1894 Wald- und Feldkulte, 2d ed., ii, 273 ff.

1895 L'année sociologique, ii, 115 ff.

1896 Frazer, The Dying God, chap. ii, § 2.

1897 Cf. Frazer, Adonis Attis Osiris (part iv of 3d ed. of The Golden Bough); 2d ed. of The Golden Bough, ii, 365 f.

1898 Article "Dido" in Roscher's Lexikon; Saussaye, Religion of the Teutons, p. 231.

1899 For the view that Odin's self-sacrifice is merely an imitation of the reception into the Odin-cult see Meyer, Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte, p. 241.

1900 L'année sociologique, ii.

1901 Yajur-Veda, passim; Çatapatha Brahmana, i, 3, 6, 8; ii, 6, 2; Hopkins, Religions of India, p. 188 al.; Bloomfield, Religion of the Veda, pp. 31 ff., 215.

1902 Elements of the Science of Religion (Gifford Lectures), ii, 144 ff.

1903 Plato (Laws, iii, 716) says that a bad man gets no benefit from sacrifice.

1904 Laws, i, 631, 642.

1905 Ps. xix, 7 ff.; cxix.

1906 Ps. xl, 7; l, 8-15; li, 18 f., al.

1907 Amos, v, 21 ff.; Isa. i, 11 ff.; Mic. vi, 6 ff.; Jer. vii, 21 ff.

1908 See Ellis, Eẃe (Dahomi), Tshi (Ashanti), Yoruba; Miss Kingsley, Travels; Codrington, The Melanesians; Turner, Samoa; articles "Andeans," "Bantu," "Bengal," "Brazil," al., in Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

1909 Rivers, The Todas, chaps. vi, xi, xiii.

1910 Cf. also Crooke's Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India, in which similar customs are mentioned.

1911 Chapter iii.

1912 Dixon, The Northern Maidu and The Shasta. For Korea see H. G. Underwood, Religions of Eastern Asia.

1913 L'année sociologique, ii; see above, § 1049.

1914 Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers. A single early detail is mentioned in 1 Sam. ii, 13 ff. For the later Jewish ceremonial see article "Sacrifice" in Encyclopædia Biblica.

1915 Mariette, Abydos; Maspero, Dawn of Civilization (Eng. tr.), p. 121 ff.; Erman, Handbook of Egyptian Religion, pp. 46-49, 122, 179 f. (reports of Herodotus).

1916 For Babylonia see Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, Index, s.v. Rituals; for Mazdean, De Harles, Avesta, Introduction, pp. clxvi, clxx.

1917 Journal of the American Oriental Society, xx, 58 ff.; cf. De Groot, in Saussaye, Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte, p. 60 ff.

1918 Foucart, Associations religieuses chez les Grecs; Jevons, Introduction to History of Religion, chap. xxiii; De Jong, Das antike Mysterienwesen, p. 18 ff.

1919 Cumont, Mysteries of Mithra.

1920 Apuleius, Metamorphoses, chap. xi.

1921 1 Cor. xi, 20 ff.; xiv (cf. Acts ii, 46); Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, chap. ix f.

1922 So, for instance, postures in prayer, such as kneeling, bowing, standing.

1923 The Amarna Letters; Records of Ancient Egypt, ed. Breasted; cuneiform inscriptions. The Egyptian king, however, was regarded as divine.

1924 Gibbon, chaps. xiii (Diocletian), xl, year 532; cf. descriptions in Scott's Count Robert of Paris.

1925 Daniel, Codex Liturgicus; articles "Liturgie" and "Messe" in Herzog-Hauck, Real-Encyklopädie; articles "Liturgy" and "Liturgical Books" in Smith and Cheatham, Dictionary of Christian Antiquities.

1926 Cf. J. Lippert, Allgemeine Geschichte des Priesterthums; Westermarck, Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, Index, s.v. Priests.

1927 On priestly taboos see Frazer, Golden Bough, 2d ed., Index, s.v.; these are often of the same sort as royal taboos. See above, § 595 ff. For Hebrew priestly taboos see Ezek. xliv, Lev. xxi f.

1928 Westermarck, Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, i, 348, 381.

1929 Not all these conditions were to be found in any one community.

1930 Westermarck, op. cit., ii, 406 ff.

1931 Pausanias, ii, 33, 3.

1932 For a possible case see Wilkinson, The Ancient Egyptians, 1st ed., i, 317.

1933 Ellis, Eẃe, p. 141; Ward, History, Literature and Religion of the Hindoos, ii, 134; Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 660; Hos. iv, 14; Deut. xxiii, 17 f. (prohibition); Gen. xxxviii, 14 ff.

1934 Erman, Handbook of Egyptian Religion, pp. 72, 221, is disposed to reject the statement of Strabo (xvii, i, 46) that there was libertinage at Thebes. Cf. Wilkinson, The Ancient Egyptians, Index, s.v. Priestesses.

1935 C. H. W. Johns, article "Code of Hammurabi" in Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible, extra volume; D. G. Lyon, "The Consecrated Women of the Hammurabi Code" in Studies in the History of Religions presented to C. H. Toy.

1936 Strabo, p. 378.

1937 Roscher, Lexikon, article "Aphrodite," col. 401. Cf. the practice mentioned in 1 Sam. ii, 22.

1938 Curtiss, Primitive Semitic Religion To-day.

1939 See, for example, 1 Sam. ii, 22.

1940 For a description of their privileges and power in Ashanti see Ellis, Tshi, p. 121 ff.

1941 License in festivals and mystical or symbolic marriages are excluded as not being official consecration of a class of persons.

1942 Examples are given in Westermarck, Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, ii, 443 ff.; Frazer, Adonis Attis Osiris, chap. iv; Seligmann, Der böse Blick und Verwandies, ii, 190 ff.; and see above, § 384 ff.

1943 Inscription of Tralles; see Ramsay, Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, i, 94 ff.; Farnell, Cults of the Greek States, ii, 636.

1944 Herodotus, i, 199. The correctness of Herodotus's statement has been doubted; but, though the procedure is singular, it is not wholly out of keeping with known Babylonian customs. It must be remembered, however, that Herodotus wrote long after the fall of the Babylonian empire, when foreign influence was possible. See also Epistle of Jeremias, v, 43.

1945 Pseudo-Lucian, De Syria Dea, chap. vi.

1946 Homosexual practices do not belong here (Westermarck, op. cit., chap. xliii). The intercourse of priests with sacred and other women is likewise excluded.

1947 Deut. xxiii, 18 [17] f., "sodomite."

1948 1 Kings, xiv, 24 (tenth century), where the kedeshim seem to be described as a Canaanite institution. Cf. Deut. xxii, 3.

1949 Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum, part i, i, 86, B 10.

1950 With allusion, perhaps, to the dog's faithfulness to his master. In the Amarna Letters a Canaanite governor calls himself the "dog" (kalbu) of his Egyptian overlord. Cf. W. R. Smith, Religion of the Semites, 2d ed., p. 292, n. 2. For examples of the sanctity of the dog see article "Animals" in Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, p. 512.

1951 Cf. Frazer, Adonis Attis Osiris, p. 71 f., and the curious story told in Josephus, Antiquities, xviii, 3.

1952 The Lydian method by which girls earned their dowries (Herodotus, i, 93) is economic, and had, apparently, no connection with religion.

1953 See above, § 180. Cf. Ramsay, Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, 1, 94 ff.

1954 Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, chap. iii ff.

1955 At Byblos the prostitution of the woman was required only in case she refused to offer her hair to the goddess. This offering was probably originally a substitute for the offering of her virginity, but there is no evidence that the latter was of the nature of a sacrifice.

1956 Farnell, in Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, vii, 88 (see above, §§ 182, 594, and cf. Crawley, Mystic Rose, p. 322). Farnell does not mention this suggestion in his Greece and Babylon, p. 269 ff.

1957 Westermarck, Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, ii, 446; cf. Frazer, Golden Bough, 2d ed., Index, s.vv. Stranger, Strangers.

1958 Cumont, Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain (Eng. tr., Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism, p. 247 f.); cf. Hartland, in Anthropological Essays presented to Tylor, p. 201 f.

1959 On this cult see Mannhardt, Baumkultus and Antike Wald- und Feldkulte.

1960 Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte, ii, 284; Frazer, Adonis Attis Osiris, p. 33 ff.

1961 Cf. Hartland, op. cit., p. 199.

1962 Hartland, Primitive Paternity, chap. ii.

1963 Frazer, Adonis Attis Osiris, p. 50 ff.

1964 Cf. Nilsson, Griechische Feste.

1965 Maspero, Dawn of Civilization; Erman, Handbook of Egyptian Religion, Index, s.v.; Breasted, History of Egypt, Index, s.v.

1966 Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, Index, s.v.

1967 Barth, Religions of India, Index, s.v.; Hopkins, Religions of India, Index, s.v.

1968 Spiegel, Eranische Alterthuniskunde, vol. III, bk. vi.

1969 O. Gruppe, Griechische Mythologie, Index, s.v. Priester; Gardner and Jevons, Greek Antiquities, Index, s.v.; Farnell, Cults of the Greek States, passim.

1970 This remark applies to the oracles as well as to the ordinary temple-service.

1971 Cf. Wissowa, Religion der Römer, Index, s.v. Pontifex, Pontifices; Fowler, Roman Festivals, s.v. Pontifices; Saussaye, Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte, 2d ed. (Roman religion).

1972 On the other hand, the Romans have given us such fundamental terms as 'religion,' 'superstition,' 'cult,' 'piety,' 'devotion,' all theocratic and individual.

1973 De Groot, Religious System of China; Legge, Religion of China; Doolittle, Social Life of the Chinese.

1974 Some high official will, doubtless, now take the emperor's place.

1975 This seems to remain true notwithstanding the present movement in China toward the adoption of Western methods of education. De Groot's estimate of Chinese religion (in op. cit.) is less favorable.

1976 Garcilasso de la Vega, Royal Commentaries of the Yncas, ed. C. R. Markham, part i, bk. ii, chap. ix; Prescott, Peru, vol. 1, chap. iii; Payne, New World, called America, Index; A. Réville, Native Religions of Mexico and Peru, Index.

1977 Sahagun, Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España, Eng. tr. by Markham; Payne, op. cit.; Réville, op. cit.

1978 In the political and social disorders in Judea in the seventh and sixth centuries B.C. the priesthood was, probably, influential in maintaining and transmitting the purer worship of Yahweh, and thus establishing a starting-point for the later development.

1979 Cf. Breasted, Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, lecture x.

1980 So Ezekiel's altar (probably a copy of that in the Jerusalem temple-court), over 16 feet high, with a base 27 feet square (Ezek. xliii, 13 ff.). The Olympian altar was 22 feet high and 125 feet in circumference. Cf. W. R. Smith, Religion of the Semites, 3d ed., pp. 202, 341, 377 ff. On the general subject see article "Altar" in Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

1981 So in Australia (Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, Index, and Native Tribes of Northern Australia, Index), Samoa (Turner), Canaan (Genesis, Judges, passim), Greece (Gardner and Jevons, Greek Antiquities, p. 173), etc.

1982 Gardner and Jevons, op. cit., Index, s.v. τἐμενος, Temple; Wellhausen, Reste arabischen Heidentumes, Index; W. R. Smith, op. cit., Index, s.v. Temples. There is perhaps a hint of such a place in Ex. iii, 5.

1983 K. F. Hermann, Gottesdienstliche Alterthümer der Griechen, § 18; Jevons, Introduction to the History of Religion, 1st ed., p. 137.

1984 Cf. article "Architecture" in Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

1985 Ps. xiii, 3 [2]; lxxxiv, 3 [2].

1986 So in Egypt, Palestine, Greece, and probably in Babylonia and Assyria.

1987 In Herod's temple: the Court of the Gentiles, the Court of Women, the Court of Israel (Nowack, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Archäologie, ii, 76 ff.).

1988 Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft; article "Asylum" in Jewish Encyclopedia. The right of asylum goes back to very early forms of society in all parts of the world; many examples are cited by Westermarck, Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, Index, s.v. Asylums.

1989 Cf. above, § 121.

1990 Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, chap. xxvi.

1991 On the supposed difference of symbolism between Greek and Gothic temples (churches) see Ruskin, Seven Lamps of Architecture.

1992 §§ 15, 120, note 3.

1993 For details see Erman, Handbook of Egyptian Religion, p. 45 f.; Jastrow, op. cit., p. 658 ff.; articles "Ritual" and "Sacrifice" in Encyclopædia Biblica; Bloomfield, Religion of the Veda, p. 213 f.; Hopkins, Religions of India, p. 124; L'Année sociologique, ii.

1994 § 1199.

1995 Some hymns to Tammuz are lamentations for dying vegetation and petitions for its resuscitation.

1996 1 Chron. xvi; commentaries on the Psalms; works on Hebrew archæology (Nowack, Benzinger); articles in Biblical dictionaries and encyclopedias.

1997 Revue des études grecques, 1894. On savage songs and music see above, § 106.

1998 Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft; Fowler, Roman Festivals.

1999 Passover with the departure from Egypt; Sukkot (Tabernacles) with the march through the wilderness; later, Weeks (Pentecost) with the revelation of the law at Sinai.

2000 Book of Esther.

2001 1 Macc. v, 47 ff.

2002 1 Macc. vii, 49.

2003 H. H. Wilson, Religious Sects of the Hindus; Monier-Williams, Hinduism, Index.

2004 Gardner and Jevons, Greek Antiquities, p. 289.

2005 They sometimes degenerate into coarseness or immorality.

2006 Christmas, New Year's Day, May Day, Midsummer, All Souls, and others.

2007 The protest in Prov. xxvi, 2, against this whole conception shows that it existed among the Jews down to a late time.

2008 Totemic poles, with carved figures of animals, are found in Northwest America (Boas, The Kwakiutl; Swanton, in Journal of American Folklore, xviii, 108 ff.) and in South Nigeria (Partridge, Cross River Natives, p. 219); but these figures are rather tribal or clan symbols than idols.

2009 The situation in Egypt was exceptional; after the idolatrous stage had been reached the old worship of the living animal survived.

2010 Aniconic representations of deities in civilized communities (like the stone representing the Ephesian great goddess) are survivals from the old cult of natural objects.

2011 Teraphim, 1 Sam. xix, 13 al.

2012 In the literature they are guardians of sacred places (Gen. iii, 24) and throne-bearers of the deity (Ezek. i, 26; Ps. xviii, 11 [10]).

2013 The numerous images mentioned in the Old Testament as worshiped by the Israelites appear to have been borrowed from neighboring peoples. The origin of the bull figures worshiped at Bethel and Dan is obscure, but they appear to represent the amalgamation of an old bull-cult with the cult of Yahweh.

2014 Possibly the civilization of China was in earliest times identical with or similar to that Central Asiatic civilization out of which Mazdaism seems to have sprung. Cf. R. Pumpelly, in Explorations in Turkestan (expedition of 1904), i, pp. xxiv, 7, chap. iv f.

2015 The same feeling appears in the treatment of images of saints by some European peasants.

2016 For Egyptian forms see Rawlinson, History of Ancient Egypt, vol. i; Maspero, Dawn of Civilization; for Semitic, Ohnefalsch-Richter, Kypros, the Bible, and Homer; for Indian, Lefmann, "Geschichte des alten Indiens" in Oncken's Allgemeine Geschichte.

2017 Even the Hindu women's linga-cult is said to be sometimes morally innocent.

2018 A church is here taken to be a voluntary religious body that holds out to its members the hope of redemption and salvation through association with a divine person or a cosmic power.

2019 § 530 f.

2020 W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches, vol. i, chap. ix.

2021 H. Webster, Primitive Secret Societies, chap. vii.

2022 For a large definition of the term see S. Reinach, Orpheus (Eng. tr.), p.v.

2023 For a possible influence see below, § 1101.

2024 See the histories of philosophy of Ueberweg, Windelband, Meyer, Zeller.

2025 See the reference in the Republic (ii, 364 f.) to the mendicant prophets with their formulas for expiation of sin and salvation from future punishment, and Demosthenes's derisive description of Æschines as mystagogue (De Corona, 313).

2026 It is not clear that the peculiar cults described in Isa. lxv, 3-5; lxvi, 3 f., are of Semitic origin. Their history, however, is obscure—they are not referred to elsewhere in Jewish literature. In part they are, like the cults mentioned in Ezek. viii, 10, the adoption of the sacred animals of neighboring peoples; Isa. lxv, 5 seems to point to a close voluntary association with a ceremony of initiation, but nothing proves that the association was of Semitic origin. For a different view see W. R. Smith, Religion of the Semites, 2d ed., p. 357 ff.

2027 The Mysteries of Mithra (Eng. tr.), p. 29.

2028 1 Cor. ii, 7; Mk. iv, 11 al.

2029 Barth, Religions of India, p. 76 ff.; Hopkins, Religions of India, p. 216 ff.; cf. Bloomfield, Religion of the Veda, p. 282 ff.

2030 "Die Chinesen," in Saussaye, Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte; R. K. Douglas, Confucianism and Taouism; De Groot, Religion of the Chinese; cf. H. G. Underwood, Religions of Eastern Asia.

2031 Stobæus, Eclogues, i, 30.

2032 Porphyry, Vita Plotini, cap. 3.

2033 Hopkins, Religions of India, chap. xii f.; Rhys Davids, Buddhism; Barth, Religions of India; Oldenberg, Buddha.