1059 See Boas's Introduction in Teit's Thompson River Indians.

1060 R. B. Dixon, The Northern Maidu, p. 263.

1061 A. C. Hollis, The Masai, p. 264 f.; Lang, Myth, Ritual, and Religion, 1st ed., ii, 4 f.

1062 Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 123 ff.

1063 W. Matthews, Navaho Legends, pp. 69 ff., 73 ff.

1064 See Brinton, Myth of the New World and American Hero-Myths; Journal of American Folklore, passim. On the 'Hiawatha' myth see Hale, Iroquois Book of Rites, p. 180 ff., and Beauchamp, in Journal of American Folklore, October, 1891.

1065 Codrington, The Melanesians, pp. 28, 167, and Index, s.v. Qat.

1066 He is called also the "Big Raven," belonging under this title in the cycle of raven myths of the North Pacific Ocean (both in Asia and in America); see Jochelson, in Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vi, i, 17 f.

1067 Hollis, The Nandi, p. 98 f.; Callaway, The Amazulu, p. 1 ff.; cf. the Japanese mythical emperor Jimmu (Knox, Development of Religion in Japan, pp. 46, 63).

1068 Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, Index, s.v.; Gen. iv; articles in Roscher's Lexikon, s.vv.; Gruppe, Griechische Mythologie, Index, s.vv.

1069 It is noteworthy that among the numerous ætiological myths there seems to be no attempt to account for the origin of language. Language was thought of as so simple and natural a thing that no explanation of its beginnings was necessary. Adam, in Gen. ii, is able, as a matter of course, to give names to the animals. In early myths beasts have the power of speech. In a Nandi folk-story (Hollis, The Nandi, p. 113) what excites the wonder of the thunder and the elephant is not man's capacity of speech, but the fact that he can turn over when asleep without first getting up.

1070 For female deities the title "grandmother" occurs (Batchelor, The Ainu [1901], p. 578). The devil's grandmother figures in Teutonic folk-stories; see Journal of American Folklore, xiii, 278 ff.; Frazer, Golden Bough, 1st ed., i, 336.

1071 Attempts to prove a primitive monotheism usually fail to take this distinction into account.

1072 Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 488 ff.

1073 Boas, Introduction to Teit's Thompson River Indians, p. 7.

1074 Callaway, The Amazulu, p. 1 ff.

1075 Kidd, The Essential Kafir, p. 101 ff.

1076 A. B. Ellis, Tshi, chaps. v-vii; Eẃe, chap. v; Yoruba, chap. iii. Cf. C. Partridge, Cross River Natives (South Nigeria), p. 282 ff.

1077 W. Crooke, The Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India (1907), chap. ii.

1078 Hopkins, Religions of India, p. 537 f.

1079 Rivers, The Todas, chap. xix.

1080 Matthews, Navaho Legends, p. 35 ff.

1081 Jochelson, in Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vi, i, 36-43.

1082 Aston, Shinto, Index, s.v. Kami; Knox, Religion in Japan, p. 27 ff.

1083 Tylor, Primitive Culture, ii, 255; cf. ii, 337.

1084 Dorsey, The Skidi Pawnee, p. xix; Matthews, Navaho Legends, p. 34 f.

1085 Hopkins, Religions of India, p. 532.

1086 Spence, in Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, ii, 835.

1087 A. B. Ellis, Eẃe (Dahomi), p. 104.

1088 On the ascription of divinity to men in great civilized religious systems see above, § 351 ff.

1089 Maspero, Dawn of Civilization, p. 120 ff.; Ed. Meyer, Geschichte des Alten Aegyptens, p. 31 ff.; Wiedemann, Religion of the Ancient Egyptians, p. 109; Erman, Handbook of Egyptian Religion, pp. 21 f., 39.

1090 Cf. W. von Baudissin, Studien zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte, i, 28 f.

1091 R. Smend, Alttestamentliche Religionsgeschichte, p. 33 f. In regard to the original home of Yahweh and the diffusion of his cult among other peoples than the Hebrews exact information is lacking.

1092 Pietschmann, Phönizier, pp. 170 f., 182 ff.

1093 Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, i, 664.

1094 Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, Index, s.vv.; articles in Roscher's Lexikon; "Eshmun" in Orientalische Studien Nöldeke gewidmet.

1095 See, for example, Pausanias, i, 37, 3 (Zeus Meilichios); ii, 19, 3 (Apollo Lykios); iii, 13, 2 (Kore Soteira—Persephone, the protectress); v, 25, 6 f. (Heracles); viii, 12, 1 (Zeus Charmon).

1096 Macdonell, Vedic Mythology, p. 15 ff.; Bloomfield, Religion of the Veda, p. 90.

1097 Sir C. R. Markham, The Incas of Peru, p. 104.

1098 L. Spence, The Mythologies of Ancient Mexico and Peru, p. 24 f.

1099 See above, § 647.

1100 Roscher, Lexikon, article "Heros," col. 2473 ff.

1101 Works and Days, 155 ff.

1102 He appears to be usually beneficent; but, like all the dead, he might sometimes be maleficent.

1103 But these origins, going far back into prehistoric times, are obscure.

1104 Codrington, The Melanesians, p. 132.

1105 Tregear, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xix, 97 ff.; Grey, Polynesian Mythology, p. 164.

1106 Alexander, Short History of the Hawaiian People.

1107 E. H. Gomes, Southern Departments of Borneo.

1108 Skeat, Malay Magic, chap. iv; Skeat and Blagden, Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula, ii, 245 ff.

1109 Hopkins, Religions of India, p. 529 f.; Crooke, Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India, i, chap. ii.

1110 Hollis, The Masai, p. 264. The related Nandi worship the sun (Asista) mainly, but have also a thunder-god (Hollis, The Nandi, p. 40 f.).

1111 Hollis, op. cit., p. 279.

1112 With them, as everywhere else, there is occasional discrimination in the functions of magicians, different men healing or inflicting different sicknesses; cf. article "Bantu" in Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

1113 A. B. Ellis, Eẃe, chap. v; Tshi, chap. v; Yoruba, p. 45.

1114 Jochelson, in Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vi, i, 33 ff., 27 ff.

1115 Batchelor, The Ainu, chap. li.

1116 Herodotus, iv, 94.

1117 Demetrius Klementz, article "Buriats" in Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

1118 Brinton, The Lenâpé, p. 65 ff.; Dorsey, The Skidi Pawnee, p. xviii ff. On gods of air and winds see J. H. Keane, in article "Air and Gods of the Air" in Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

1119 Hastings, op. cit., i, 382 ff., and ii, 837.

1120 Brinton, American Hero-Myths, chap. iv; A. M. Tozzer, Comparative Study of the Mayas and the Lacandones (of Yucatan), pp. 80, 93 ff.; H. H. Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States of North America, ii, chap. xx ff.

1121 J. G. Müller, Geschichte der amerikanischen Urreligionen, p. 577 ff.; Lang, Myth, Ritual, and Religion, chap. xiv; L. Spence, Mythologies of Ancient Mexico and Peru; E. Seler, Gesammelte Abhandlungen. For earlier authorities see Winsor, Narrative and Critical History Of America, vol. i, chaps. iii, iv.

1122 J. G. Müller, Geschichte der amerikanischen Urreligionen, p. 313 ff.; Prescott, Peru, i, 91 ff.; C. R. Markham, The Incas of Peru, chap. viii; and see preceding note.

1123 Maspero, Dawn of Civilization, ii, 81, note 2; p. 82, notes 1 and 2.

1124 Usener, Götternamen p. 122 ff.; L. R. Farnell, "The Place of the 'Sonder-Götter' in Greek Polytheism" (in Anthropological Essays presented to E. B. Tylor).

1125 Farnell, op. cit.; cf. T. R. Glover, Conflict of Religions in the Early Roman Empire, p. 12.

1126 Roscher, Lexikon, s.v.

1127 Augustine, De Civitate Dei, vii, 22; cf. bks. vi, vii, passim.

1128 Cf. Wissowa, Religion der Römer, pp. 15, 145 ff.

1129 Judg. viii, 33.

1130 The name occurs only once, in 2 Kings, i, 2. It is incorrectly adopted in the English Version of the New Testament.

1131 Found only in the Synoptic Gospels, Mk. iii, 22; Matt. x, 25; xii, 24, 27; Luke xi, 15, 18, 19.

1132 Isa. lxiii, 15.

1133 On these Semitic titles see articles "Baal" and "Baalzebub" in Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics; article "Beelzebul" in Cheyne, Encyclopædia Biblica; various articles in Brown, Driver, Briggs, Hebrew and English Lexicons.

1134 Batchelor, The Ainu, chap. x; Furness, Home life of the Borneo Head-hunters, p. 64 f.; Hopkins, Religions of India, p. 530, note 2; De Groot, Religion of the Chinese, p. 129 f.

1135 Turner, Samoa, p. 18 f.; Nassau, Fetichism in West Africa, pp. 67, 163 ff.

1136 On "manitu" see Handbook of American Indians, s.v. (and cf. article "Wakonda"); W. Jones, in Journal of American Folklore, xviii, 183 ff. On "nagual" see Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States of North America, iii, 458; Brinton, in Journal of American Folklore, viii, 249.

1137 Journal of American Folklore, viii, 115.

1138 Cf. M. H. Kingsley, West African Studies, p. 132 f.

1139 Roscher, Lexikon, i, 2, col. 1616.

1140 Cf. article "Daimon" in Roscher, op. cit.

1141 Spiegel, Eranische Alterthumskunde, ii, 91 ff.; Dan. x, 20; xi, 1; xii, 1; Matt. xviii, 10.

1142 Examples are given above, § 255 f.

1143 Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, chap. x.

1144 Codrington, The Melanesians, pp. 150 f., 158 f., 168 f.; Turner, Samoa, pp. 7, 52.

1145 Here again a distinction must be made between animals simply sacred and those that are specifically totemic.

1146 Codrington, The Melanesians, pp. 248 f., 253 ff.

1147 Lang, Myth, Ritual, and Religion, chaps. xii f.

1148 So the Samoan Tangaloa (Tylor, Primitive Culture, 3d ed., ii, 344 f.).

1149 St. John, The Far East, i, 180.

1150 Hopkins, Religions of India, p. 528 ff.

1151 A. B. Ellis, Yoruba, pp. 38 ff., 56 ff.; cf. M. H. Kingsley, West African Studies, p. 117 ff.

1152 Lang, Myth, Ritual, and Religion, preface to new edition.

1153 Matthews, Navaho Legends, p. 34.

1154 Article "Brazil" in Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

1155 G. Grey, Polynesian Mythology, p. 1 ff.; Taylor, New Zealand, chap. vi; cf., for Polynesia, W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches, chap. xiii. The abstract ideas reported by Taylor are remarkable: from conception came increase, from this came swelling, then, in order, thought, remembrance, desire; or, from nothing came increase and so forth; or, the word brought forth night, the night ending in death. The significance of this scheme (supposing it to be correctly stated) has not been explained. The rôle assigned to "desire" in the Rig-Veda creation-hymn (x, 129) is the product of learned reflection (cf. Schopenhauer's "blind will"), and sounds strange in the mouth of New Zealand savages.

1156 Cf. Tylor, Primitive Culture, ii, 308 ff.

1157 Williams and Calvert, Fiji, p. 193 f.

1158 Grey, Polynesian Mythology, p. 15; Castrén, Finnische Mythologie, p. 1.

1159 Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (English and German editions), Index, s.vv. Allatu, Nergal; id., Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria, p. 368 ff.; Wiedemann, Religion of the Ancient Egyptians, p. 217; Erman, Handbook of Egyptian Religion, p. 94 ff.; Macdonell, Vedic Mythology, pp. 171 ff., 169 ff.; Bloomfield, Religion of the Veda, p. 144 f.; Hopkins, Religions of India, p. 128 ff.; Spiegel, Eranische Alterthianskunde, ii, 163 (but the old Persian god of the Underworld, if there was one, was absorbed, in Zoroastrianism, by Ahura Mazda); Jackson, in Geiger and Kuhn's Grundriss der iranischen Philologie, ii, 652, § 52; Farnell, Cults of the Greek States, ii, 513 ff.; iii, chap. v; Wissowa, Religion der Römer, p. 187 ff.; Aust, Religion der Römer, p. 52; Rohde, Psyche, 3d ed. i, 205, ff.; articles on Hades, Plutos, Hermes, Dionysos, Nergal, and related deities, in Roscher's Lexikon.

1160 Cf. Jastrow, Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria, pp. 356 f., 372 f.; F. Schwally, Das Leben nach dem Tode, p. 65 ff.; R. H. Charles, Eschatology, p. 18 f. For the Arabs see Wellhausen, Reste arabischen Heidentumes, iii, 22 ff., 42 ff.; Nöldeke, article "Arabs (Ancient)" in Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics; for the Phœnicians, Pietschmann, Phönizier, p. 191 f.

1161 Ps. cxxxix.

1162 See article "Celts" in Hastings, op. cit.; Saussaye, Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte, 2d ed.; Usener, Götternamen; article "Aryan Religion" in Hastings, op. cit., p. 38 f. and passim.

1163 Hollis, The Masai, p. 264. The neighboring Nandi, according to Hollis (The Nandi, p. 41), have a similar pair.

1164 A. C. Dixon, The Northern Maidu (Bulletin of the American Museum Of Natural History, xviii, iii), p. 263. For other such conceptions see Tylor's discussion in Primitive Culture, ii, 320 ff.

1165 Brinton, Myths of the New World, p. 63; H. Hale, Iroquois Book of Rites, p. 74.

1166 A possible exception is the Khond myth of the struggle between the sun-god (Boora Pennu), the giver of all good things, and the earth-goddess (Tari), the author of evil things (Hopkins, Religions of India, p. 529 f.; Macpherson, India, p. 84); but the origin of this myth is uncertain.

1167 1 Kings xxii, 19-23.

1168 Ed. Meyer, Geschichte des Alten Aegyptens, p. 71 f.; Maspero, Dawn of Civilization, pp. 172, 177.

1169 R. Taylor, New Zealand, pp. 114 ff., 132; Jean A. Owen, The Story of Hawaii, p. 70 f.

1170 Mills, in Journal of the American Oriental Society, xx, 31 ff.; Bloomfield, Religion of the Veda, p. 123 ff.

1171 Spiegel, Eranische Alterthumskunde, ii, 21 ff., 121 ff.

1172 Zech. iii, 1-3; Job i, ii.

1173 1 Chr. xxi, 1.

1174 2 Cor. iv, 4.

1175 The Greek daimon, properly simply a deity, received its opprobrious sense when Jews and Christians identified foreign deities with the enemies of the supreme God.

1176 Tylor, Primitive Culture, ii, 318 ff.

1177 Great gods also send suffering, but only when they are angered by men's acts, as by disrespect to a priest (Apollo, in Iliad, i) or to a sacred thing (Yahweh, 1 Sam. vi, 19; 2 Sam. vi, 7). In the high spiritual religions suffering is treated as educative, or is accepted as involving some good purpose unknown to men.

1178 W. R. Smith, Religion of the Semites, 2d ed., p. 126 f.

1179 Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 260 ff.; O. Weber, Dämonenbeschwörung bei den Babyloniern und Assyriern (in Der Alte Orient, 1906).

1180 The Ethiopic Book of Enoch (ed. R. H. Charles), chaps. liii, vi-x; the Slavonic Enoch, or Secrets of Enoch (ed. R. H. Charles), chap. xxxi. For the later Jewish view (in Talmud and Midrash) see Jewish Encyclopedia, article "Satan."

1181 The "demons" of 1 Cor. x, 20 (King James version, "devils") are foreign deities.

1182 Hopkins, Religions of India, pp. 416, 492 ff.

1183 Herzog-Hauck, Real-Encyklopädie, articles "Ophiten," "Kainiten."

1184 J. Menant, Les Yésidis (in Annales du Musée Guimet); Isya Joseph, Yesidi Texts (reprinted from American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, xxv (1909), no. 2 f.). Cf. the idea of restoration in Col. i, 20.

1185 So the Christian Satan.

1186 When, in the reports of travelers and other observers, demons are said to be placated, examination shows that these beings are gods who happen to be mischievous. Of this character, for example, appear to be the "demons" mentioned in Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, ii, 122.

1187 Frazer, Golden Bough, 2d ed., iii, 39 ff.

1188 But see below, § 704.

1189 Baethgen, Beiträge zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte; Wellhausen, Skissen, iii, 25; Nöldeke, in Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 1886, 1888, and article "Arabs (Ancient)" in Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics; Pinches, article "Gad," and Driver, article "Meni," in Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible; Cheyne, article "Fortune" in Encyclopædia Biblica; Commentaries of Delitzsch, Duhm, Marti, Skinner, and Box on Isa. lxv, 11.

1190 Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, s.v. The Old Testament title "Rock" given to Yahweh (Deut. xxxii, 18, "the Rock that begat thee") is figurative, but may go back to a divine rock.

1191 On the Hebrew place-name (Job i, 1) and perhaps personal name (Gen. xxxvi, 28) Uṣ (Uz), which seems to be formally identical with 'Auḍ, see W. R. Smith, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia, 1st ed., p. 260 f., and his Religion of the Semites, p. 43; Wellhausen, Skissen, iii; Nöldeke, in Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, xl, 183 f.

1192 Maniya, plural manâyā.

1193 Isa. lxv, 11; III Rawlinson, 66.

1194 Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, pp. 420, 428 (the tablets of fate given to Kingu and snatched from him by Marduk); R. F. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, p. 304 f. (Marduk seizes the tablets of fate from Zu); Ps. cxxxix, 16; Dan. vii, 10; Rev. v, 1, and other passages.

1195 As far as the forms are concerned, a concrete sense for manāt, manu, meni, seems possible; cf. Wright, Arabic Grammar, 2d ed., i, § 231; Barth, Semitische Nominalbüdungen, p. 163 ff.; Delitzsch, Assyrian Grammar, p. 158 ff.

1196 The etymologies in Gen. xxx, 11 ff. are popular. In "Baal-Gad" (Josh. xi, 17) Gad may be the name of a place; cf. Stade, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, i, 271, note.

1197 Erman, Handbook of Egyptian Religion, chap. iii. For a list of other Egyptian gods of abstractions, such as eternity, life, Joy, see Wiedemann, "Religion of Egypt," in Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible, v, 191.