1608 2 Sam. v, 24.

1609 Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Eng. and Ger. edd.), in which references to the original documents are given.

1610 ὄρνις, οίωνός. Iliad, ii, 859; xii, 237; xxiv, 219; Hesiod, Works and Days, 826; cf. Bouché-Leclercq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité, i, 127 ff.

1611 Birds, 715 ff.

1612 Iliad, xii, 243.

1613 In Borneo, which has an elaborate scheme of omens from birds, prayer is sometimes addressed to them. Furness, Home life of the Borneo Head-hunters, Index, s.v. Omen; Haddon, Head-hunters, p. 344.

1614 The sacrificial animal was regarded as divine, and its movements had the significance of divine counsels.

1615 Terence, Phormio, IV, iv, 25 ff.

1616 Frazer, Totemism and Exogamy, ii, 137; Tylor, Primitive Culture, i, 119 f.; Miss Fletcher, Indian Ceremonies, p. 278 ff.

1617 Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 384 ff.

1618 Turner, Samoa, p. 319; Rivers, The Todas, p. 593; Hollis, The Nandi, p. 100, and The Masai, p. 275 ff.

1619 On the exaggerated range and importance ascribed by some modern writers to early conceptions of the divinatory function of heavenly bodies see above, §§ 826, 866 ff.

1620 Erman, Handbook of Egyptian Religion, pp. 163, 180.

1621 Jastrow, Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria, p. 240 ff.; R. F. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, p. 451 ff.

1622 Persius, vi, 18.

1623 Cicero, De Divinatione, ii, 42 ff.

1624 The largest planet was brought into connection with the chief god of Babylon, Marduk; the bright star of morning and evening with Ishtar; the red planet with Nergal, god of war, and the others with Ninib and Nebo respectively. The Romans changed these names into those of their corresponding deities, Jupiter, Venus, Mars, Saturn, and Mercury.

1625 Cumont, Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain, chap. vii, and Eng. tr., The Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism; id., Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans; Bouché-Leclercq, L'astrologie grecque and Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité.

1626 Medieval belief in astral power is embodied in the English word 'influence,' properly the inflow from the stars (so in Milton's L'Allegro, 121 f., "ladies whose bright eyes rain influence"). An astrologer was often attached to a royal court or to the household of some great person, his duty being to keep his patron informed as to the future.

1627 Odyssey, xvii, 541 ff. The fear of a sneeze (which must be followed by some form of 'God bless you!') belongs in a different category; the danger is that a hurtful spirit may enter the sneezer's body, or that his soul may depart.

1628 Muir, The Caliphate, p. 112.

1629 Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, ii, 362; Ellis, Tshi, p. 202; id., Yoruba, p. 97; cf. Hollis, The Masai, p. 324.

1630 1 Sam. xxiii, 2.

1631 1 Sam. xiv, 38-42 (see the Septuagint text).

1632 Ezek. xxi, 21 [26].

1633 Moallakat of Imru'l-Kais, ver. 22.

1634 Bouché-Leclercq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité, i, 195 ff.; iv, 153, 159; Augustine, Confessions, iv, 5: de paginis poetae cujuspiam longe allud canentis atque intendentis; if, says Augustine's friend, an apposite verse so appears, it is not wonderful that something bearing on one's affairs should issue from the human soul by some higher instinct, though the soul does not know what goes on within it.

1635 Cf. Comparetti, Virgilio nel medio evo, i, 64 f. (Eng. tr., p. 47 f.).

1636 As the Masai (Hollis, The Masai, p. 324).

1637 Bouché-Leclercq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité; Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines, s.v. Haruspices; Fowler, The Religious Experience of the Roman People, Index, s.v. Haruspices.

1638 M. Jastrow, "The Liver in Antiquity" (University of Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin, 1908) and Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens.

1639 Primitive Culture, i, 124.

1640 See above, § 28. The skull is employed as a means of divination (Haddon, Head-hunters, p. 91 ff.).

1641 See above, § 24.

1642 Cf. Roscher, Lexikon, article "Oneiros," col. 904.

1643 J. H. King, The Supernatural, i, 168 ff.; Tylor, Primitive Culture, i, 121 ff., 440 f.; Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia p. 436; Mrs. K. Langloh Parker, The Euahlayi Tribe, pp. 28, 83 f.

1644 Dorsey, The Skidi Pawnee, Index, s.v. Dreams.

1645 Ellis, Tshi, p. 90

1646 Breasted, History of Egypt, p. 468, and see p. 558.

1647 Gen. xi f.

1648 Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 349 f.

1649 Gen. xx, 3; xxviii, 12; xxxi, 11; xxxvii, 5.

1650 Dan. ii, iv.

1651 Iliad, ii, 1 ff. So Yahweh, by a lying spirit, sends Ahab to his death (1 Kings, xxii, 19 ff.) and deceives the prophet, who misleads the people (Ezek. xiv, 9). The theory of these ancient writers was that a deity, like an earthly king, had a right to use any means to gain his ends.

1652 Cf. article "Oneiros" in Roscher's Lexikon.

1653 1 Sam. xxviii, 6. The other means used, it is said, were the urim (urim and thummim) and prophets. These all failing, the king had recourse to necromancy.

1654 See article "Asklepios" in Roscher's Lexikon.

1655 See the description in Pater's Marius the Epicurean.

1656 A god might send a dream to a seer for the benefit of some other person. So Ishtar spoke to Assurbanipal through the dream of a seer (George Smith, History of Assurbanipal, p. 123 f.).

1657 Jastrow, Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens; Dan. ii, 2 ff.; Deut. xiii, 1; Gardner and Jevons, Greek Antiquities, p. 258; Aust, Religion der Römer, Index, s.v. Traum, Traumdeutung; Roscher, Lexikon, article "Oneiros."

1658 So it was in the case of magicians and prophets generally; cf. Ezek. xxxix, 21; Isa. xiiii, 9.

1659 Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 404, and German ed., ii, Index.

1660 Dream-books exist at the present day. Those who believe in the predictive power of dreams regard them as messages from God or as products of telepathy.

1661 The Nandi invoke a skull as divine witness (Hollis, The Nandi, p. 76 f.).

1662 Ellis, Tshi chap. xviii.

1663 Apparently because he is thus shown to be unsupported by any evil spirit.

1664 Frobenius, Childhood of Man, p. 190 ff.

1665 Turner, Samoa, p. 184.

1666 Purchas, Pilgrimage, ed. Ravenstein, pp. 56 f., 59 f.

1667 "Code of Hammurabi" (§§ 2, 132), by C. H. W. Johns, in Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible, extra volume.

1668 Numb. v.

1669 Hopkins, Religions of India, p. 275 ff.

1670 She was rejected by the sacred water; cf. W. R. Smith, Religion of the Semites, 2d ed., p. 179; Tylor, Primitive Culture, i, 140. Cf. Ellis, Yoruba, p. 190 f.; id., Tshi, pp. 198, 201.

1671 Turner, Samoa, p. 184.

1672 Similarly, a blessing once uttered remains effective and cannot be recalled; so in the story of Isaac blessing Jacob and Esau, Gen. xxvii.

1673 Westermarck, "'L-'âr" in Anthropological Essays presented to Tylor; cf. his Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, Index, s.v. Curses.

1674 Hence the opposition (now disappearing) to lines of railway and telegraph, which were supposed to interfere with the happy influences of rivers and hills and other natural features.

1675 De Groot, Religious System of China and Development of Religion in China; and his article "Die Chinesen" in Saussaye, Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte. See above, § 747 ff.

1676 Haddon, Head-hunters, pp. 42, 182 f.; on the sacredness of the head see Frazer, Golden Bough, 2d ed., i, 362 ff.; Frobenius, Childhood of Man, chap. xiii.

1677 Hopkins, Religions of India, p. 532.

1678 So when Rebecca wished to obtain information about her children, soon to be born, it is said simply that she went to inquire of Yahweh (Gen. xxv, 22), as if there was, as a matter of course, a shrine in the neighborhood.

1679 Bouché-Leclercq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité, ii, 250 ff.; iii.

1680 Cumont, Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain, Eng. tr., The Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism, pp. 105, 124 f., 168.

1681 Cf. Steindorff, Religion of the Ancient Egyptians, p. 113 f.

1682 Wellhausen, Reste arabischen Heidentumes, p. 126 ff.

1683 1 Sam. xiv, 36 ff.; xxiii, 2; xxx, 7 f.; Isa. lxv, 1; Ezek. xxxiii, 30 ff.

1684 2 Kings, i, 2. The prophet Elijah, who was a zealous Yahwist, was very angry with the king for applying to a foreign deity; but evidently the Philistine shrine enjoyed a greater reputation than any in Israel.

1685 Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, Index, s.v. Oracles.

1686 Cf. Aust, Religion der Römer, Index, s.v. Orakel; see below, § 933 ff.

1687 Friedländer, Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire (Eng. tr.), p. 3, 129 ff.; Fowler, Religious Experience of the Roman People, p. 339.

1688 Cicero, De Divinatione, i, 34, 37 f.; Plutarch, De Pythiae Oraculis and De Defectu Oraculorum; Gardner and Jevons, Greek Antiquities, Index, s.v. Oracles; Bouché-Leclercq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité, Index, and Stengel and Oehmichen, Die greichischen Sakralaltertümer, Index; Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed., article "Oracle."

1689 On the position of women in ancient religion cf. Farnell's article in Archiv für Relgionswissenschaft, 1904.

1690 Gruppe, Griechische Mythologie, pp. 102, 105; Farnell, Cults of the Greek States, iv, 187 ff.

1691 See above, §§ 362, 366.

1692 See article "Ancestor-worship" and articles on lower tribes in Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

1693 Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 511.

1694 1 Sam. xxviii; Isa. viii, 19.

1695 Ezek. xxi, 26 [21] (King Nebuchadrezzar divines by teraphim).

1696 Bouché-Leclercq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité, iii, 363 ff.; Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines, article "Divination," p. 308.

1697 1 Cor. xv, 49; 2 Cor. v, 8; Cumont, Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans, lecture vi.

1698 Cranz, Greenland, i, 192 ff.; Rink, Danish Greenland, p. 142 f.

1699 Brinton, Cakchiquels, p. 47.

1700 Cf. Nöldeke, article "Arabs (Ancient)" in Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, i, 667, 671.

1701 Ellis, Yoruba, p. 56 ff.; id., Tshi, p. 124 ff.

1702 P. R. Gurden, article "Ahoms" in Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

1703 Rivers, The Todas, p. 249 ff.

1704 A. Bertrand, La religion des Gaulois, pp. 257, 259, 263.

1705 Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 341.

1706 On Hebrew divination see articles "Divination" in Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible, and in the Encyclopædia Biblica.

1707 Deut. xiii, 1; xviii, 10.

1708 The Hebrew text is doubtful, and its meaning is not clear; cf. Gray, "The Book Of Isaiah," in The International Critical Commentary.

1709 Gen. xliv, 5.

1710 Cf. Bouché-Leclercq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité, ii, 1 ff., 62 ff.

1711 Timæus, 72.

1712 Xenophon, Memorabilia, i, 3, 4: τὰ ὑπο τῶν θεῶν σημαινόμενα.

1713 Originally diviners from the flight of birds, but the area of their divinatory functions was gradually extended. See Wissowa, Religion der Römer, p. 450 ff.; Fowler, Religious Experience of the Roman People, lecture xiii.

1714 Charged with the interpretation of the entrails of sacrificed animals, and also of lightning and portents.

1715 Wissowa, op. cit., p. 474.

1716 Cf. above, § 895 f.

1717 This story (connected with Thebes) appears to represent some sort of protest against the Dionysiac cult when it was first brought to Greece; cf. Roscher, Lexikon, article "Pentheus."

1718 Cf. above, § 927.

1719 1 Sam. xix, 24; cf. Mic. i, 8 ff.

1720 Their "visions" sometimes show literary art (Ezek. xl ff.; Zech. i-viii).

1721 Roscher, Lexikon, article "Sibylla."

1722 That is, she was not to be tolerated as a rival of the great oracular god.

1723 Cf. Wissowa, Religion der Römer, pp. 239, 462 ff.

1724 Bouché-Leclercq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité, ii, Index, s.v. Cumes.

1725 Wissowa, Religion der Römer, p. 463; Fowler, Religious Experience of the Roman People, p. 339.

1726 Augustine, De Civitate Dei, x, 27 (in connection with Vergil's verses, Eclogues, iv, 13 f.); xxviii, 23 (the initial letters in Sibylline Oracles, viii, 268-309, giving a title of Christ). So Eusebius, in his report of the Oration of Constantine, xviii; cf. Lactantius, Divinae Institutiones, lib. i, cap. vi.

1727 Oracula Sibyllina, ed. Alexandre (Greek text, with Latin tr.); ed. Friedlieb (Greek text, with German tr. and additions by Volkmann); ed. Rzack (critical Greek text); Terry, The Sibylline Oracles (Eng. tr., blank verse).

1728 On the attitude of early Greek philosophers (Pythagoras, Democritus, Empedocles, Thales, Xenophanes) toward divination, and the relation of the latter to the idea of divine providence, see Bouché-Leclercq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité, i, 29 ff.

1729 See Chapter iii.

1730 Cf. Barton, Semitic Origins, chap. i.

1731 Cf. Breasted, Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt.

1732 Fowler, Religious Experience of the Roman People, chaps. i, xvi.

1733 Bertrand, La religion des Gaulois; Rhys, Celtic Heathendom; Usener, Götternamen; articles "Celts" and "Aryan Religion" in Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

1734 Cf. the sketch given above, Chapter vii; Tylor, Primitive Culture; Frazer, Golden Bough, 2d ed., passim.

1735 Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, and Northern Tribes of Central Australia; Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia; Quatrefages, The Pygmies; Hyades and Deniker, Mission scientifique du cap Horn; Seligmann, The Melanesians of British New Guinea.

1736 Fritsch, Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrika's; article "Bantu" in Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

1737 Callaway, The Amazulu.

1738 See above, § 837.

1739 Rivers, The Todas.

1740 Codrington, The Melanesians; W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches; Williams and Calvert, Fiji; Turner, Samoa; Krämer, Die Samoa-Inseln; Taylor, New Zealand; H. Ling Roth, The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo.

1741 Brinton, The Lenâpé; Matthews, Navaho Legends; Dorsey, Traditions of the Skidi Pawnee; Teit, Thompson River Indians; Boas, The Kwakiutl; Dixon, The Northern Maidu and The Shasta; Journal of American Folklore, passim.

1742 Van Gennep, Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar; A.B. Ellis, Eẃe, Tshi, Yoruba; Skeat, Malay Magic; Skeat and Blagden, Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula; Hopkins, Religions of India.

1743 Aston, Shinto; Knox, Development of Religion in Japan.

1744 The Kalevala; Castrén, Finnische Mythologie.

1745 Prescott, Conquest of Mexico and Conquest of Peru; Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America; Brinton, American Hero-Myths, Index; Lang, Myth, Ritual, and Religion, Index, s.vv. Mexican Divine Myths and Peruvian Myths.

1746 Ehrenreich, Mythen und Legenden der südamericanischen Urvölker.

1747 De Groot, Religious System of China.

1748 The Avesta; Spiegel, Eranische Alterthumskunde, vol. ii, bk. iv, chaps. i, ii; De Harlez, Avesta, Introduction, p. lxxxiv ff.; The Shahnameh.

1749 Maspero, Dawn of Civilization, p. 155 ff.; Steindorff, Religion of the Ancient Egyptians, p. 106 ff.

1750 Plutarch, Isis and Osiris; Steindorff, op. cit., Index, s.vv. Isis and Osiris; Roscher, Lexikon, articles "Isis," "Usire."

1751 R. F. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature; Jastrow, Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria, Index, s.v. Myths.