i. 394 of the Ithakans. Od. viii. 41 and 390 of the Phaeakians. Cf.
299.
Il. xvii. 250.
300.
Il. xxiv. 262.
301.
Od. ii. 74.
302.
Od. xiii. 13.
303.
Od. xix. 195.
304.
Il. ix. 291. Cf. Il. ix. 483. Peleus enriched Phoinix, and gave him much people (πολὺν λαόν) to be ἄναξ over.
305.
Od. iv. 174.
306.
Manu, vii. 118.
307.
vii. 123.
308.
Herod, i. 192.
309.
Ibid.
310.
1 Kings iv. 7-27. One of these officers was over “threescore great cities with walls and brazen bars.”
311.
Herod. ii. 109.
312.
Genes. xlvii. 26.
313.
Pind. Nem. vi. 11 (Trans. Myers), cf. Ridgeway, op. cit. p. 20.
314.
Ezekiel xlv. 8, 9.
315.
Ez. xlvi. 18.
316.
Od. xxiv. 207.
317.
Mahaffy, Rambles in Greece, 3rd ed. p. 200.
318.
Rennell Rodd's Customs and Lore of Modern Greece, p. 58.
319.
Od. vi. 293.
320.
Ib. 259.
321.
The κλῆρος is spoken of as capable of good cultivation by means of a yoke of oxen.
322.
Works and Days 637. Possession of land would presuppose admission to full civic rights. V. supra, p. 97.
323.
Il. ix. 648; xvi. 59.
324.
W. and D. 345 &c. γείτονες ἄζωστοι ἔκιον, ζώσαντο δὲ πηοί.
325.
Arist. Pol. VIII. ii. 5. ἦν δὲ τό γε ἀρχαῖον ἐν πολλαῖς πόλεσι νενομοθετημένον μηδὲ πωλεῖν ἐχεῖναι τοὺς πρώτους κλήρους; ἔστι δὲ καὶ ὅν λέγουσι Ὀξύλου νόμον εἶναι τοιοῦτόν τι δυνάμενος, τὸ μὴ δανείζειν εἴς τι μέρος τῆς ὑπαρχούσης ἑκάστῳ γῆς. Cf. Id. iv. 4 ὥσπερ ἐν Λοκροῖς νόμος ἐστὶ μὴ πωλεῖν.... ἔτι δὲ τοὺς παλαιοὺς κλήρους διασῴζειν.
326.
Laws 741.
327.
Laws 923.
328.
Lycurg. xvi.
329.
Suidas; and Harpocration s.v. ἀμφιδρόμια:—Λυσίας ἐν τῷ περὶ τῆς ἀμβλώσεωσ, εἰ γνήσιος ὁ λόγος. ἡμέρα τις ἤγετο ἐπὶ τοῖς νεογνοῖς παιδίοις, ἐν ᾗ τὸ βρέφος περὶ τὴν ἑστίαν ἔφερον τρέχοντες, καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν οἰκείων καὶ φίλων πουλύποδας καὶ σηπίας ἐλάμβανον. Octopus is still a staple article of food on the shores of the Mediterranean.
330.
Nouvelles Recherches, 1891, p. 63.
331.
Arist. Pol. Ath. 2 and 5.
332.
Dareste, &c, Recueil des Inscr. Jurid. Gr. xi.
333.
Isaeus, iii. 60 and 42; vi. 48.
334.
Isaeus, iii. 73 and 80.
335.
Cf. Thuc. ii. 16 for Attica. Such are the numerous small farmers who appear in the plays of Aristophanes.
336.
Athen. vi. 85. Βοιωτῶν (φησὶν Ἀρχέμαχος) τῶν τὴν Ἀρναίαν κατοικισάντων οἱ μὴ ἀπάραντες εἰς τὴν Βοιωτίαν, ἀλλ᾽ ἐμφιλοχωρήσαντες παρέδωκαν ἑαυτοὺς τοῖς Θετταλοῖς δουλεύειν καθ᾽ ὁμολογίας, ἐφ᾽ ῴ οὔτε ἐξάξουσιν αὐτοὺς ἐκ τῆς χώρας οὔτε ἀποκτενοῦσιν, αὐτοὶ δὲ τὴν χώραν αὐτοῖς ἐργαζόμενοι τὰς συντάξεις ἀποδώσουσιν. Cf. Strabo, xii. 3, 4.
337.

Gortyn. v. 25. αἱ δὲ μὴ εἶεν ἐπιβάλλοντες τᾶς ϝοικίας οἵτινες κ᾽ ἴωντι ὁ κλᾶρος, τούτονς ἔκεν τὰ κρήματα. The words τᾶς ϝοικίας should be taken with οἵτινες, &c, rather than with the preceding words. οἵτινες κ᾽ ἴωντι ὁ κλᾶρος is equivalent to οἱ κλαρῶται.

See Dareste, &c, Inscript. Jurid. Gr. p. 463.

338.
Mittheil. Inst. Ath. ix. p. 117. The original number of κληροῦχοι in this case was apparently five hundred.
339.
Thuc. iii. 50.
340.
κατεκληρούχησαν.
341.
ἐμίσθωσαν.
342.
Aelian, V. II. vi. I. Cf. Herod, v. 77 and vi. 100.
343.
Smith's Dicty. of Antiquities, s.v. colonia.
344.
Bekker, Charicles, p. 218.
345.
Ridgeway, Origin of Currency, &c., p. 324.
346.
The ordinary Athenian dicast is supposed to have subsisted largely upon his pay of three obols or a half-drachma per diem.
347.
Dareste, &c, Recueil Inscr. Grec. p. 256 xiii.
348.

Cauer, Delectus, § 263.

Συνθέκα[ι] Θέρον[ι κ]αἰχμάνορι πὰρ τᾶρ γᾶρ τᾶρ ἐν Σαλαμόναι, πλέθρον ὀπτὸ καὶ δέκα. Φάρεν κριθᾶν μανασίος δύο ταὶ ϝίκατι Ἀλφιόιο μενόρ; αἰ δὲ λίποι, λυσάστο τό διφυίο. Πεπάστο τόν πάντα χρόνον.

349.

Dareste, &c, Inscr. Jurid. Grec. xiii. quater. (Mylasa in Karia. Second century B.C.) summarised:—

A. The tribe (φυλή) of the Otorkondeis at the advice of their treasurers and led by the priest of Artemis, decide to purchase from Thraseas, son of Polites son of Melas of Grab ... and adopted son of Heracleitos son of Heracleides of Ogonda, lands (γέας) in the Ombian plain with the sixty-two ranks of vines, three olive trees, and all the other trees without reserve, also lands elsewhere with the trees without reserve for 5,000 drachmae of light Rhodian silver, provided that Thraseas has the sale registered with sureties. Moreover, Thraseas coming to the ekklesia declared that he was ready to manage these things: and the sale having taken place of the said (properties) to the trustees in the name of the god. Thraseas himself then and there took on lease all the said (properties) from the treasurers of the tribe: and he shall hold them (εἰς πατρικά) for his patrimony, himself and his issue or those to whomsoever the inheritance of his goods passes, and he shall pay annually to the treasurers of the tribe 100 and ... drachmae, without fail or fraud.

B. ... all the land and trees which Thraseas has bought from Artemisia, daughter of Hekataios of Ketambissos, without exception in these places either in the matter of the share he took in the division with his brother or of what he bought from Artemisia, all for 7,000 drachmae of light silver of Rhodes, provided that Thraseas register the sale and give sureties. And coming before the ekklesia Thraseas declared that he was prepared to manage this; and the sale of the foregoing having taken place to the trustees in the name of the god, Thraseas himself then and there took on lease all the foregoing from the treasurers of the tribe: and he shall hold them (εἰς πατρικά) for his patrimony, himself and his issue or those to whom the inheritance passes, and he shall pay annually to the treasurers of the tribe 300 drachmae.

The rent forms part of the revenues of the god. If Thraseas gets more than two years in arrear, the contract is annulled.

He shall not divide the land or share the rent (οὐ παραχωρήσει δὲ Θρασέας ἑτέρῳ οὐδενὶ.... καταμερίζων τὰς γέας οὐδὲ καταδιελεῖ τὸν φόρον).

350.
Robertson Smith (The Religion of the Semites) holds that the object of sacrifice was thus to maintain this imaginary kinship between the deity and the worshippers.
351.
Companion to the Iliad, pp. 6-7.
352.
Since the foregoing chapters were in print, I have had the benefit of seeing Herr Erwin Rohde's admirable work, entitled Psyche (Freiburg and Leipsig, 1894). His view is that the worship of Heroes had the complete form of ancestor-worship: that, ancestors being buried at the hearth, or in the family tomb on private ground, death made no break in the membership of the family. And he claims that the Seelencult or ancestor-worship of the later Greeks must have been continuous from pre-Homeric times.