2034 The problem of life is stated to be how to get rid of desire, which is the source of all suffering; the Buddhist answer is that desire is eliminated by moral living, for which knowledge is necessary. So the Socratic school based virtue and happiness on knowledge. Cf. also the Biblical book of Proverbs.
2035 It does not follow that every founder of a religion will establish a church; other things than the person of the founder, such as the nature of his teaching and the character of his social milieu, enter into the problem.
2036 On current proposed reforms of Buddhism in Japan see Underwood, Religions of Eastern Asia, p. 222 ff.
2037 The two last of these functions ceased on the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans (70 A.D.), the first remained.
2038 Proselytes arose mostly from the general liberal tendency of the times (from about the second century B.C. and on), sometimes from lower impulses, sometimes they were made by force. See articles in Cheyne, Encyclopædia Biblica; Hastings Dictionary of the Bible; and Jewish Encyclopedia.
2039 They were virtually identified with the Jewish people. On the early form of voluntary devotion to a foreign deity see W. R. Smith, Religion of the Semites, 2d ed., p. 75 ff.
2040 § 1115.
2041 On attempts to discover forms of Christianity before Jesus see W. R. Smith, Der vorchristliche Jesus, and Ecce Deus; M. Friedländer, Synagoge und Kirche.
2042 The two passages in the Gospels (Matt. xvi, 18; xviii, 17) in which the word "church" occurs appear clearly, on exegetical grounds, to be scribal insertions of the later period.
2043 "Elder" and "apostle" are Jewish titles, and the reading of the Scriptures, prayer, and exhortation formed part of the synagogal service; see Schürer, The Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ (Eng. tr.), II, ii, 52 ff., and article "Apostle" in Jewish Encyclopedia. Other offices arose in the church out of the peculiar conditions; the eucharistic meal appears to have been developed under non-Jewish influence.
2044 So far has the idea of the civil character of the Church been carried that in some places the keeper of a licensed brothel has been required to be a member of the State Church.
2045 Harnack, Dogmengeschichte; articles in Herzog-Hauck, Real-Encyklopädie, and Jewish Encyclopedia; Mansel, The Gnostic Heresies.
2046 Cumont, Textes et monuments and The Mysteries of Mithra.
2047 Metamorphoses, chap. xi.
2048 Cf. article "Isis" in Roscher's Lexikon.
2049 Cf. A. G. Leonard, Islam, her Moral and Spiritual Value.
2050 A. Müller, Islam, ii, 614 ff.; Coppée, Conquest of Spain; Dozy, Histoire des musulmans en Espagne; Stanley Lane-Poole, Story of the Moors in Spain.
2051 Of these fraternities the largest and most powerful is the Senussi of North Africa, a splendidly organized body with a central administration clothed with absolute authority; see Depont and Coppolani, Les confréries religieuses musulmanes.
2052 S. de Sacy, Exposé de la religion des Druses; J. Wortabet, Researches into the Religions of Syria; C. H. Churchill, Ten Years' Residence in Mt. Lebanon.
2053 Cf. Dr. Thomas Arnold's ideal, the identification of Church and State (A. P. Stanley, Life and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold).
2054 Payne, History of the New World called America; Markham, Rites and Laws of the Incas; Prescott, Conquest of Peru, bk. i, chap. iii.
2055 On India's fertility in the production of religions cf. Bloomfield, Religion of the Veda, p. 2 ff.
2056 This organization was first called the "Brahma-Samaj" (the Church of Brahma), later the "Adi-Samaj" (the First Church).
2057 The Brahma-Samaj.
2058 There are other theistic bodies in India. The Arya-Samaj (Aryan Church) derives its doctrines (monotheism and other) from the Veda (necessarily by a forced interpretation); it is a sort of protest against foreign (Christian) influence. See articles "Arya Samaj" and "Brahma Samaj" in Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.
2059 Gobineau, Les religions et les philosophies dans l'Asie centrale; R. G. Browne, The Episode of the Bab and The New History of the Bab; article "Bab, Babis" in Hastings, op. cit.; article "Bahaism" in the Nouveau Larousse, Supplément; Some Answered Questions, translated by Laura C. Burney (exposition of the doctrine by the son of the Bahaist founder).
2060 Babism is fairly well represented in Persia at the present day; see R. G. Browne.
2061 Cf. articles in Herzog-Hauck, Real-Encyklopädie; McClintock and Strong, Biblical Cyclopædia; New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopædia of Religious Knowledge.
2062 On the community founded by Pythagoras see the histories of philosophy; it appears to have embodied a suggestion of monastic life, but its origin is uncertain.
2063 The Hebrew Nazirite vow, for example, was merely a consecration of a part of the body to the deity with the observance of old nomadic customs of food and dwellings.
2064 Hopkins, Religions of India, Index, s.v. Monks.
2065 Rhys Davids, Buddhism, chap. vi.
2066 Cf. H. Weingarten, Ursprung des Mönchthums, cited with approval by Meyer, Geschichte des Alten Aegyptens, p. 401; cf. Lehmann-Haupt, in Roscher's Lexikon, article "Sarapis," col. 362 ff.
2067 Cf. Hopkins, Religions of India, chap. xix; J. Estlin Carpenter, "Buddhist and Christian Parallels" in Studies in the History of Religions presented to C. H. Toy.
2068 Against this view see Breastad, History of Egypt, p. 578 ff.
2069 De Vita Contemplativa; see the edition of F. C. Conybeare. The work is probably to be considered genuine.
2070 Philo, Quod omnis probus liber; Pliny, Historia Naturalis, v, 17; Josephus, Antiquities, xviii, 1, and War, ii, 8; Schürer, The Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ (Eng. tr.), II, ii, 188 ff. (and the bibliography there given); articles in Cheyne, Encyclopædia Biblica, and Hastings Dictionary of the Bible.
2071 From the geographical and historical conditions a Pythagorean origin (perhaps indirect) seems the more probable.
2072 The earliest appearance of an Essene is in the latter part of the second century B.C. (Josephus, Antiquities, xiii, 11, § 2).
2073 Roscher, Lexikon, article "Sarapis," col. 362 f.
2074 See references given above in § 1121, note.
2075 Rhys Davids, Buddhism; R. S. Copleston, Buddhism.
2076 Ezekiel, early in the sixth century, and Haggai and Zechariah in the latter part of the century, show no consciousness of the existence of authoritative writings.
2077 Cf. G. F. Moore, "The Definition of the Jewish Canon and the Repudiation of Christian Scriptures" in Essays in Modern Theology and Related Subjects ... Testimonial to C. A. Briggs.
2078 G. Wildeboer, Het Onstaan van den Kanon des Ouden Verbonds; H. E. Ryle, Canon of the Old Testament; articles "Canon" in Encyclopædia Biblica, "Bible Canon" in Jewish Encyclopedia, "Kanon des Alten Testaments" in Herzog-Hauck, Real-Encyklopädie.
2079 See the Longer Catechism of Philaret, 1839.
2080 T. Zahn, Gesichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons, E. C. Moore, The New Testament in the Christian Church; article "Canon" in Encyclopædia Biblica.
2081 Historia Naturalis, xxx, chap. i, § 2.
2082 The question whether any of this material went back to Zoroaster must here be left undecided.
2083 Spiegel, Eranische Alterthumskunde, iii, 778 ff.
2084 Nöldeke, Sketches from Eastern History (Eng. tr.), p. 25 ff.
2085 A creed usually contains also an affirmation of the authority of the book on which it is based. Some religious bodies do not regard any book as absolutely authoritative, and their creeds are merely expressions of their independent religious beliefs.
2086 So among the Egyptians, Hebrews, Hindus, Greeks, Romans, and others.
2087 Cf. Sabatier, Authority in Religion (Eng. tr.), and the bibliography therein given.
2088 The contention that a given religion must triumph because it is divine and its triumph is divinely predicted introduces a discussion that cannot be gone into here, where the object is to consider existing facts.
2089 Babism (or Bahaism) also claims to be universal, but its origin is so recent that this claim cannot be tested.
2090 Rhys Davids, Buddhism.
2091 It has been professed by a few persons in Europe and America, but the so-called "theosophy" is not Buddhism. On supposed points of contact between the New Testament and Buddhism cf. C. F. Aiken, The Dhamma of Gotama the Buddha and the Gospel of Jesus the Christ.
2092 T. W. Arnold, The Preaching of Islam.
2093 See Tiele, article "Religion" in Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed., and cf. his Elements of the Science of Religion, i, 28 ff.; R. de la Grasserie, Des religions comparées au point de vue sociologique; M. Jastrow, The Study of Religion, pp. 58 ff.; article "Religion" in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.
2094 Cases of adoption of alien cults bodily are here of course excluded; in such cases the cults are to be referred to the creators and not to the borrowers.
2095 In some forms of Brahmanism, in Buddhism, and in some modern systems this Power is impersonal or undefined.
2096 On Gautama's attitude toward divine beings cf. Rhys Davids, Buddhism, p. 87 f.; Hopkins, Religions of India, p. 333 f.
2097 W. D. Whitney, Princeton Review, May, 1881.
2098 Kuenen, National Religions and Universal Religions (Hibbert Lectures, 1882); Tiele, Elements of the Science of Religion, i, 43 ff.; Jastrow, Study of Religion, p. 89 ff.
2099 Confucian China and Shintoist Japan are excluded; but in both these countries Buddhism is widespread. Pure Confucianism is not a religion, and the old Shinto is no longer believed in by educated Japanese.
2100 Cf. Tiele, Elements of the Science of Religion, Index, s.v.
2101 Myths, it may be remarked, are not confined to the uncivilised and the old national cults; they are found in all great religious systems.
2102 See, in this connection, the account of the faith of the philosopher Sallustius, the Emperor Julian's friend, by Professor Gilbert Murray, "A Pagan Creed," in the English Review for December, 1909. The term 'pagan' now has a connotation that is singularly out of accord with the character of a man like Sallustius.
2103 § 14 f.
2104 Examples are the Copernican and Newtonian theories; the magnitude of the stellar universe; Biblical criticism; the theories of evolution and the conservation of energy.
2105 The general religious attitude may be the same whether the world be regarded as monistic or as pluralistic.
2106 See above, § 172.
2107 Cf. L. T. Hobhouse, Morals in Evolution, part ii, chaps. v-vii.
2108 An example is the Old-Hebrew usage respecting marriage with a half-sister or with a wife (not one's mother) of a father. Up to about the seventh century B.C. such marriages were lawful (Gen. xx, 12; 2 Sam. xiii, 13; xvi, 22); later they were forbidden (Ezek. xxii, 10 f.; Lev. xviii, 11). Maspero (in the Annuaire de l'école des hautes études, 1896) points out that in Egypt marriage between uterine brothers and sisters in the royal family was not only legal but a sacred duty, its object being to maintain the purity of the divine blood.
2109 See above, §§ 107, 180, 219.
2110 Amos ii, 7; Hos. iv, 14.
2111 The Old Testament command to exterminate the Canaanites (Deut. vii, 2; xxv, 19; Josh. vi-xi) is not historical, that is, was not given at the time stated or at any other time. The Israelites, in fact, settled down among the Canaanites and intermarried with them, and at the time when the passages just cited were written (seventh century and later) there were no such alien tribes in Canaan. But these passages show how a current barbarous custom of war could be regarded by religious leaders as pleasing to God.
2112 See § 630 ff.
2113 So, for example, Butler's Analogy.
2114 It is an exaggeration to say (as has been said) that the sentiment of the sacred obligation of opinion was first formulated or created in the world by the early Christian martyrs—before their time Socrates, Jews in the Antiochian persecution, and probably others, had embodied this sentiment—but the Christian devotion helped to make it a generally recognized ethical principle.
2115 Hopkins, Religions of India, Index, s.v. Yoga; Bloomfield, Religion of the Veda, Index, s.v. Baksheesh; article "Saint and Saintliness" in Jewish Encyclopedia; Christian hagiologies; Goldziher, Muhammedanische Studien; C. Trumelet, Les saints de l'Islam.
2116 See above, § 1163.
2117 Ezek. xiv, 9.
2118 It is this sort of insensate optimism that Voltaire ridicules in Candide—a just and useful protest against a superficial view of life.
Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed., Edinburgh; 11th ed., Cambridge, England, and New York).
La Grande Encyclopédie (Paris, 1886-1902).
Le Nouveau Larousse (Paris, 1898-1904).
Johnson's Universal Cyclopædia (New York, 1893-1895).
The New International Encyclopædia (New York, 1905).
Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics (Edinburgh, 1908- ).
Lichtenberger. Encyclopédie des sciences religieuses (Paris, 1877-1882).
Roscher. Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie (Leipzig, 1884- ).
Daremberg et Saglio. Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines (Paris, 1873-1884).
Pauly-Wissowa. Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (new ed., Stuttgart, 1904).
Geiger and Kuhn. Grundriss der iranischen Philologie (Strassburg, 1895-1904).
Jewish Encyclopedia (New York and London, 1901-1906).
Encyclopædia Biblica (London and New York, 1899-1903).
Hastings. Dictionary of the Bible (Edinburgh, 1900-1904).
Hughes. Dictionary of Islam (London, 1896).
Encyclopædia of Islam (Leiden) (in course of publication).
Herzog-Hauck. Real-Encyclopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche (Leipzig, 1895-1909).
Hamburger. Realencyclopädie des Judenthums (2d ed., Leipzig, 1896).
The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York, 1907-1911).
Smith and Cheetham. Dictionary of Christian Antiquities (London, 1875).
McClintock and Strong. Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature (New York, 1868-1881).
Meusel. Kirchliches Handlexikon (Leipzig, 1887-1902).
Wetzer and Welte. Kirchenlexikon (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1882-1903).586
Revue de l'histoire des religions (Paris).
Archiv für Religionswissenschaft (Leipzig).
Le Muséon et La Revue des religions (Louvain, 1882- ).
Journal asiatique (Paris).
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (London).
Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Colombo).
Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Singapore).
Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Hongkong).
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Calcutta).
Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (Singapore).
De indische Gids (Amsterdam).
The Indian Antiquary (Bombay).
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft (Leipzig).
Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes.
Mitteillungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft and Der alte Orient (Leipzig).
Mitteilungen der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft (Berlin).
Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan (Yokohama),
Journal of the American Oriental Society (New Haven).
Zeitschrift für die Mythologie (Göttingen).
Journal of the Anthropological Institute (London).
Transactions of the Ethnological Society (London).
Man (anthropological monthly) (London).
Annals of Archæology and Anthropology (Liverpool Institute of Archæology).
Archæological Review (London).
Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada (Ottawa, Montreal, and London).
Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archæology (London).
L'Anthropologie (Paris).
Revue internationale de sociologie (Paris).
Annales du Musée Guimet (Paris).
L'Année sociologique (Paris).
Zeitschrift für Ethnologie (Berlin).
Archiv für Anthropologie (Braunschweig).
Archäologische Gesellschaft (Berlin).
Archiv für slavische Philologie (Berlin, 1876- ).
Jahreshefte des oesterreichischen archäologischen Instituts (Vienna).
Mitteilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
Anthropos, Ephemeris internationalis ethnologica et linguistica (Salzburg, 1906- ).
Archivio per l'Antropologia e la Etnologia (Florence).
587Internationales Archiv für Ethnologie (Leiden).
Ἑφημερὶς Ἀρχαιολογική (Athens).
American Journal of Archæology (New York and London).
Transactions of the American Ethnological Society (New York).
The Anthropologist (Washington).
American Antiquarian Society (Worcester, Mass.).
Reports of the National Museum (Washington).
Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington).
Reports of the Smithsonian Institution (Washington).
University of California Publications in American Archæology and Ethnology (Berkeley).
Revue des questions historiques (Paris).
Revue égyptologique (Paris).
Zeitschrift für aegyptische Sprache und Altertumswissenschaft (Leipzig).
Revue sémitique (Paris).
Revue du monde musulman (Paris).
American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures (Chicago).
Revue d'Assyriologie (Paris).
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete (Leipzig).
Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft (Leipzig).
Revue des études grecques (Paris, 1888- ).
Journal of Hellenic Studies (London).
Revue des études juives (Paris).
Folklore (London).
Folklore Journal (London).
Revue des traditions populaires (Paris).
Mélusine (mythology and popular traditions) (Paris).
Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde (Berlin).
Ons Volksleven (Tijdschrift voor Taal-Volks-en Oudheidkunde) (Brecht).
Revue Celtique (Paris).
Celtic Review (Edinburgh).
Mittheilungen der Gesellschaft für jüdische Volkskunde (Breslau).
Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari (Palermo).
International Journal of Ethics (Philadelphia and London).
Hibbert Journal (London).
Plato. Phædo; Phædrus; Republic.
Hume, David. Natural History of Religion (vol. ii of Green and Grose's ed. of Hume's Essays, London, 1882); Dialogues concerning Natural Religion (ibid.).
Kant, Immanuel. Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft (Königsberg, 1793; in new ed. of his Works, Berlin, 1912).588
Hegel, G. W. F. Philosophie der Religion (Berlin, 1832; new ed., Leiden, 1890; Eng. tr., London, 1895) (cf. John Caird's Philosophy of Religion, London, 1876).
Burnouf, E. La science des religions (3d ed., Paris, 1876; Eng. tr., London, 1888).
Arnold, Matthew. Literature and Dogma (London and New York, 1873).
Pfleiderer, O. Religionsphilosophie auf geschichtlicher Grundlage (3d ed., Berlin, 1896); Eng. tr., The Philosophy of Religion on the Basis of its History (London, 1886); Philosophy and Development of Religion (Edinburgh, 1899); Evolution and Theology, and Other Essays (Eng. tr., London and New York, 1900); Religion und Religionen (Munich, 1906); Eng. tr., Religion and Historic Faiths (New York, 1907).
Gheyn, J. van den. La science des religions (Lyon, 1886).
Hartmann, E. von. Religionsphilosophie (Leipzig, 1888).
Martineau, J. A Study of Religion (London, 1888).
Bender, W. Das Wesen der Religion (4th ed., Bonn, 1888).
Deussen, P. Allgemeine Geschichte der Philosophie mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Religionen (Leipzig, 1894; new ed., 1899-1911).
Jastrow, Morris, Jr. The Study of Religion (London and New York, 1901).
Everett, C. C. The Psychological Elements of Religion (New York and London, 1902); Theism and the Christian Faith (New York and London, 1909).
James, William. The Will to Believe, and Other Essays (London and New York, 1897); Varieties of Religious Experience (London and New York, 1902); Pragmatism (London and New York, 1907); A Pluralistic Universe (New York, 1909).
Royce, Josiah. Religious Aspects of Philosophy (Boston, 1886); The World and the Individual (London and New York, 1900-1901); The Sources of Religious Insight (New York, 1912).
Caird, E. Evolution of Religion (London and New York, 1893).
La Grasserie, Raoul de. De la psychologie des religions (Paris, 1899).
Bousset, W. What is Religion? (Eng. tr., New York and London, 1907).
Höffding, H. Philosophy of Religion (Eng. tr., London and New York, 1906).
Perry, R. B. The Approach to Philosophy, chaps. iii, iv, vii (New York, 1905).
Santayana, G. Reason in Religion (vol. iii of his Life of Reason) (New York, 1905).
King, Irving. Development of Religion (New York, 1910).
Leuba, J. H. A Psychological Study of Religion (New York, 1912).
Kant, Immanuel. Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (4th ed., Riga, 1797), and see his Collected Works (Berlin, 1912- ). 589
Martineau, James. The Relations between Ethics and Religion (London, 1881).
Guyau, J. M. Esquisse d'une morale sans obligation ni sanction (Paris, 1885; 4th ed., 1896; Eng. tr., London, 1898); L'irreligion de l'avenir (Paris, 1887).
Palmer, G. H. The Field of Ethics (Boston, 1901).
Otto, R. Naturalism and Religion (Eng. tr., London and New York, 1909).
Cicero. De Fato and De Natura Deorum.
Brosses, C. de. Du culte des dieux fétiches (Paris or Geneva, 1760).
Dupuis, C. F. Origine de tous les cultes, ou religion universelle (Paris, 1794; new ed., 1870).
Meiners, C. Allgemeine kritische Geschichte der Religion (Hannover, 1806-1807).
Waltz, T. Anthropologie der Naturvölker (Leipzig, 1859-1872).
Bastian, A. Beiträge zur vergleichenden Psychologie (Berlin, 1868).
Müller, Fr. Max. Introduction to the Science of Religion (2d ed., London, 1880); Natural Religion (London, 1890); Physical Religion (London, 1891); Anthropological Religion (London, 1892); Theosophy, or Psychological Religion (London, 1893).
Spencer, H. Descriptive Sociology (London, 1873-1881); Principles of Sociology (London, 1879-1896); vol. i (on religious phenomena) (New York, 1882).
Lippert, J. Religionen der europäischen Culturvölker (Berlin, 1881); Allgemeine Geschichte des Priesterthums (Berlin, 1883).
Réville, A. Prolégomènes de l'histoire des religions (Paris, 1881; Eng. tr., London, 1884); Les religions des peuples non-civilisés (Paris, 1883).
Kuenen, A. National Religions and Universal Religions (London, 1882).
Clarke, J. F. Ten Great Religions (Boston, 1883; popular ed., 1899).
d'Alviella, Goblet. Introduction à l'histoire générale des religions (Brussels, 1887); Origin and Growth of the Conception of God (London, 1892); Croyances, rites, institutions (Paris, 1911).
La Saussaye, P. D. Chantepie de. Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte (Freiburg, 1887-1888; Eng. tr. of vol. i, London, 1892; 2d ed., 1897).
Tylor, E. B. Researches into the Early History of Mankind (London, 1878); Primitive Culture (3d ed., London, 1891 and 1903).
The Hibbert Lectures (London and New York, 1878-1894).
The Gifford Lectures (London and New York, 1890-).
Usener, H. Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen (Bonn, 1889); Götternamen (Bonn, 1896).
Frazer, J. G. The Golden Bough (London, 1890; 3d ed., 1906-1911); Early History of the Kingship (London, 1905).590
King, J. H. The Supernatural (London, 1892).
Article "Fetishism" in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.
Trumbull, H. C. The Blood-Covenant (New York, 1893); The Threshold-Covenant (New York, 1896).
Marillier, L. La survivance de l'lâme et l'idée de justice chez les peuples non-civilisés (Paris, 1894); L'origine des dieux [criticism of Grant Allen's Evolution of the Idea of God] (Paris, 1899).
Steinmetz, S. R. Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwicklung der Strafe (Leiden and Leipzig, 1894).
Tiele, C. P. Geschichte der Religion im Alterthum bis auf Alexander den Grossen (Germ. tr., Gotha, 1895; ed. Gehrich, Gotha, 1896-1903).
Menzies, A. History of Religion (London and New York, 1895; New York, 1906).
Religious Systems of the World (London, 1896; new ed., 1902).
Carpenter, J. E. Place of Christianity among the Religions of the World (London, 1904).
Orientalische Religionen (in Die Kultur der Gegenwart) (Berlin and Leipzig, 1906).
Bloomfield, M. The Symbolic Gods (in Studies in Honor of B. L. Gildersleeve) (Baltimore, 1902).
Jevons, F. B. Introduction to the History of Religion (London, 1896; 2d ed., 1902); Introduction to the Study of Comparative Religion (New York, 1908); The Idea of God in Early Religions (Cambridge, England, 1910).
Johnson, Samuel. Oriental Religions and their Relation to Universal Religion (1872-1885; Boston, 1897).
White, A. D. Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom (New York, 1897).
Durkheim, E. Définition des phénomènes religieux (in L'Année sociologique, ii) (Paris, 1897-1898).
Allen, Grant. Evolution of the Idea of God (London and New York, 1897).
Tiele, C. P. Elements of the Science of Religion (Edinburgh and London, 1897-1899).
Brinton, D. G. Religions of Primitive Peoples (New York and London, 1897).
Ratzel, F. History of Mankind (Eng. tr., London, 1898).
Lang, A. Custom and Myth (London, 1884); Myth, Ritual and Religion (2d ed., 1899); The Making of Religion (2d ed., London, 1900).
Andree, R. Die Flutsagen (Braunschweig, 1891).
Usener, H. Die Sintfluthsagen (Bonn, 1899).
Woods, F. H. Article "Flood" (in Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible) (Edinburgh and New York, 1900).
Sutherland, A. The Origin and Growth of the Moral Instinct (London and New York, 1898).591
La Grasserie, Raoul de. Des religions comparées au point de vue sociologique (Paris, 1899).
Ingram, J. K. Outline of the History of Religion (London, 1900).
Lord Avebury (Sir John Lubbock). Prehistoric Times (6th ed., London, 1900).
Hirn, Y. Origins of Art (London, 1900).
Ellis, Havelock. Studies in the Psychology of Sex (London, 1900; and Philadelphia, 1904-1910).
Morris, Miss M. The Economic Study of Religion (in Journal of the American Oriental Society, xxiv) (New Haven, 1903).
Reinach, S. Cultes, mythes et religions (Paris, 1905-1908).
Hopkins, E. W. The Universality of Religion (in Journal of the American Oriental Society, xxv) (New Haven, 1904).
Jordan, L. H. Comparative Religion, its Genesis and Growth (Edinburgh, 1905).
Dieterich, A. Mutter Erde, ein Versuch über Volksreligion (Leipzig and Berlin, 1905).
Farnell, L. R. Evolution of Religion (London and New York, 1905).
Dulaure, J. A. Des divinités génératrices (2d ed., Paris, 1905).
Reitzenstein, R. Hellenistische Wundererzählungen (Leipzig, 1906).
Cumont, F. Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain (Paris, 1907; Eng. tr., Chicago, 1911).
Hamilton, Mary. Incubation (London, 1906).
Hobhouse, L. T. Morals in Evolution (London and New York, 1906).
Article "Art" in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics (Edinburgh and New York, 1908).
Perrot and Chipiez. Histoire de l'art dans l'antiquité (Paris, 1882-1911; Eng. tr., London and New York, 1883-1890).
Meyer, Edouard. Geschichte des Altertums (2d ed., Stuttgart and Berlin, 1907-1909).
Westermarck, E. Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas (London, 1908).
Preuss, K. T. Ursprung der Religion und Kunst.
Webster, H. Primitive Secret Societies (New York, 1908); Rest-Days: a Sociological Study (reprinted from University Studies) (Lincoln, Nebraska, 1911).
Conder, C. R. The Rise of Man (London and New York, 1908).
Ploss, H. H. Das Kind (Stuttgart, 1876); Das Weib, ed. M. Bartels (Leipzig, 1902).
Hartland, E. S. Primitive Paternity (London, 1909).
Frazer, J. G. Psyche's Task [influence of superstition on the growth of institutions] (London, 1909).
Reinach, S. Orpheus (Paris, 1909; Eng. tr., revised by the author, London and New York, 1909).
Frobenius, L. Childhood of Man (Eng. tr., London and Philadelphia, 1909).592
Thomas, W. I. Source-Book for Social Origins (Chicago and London. 1909).
Marett, R. R. The Threshold of Religion (London [1909]).
Seligmann, S. Der böse Blick und Verwandtes (Berlin, 1910).
Elworthy, F. T. Article "Evil Eye" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).
Boehmer, J. Religions-Urkunden der Völker (Leipzig).
Article "Cosmogony and Cosmology" in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics (Oxford, 1912).
Crawley, A. E. Articles "Cursing and Blessing," "Dress," and "Eating the God," ibid.
Articles "Dwarfs and Pygmies," "Dualism," "Fate," "Calendar," "Feasting," "Fasting," "Festivals and Fasts," ibid.
Schneider, H. Religion und Philosophie (Leipzig, 1912).
Carpenter, J. Estlin. Comparative Religion (London and New York, 1913 (?)).
Morgan, L. H. Ancient Society (London, 1877).
Spencer, H. Principles of Sociology, i, § 171 ff. (London and New York, 1882).
Hahn, Ed. Die Haustiere (Leipzig, 1896); Demeter und Baubo (Lübeck, 1897).
Tylor, E. B. Remarks on Totemism, Journal of the Anthropological Institute (1899).
Pikler and Somló. Ursprung des Totemismus (Berlin, 1900).
Hartland, E. S. Totemism and Some Recent Discoveries, Folklore (1900).
Durkheim, E. La prohibition de l'inceste et ses origines, L'Année sociologique, i (Paris, 1896-1897); Sur le totémisme, L'Année sociologique, v (1900-1901).
Zapletal, V. Totemismus und die Religion Israels (Freiburg (Swiss), 1901).
Hill-Tout, C. Origin of Totemism among the Aborigines of British Columbia, Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada (2d Series, 1901-1902 and 1903-1904).
Smith, W. R. Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia (2d ed., London, 1903) (criticized by Nöldeke in Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 1886).
Lang, A. Social Origins (London, 1903); Secret of the Totem (London, 1905); Australian Problems (in Anthropological Essays presented to Tylor) (Oxford, 1907).
Jevons, F. B. Introduction to the History of Religion (2d ed., London, 1902).
Marillier, L. La place du totémisme dans l'évolution religieuse [criticism of Jevons], Revue de l'histoire des religions, xxxvi, xxxvii (Paris, 1897-1898); article "Totem" (in La Grande Encyclopédie) (Paris, 1886-1902).593
Wundt, W. Mythus und Religion (in his Völkerpsychologie, Leipzig, 1908-1910).
Crawley, A. E. Exogamy and the Mating of Cousins (in Essays presented to Tylor, Oxford, 1907).
Rivers, W. H. H. On the Origin of the Classificatory System of Relationships (in Essays presented to Tylor, 1907).
Thomas, N. W. La survivance du culte totémique ... dans le pays de Galles, Revue de l'histoire des religions, xxxviii (Paris); Origin of Exogamy (in Essays presented to Tylor, Oxford, 1907).
Gomme, G. L. Totemism in Britain, Archæological Review (London, 1889).
Goldenweiser, A. A. Totemism, an Analytical Study, Journal of American Folklore (Boston and New York, 1910).
Frazer, J. G. Totemism and Exogamy (London, 1910).
Frazer, J. G. Article "Taboo" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed.).
Crawley, A. E. Mystic Rose (London, 1902); Exogamy and the Mating of Cousins (in Essays presented to Tylor, Oxford, 1907).
Gennep, A. van. Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar (Paris, 1904).
Hodson, T. C. The Genna amongst the Tribes of Assam, Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxvi (London, 1906).
Marillier, L. Article "Tabou" (in La Grande Encyclopédie) (Paris).
Tylor, E. B. Early History of Mankind, p. 129 ff. (3d ed., London, 1878).
Frazer, J. G. Lectures on the Early History of the Kingship [holds that taboo is a negative magic] (London, 1905); Taboo and the Perils of the Soul (part ii of 3d ed. of the Golden Bough) (London, 1911).
Marett, R. R. Is Taboo a Negative Magic? (in Essays presented to Tylor) (Oxford, 1907) [reply to Frazer].
Thomas, N. W. Article "Taboo" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.).
Gait, E. A. Article "Caste" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics) (Edinburgh and New York, 1911).
Taylor, R. New Zealand (London, 1870).
Alexander, W. D. Brief History of the Hawaiian People (New York, 1892).
The Hebrew Sabbath as a Taboo Day
Toy, C. H. The Earliest Form of the Hebrew Sabbath, Journal of Biblical Literature (Boston, 1899).
Driver, S. R. Article "Sabbath" (in Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible) (Edinburgh and New York, 1902).
Pinches, T. G. Sapattu, the Babylonian Sabbath, Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology (London, 1904).594
Zimmern, H. Comments on Pinches's article, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft (Leipzig, 1904).
Meinhold, J. Sabbat und Woche in Alten Testament (Göttingen, 1905).
Webster, H. Rest Days: a Sociological Study, University Studies (Lincoln, Nebraska, 1911).
Articles in La Grande Encyclopédie (Paris); Encyclopædia Britannica (London, 11th ed.); Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines (Paris).
Tylor, E. B. Researches into the Early History of Mankind, p. 129 (3d ed., London, 1878); Primitive Culture, Index, s.v. (3d ed., London, 1891).
King, J. H. The Supernatural, bk. ii, chap. iii f. (London, 1892).
Davies, T. Witton. Magic, Divination, and Demonology (London, 1898).
Tiele, C. P. Elements of the Science of Religion, Index, s.v. (Edinburgh and London, 1899).
Jevons, F. B. Introduction to the History of Religion, Index, s.v. (London, 1896; 2d. ed., 1902).
Lano, A. Magic and Religion (London, 1901).
Hobhouse, L. T. Morals in Evolution, Index, s.v. (London and New York, 1906).
Haddon, A. C. Magic and Fetishism (London, 1906).
Westermarck, E. Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, Index, s.v. (London, 1908).
Hubert and Mauss. In L'Année sociologique, vii (Paris, 1902-1903).
Reinach, S. Orpheus, Index, s.v. (Paris, 1909; Eng. tr., London and New York, 1909).
Frazer, J. G. Early History of the Kingship, Index, s.v. (London, 1905).
Marett, R. R. Is Taboo a Negative Magic? (in Anthropological Essays presented to E. B. Tylor) (Oxford, 1907).
Harrison, Miss J. E. Chap. iv of her Themis (Cambridge, England, 1912).
Egypt
Erman, A. Life in Ancient Egypt (Eng. tr., London, 1894).
Budge, E. A. Wallis. Egyptian Magic (London, 1899).
Wiedemann, A. Magie und Zauberei im alten Aegypten (Leipzig, 1905).
Breasted, J. H. History of Egypt, Index, s.v. (New York, 1905).
Babylonia and Assyria
King, L. W. Babylonian Magic and Sorcery (London, 1896).
Jastrow, M. Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston, 1898); Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens (Giessen, 1906- ).
Fossey, Ch. La magie assyrienne (Paris, 1902).595
Jewish
Articles in Encyclopædia Biblica (London and New York); Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible (Edinburgh and London); Jewish Encyclopedia (New York and London).
Schürer, E. Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi (3d ed., Leipzig, 1901); Eng. tr., History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ, Index. s.v. (New York, 1891).
Blau, L. Das alt-jüdische Zauberwesen (Strassburg, 1898).
Arabia and Modern Egypt
Wellhausen, J. Reste arabischen Heidentumes, Index, s.v. (Berlin, 1897).
Lane, E. W. The Thousand and One Nights, Index (London, 1883).
Finnish
Castrén, M. A. Finnische Mythologie (Germ. tr., St. Petersburg, 1853).
India
Bloomfield, M. Eng. tr. of the Atharva-Veda (in Sacred Books of the East) (Oxford).
Hopkins, E. W. Religions of India, Index, s.v. (Boston and London, 1895).
Greek
Harrison, Miss J. E. Themis, a Study of the Social Origins of Greek Religion (Cambridge, England, 1912).
Roman
Apuleius. Metamorphoses.
Friedländer, L. Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms (8th ed., Leipzig, 1910); Eng. tr., Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire, Index (London and New York, ca. 1903).
Wissowa, G. Religion und Kultus der Römer (München, 1902).
Fowler, W. W. Religious Experience of the Roman People, Index (London, 1911).
Teutonic
La Saussaye, P. D. Chantepie de. Religion of the Teutons, Index, s.v. (Boston and London, 1902).
Noncivilized Peoples
Ellis, A. B. Tshi (London, 1887); Eẃe (London, 1890); Yoruba (London, 1894).
Codrington, R. H. The Melanesians, Index, s.v. (Oxford, 1891).
Spencer and Gillen. Native Tribes of Central Australia (London, 1899); Northern Tribes of Central Australia [the Intichiuma ceremonies] (London, 1904).
Howitt, A. W. Native Tribes of South-East Australia (London, 1904).596
Hollis, A. C. The Masai, Index (Oxford, 1905); The Nandi, Index (Oxford, 1909).
Westermarck, E. L'âr, or the Transference of Conditional Curses in Morocco (in Essays presented to Tylor) (Oxford, 1907).
Seligmann, C. G. Melanesians of British New Guinea, Index (Cambridge, England, 1910).
Brown, G. Melanesians and Polynesians, Index (London, 1910).
Dixon, R. B. The Northern Maidu (New York, 1905); The Shasta (New York, 1907).
Skeat, W. W. Malay Magic (London, 1900).
Rivers, W. H. H. The Todas (London. 1906).