Life of Cicero by Antony Trollope.

93 This mode of greeting a victorious general had no doubt become absurd in the time of Cicero, when any body of soldiers would be only too willing to curry favor with the officer over them by this acclamation. Cicero ridicules this; but is at the same time open to the seduction—as a man with us will laugh at the Sir Johns and Sir Thomases who are seated around him, but still, when his time comes, will be pleased that his wife shall be called "My Lady" like the rest of them.

94 Ad Div., lib. ii., 7.

95 Ad Att., lib. v., 2.

96 Ad Div., lib. xv., 4.

97 Ibid., xv., 10, and lib. xv., 13: "Ut quam honorificentissimum senatus consultum de meis rebus gestis faciendum cures."

98 Ad Div., lib. viii., 6.

102 The amount seems so incredible that I cannot but suspect an error in the MS. The sum named is two hundred Attic talents. The Attic talent, according to Smith's dictionary, was worth £243 13s. It may be that this large amount had been collected over a series of years.

103 Ad Att., lib. v., 21.

104 Ibid., vi., 1. This is the second letter to Atticus on the transaction, and in this he asserts, as though apologizing for his conduct to Brutus, that he had not before known that the money belonged to Brutus himself: "Nunquam enim ex illo audivi illam pecuniam esse suam."

105 In the letter last quoted, "Flens mihi meam famam commendasti." "Believe," he says, "that I cling to the doctrines which you yourself have taught me. They are fixed in my very heartstrings."

106 See the former of the two letters, Ad. Att., lib. v., 21: "Quod enim prætori dare consuessent, quoniam ego non acceperam, se a me quodam modo dare."

107 Ad Att., vi., 1: "Tricesimo quoque die talenta Attica xxxiii., et hoc ex tributis." On every thirteenth day he gets thirty three talents from the taxes, the talent being about £243. Of the poverty of Ariobarzanes we have heard much, and of the number of slaves which reached Rome from his country. It was thus, probably, that the king paid Pompey his interest.

Mancipiis locuples eget æris Cappadonum rex.—Hor. Epis., lib. i., vi.

Persius tells us how the Roman slave-dealer was wont to slap the fat Cappadocian on the thigh to show how sound he was as he was selling him, Sat. vi., 77. "Cappadocis eques catastis" is a phrase used by Martial, lib. x., 76, to describe from how low an origin a Roman knight might descend, telling us also that there were platforms erected for the express purpose of selling slaves from Cappadocia. Juvenal speaks also of "Equites Cappadoces" in the same strain, Sat. vii., 15. The descendant even of a slave from Cappadocia might rise to be a knight. From all this we may learn what was the source of the £8000 a month which Pompey condescended to take, and which Cicero describes as being "ex tributis."

108 Ad Att., lib. vi., 2.

109 Ad Att., lib. vi., 3.

110 Ad Div., lib. viii., 11.

111 Ad Att., lib. vi., 4, 5.

112 Ad Div., lib. ii., 15: "Scito me sperare ea quæ sequuntur."

114 Ad Att., lib. vii., 1.

115 Ad Att., lib. vi., 8.

116 Ad Att., lib. xi., 1.

117 Appius and Piso were the last two Censors elected by the Republic.

118 Ad Div., lib. ii., 15.

119 Appian, De Bell. Civ., lib. ii., 26. The historian tells us that the Consul built a temple with the money, but that Curio had paid his debts.

120 Mommsen, book v., ca. ix.

121 Ad Att., lib. vii., 1: "Video cum altero vinci satius esse quam cum altero vincere."

122 Ad Att., lib. vii., 2: "Adolescentem, ut nosti, et adde, si quid vis, probum."

123 Ad Att., lib. vii., 20-23.

124 Ibid., lib. viii., 4.

125 Ibid., lib. viii., 7.

126 Copy of letter D, enclosed in letter to Atticus, lib. viii., 11.

127 Ad Att., lib. ix., 10.

128 Ibid., lib. ix., 12.

129 Ad Att., lib. x., 4.

130 Ad Att., lib. xi., 5.

131 Horace, Sat., lib. i., sat. 5.

132 Ad Att., lib. xi., 7.

133 Ad Div., xiv., 16.

134 Ad Att., lib. xi., 24.

135 Ad Att., lib. xi., 24.

136 Ibid., lib. xi., 20-22.

137 Ad Div., xiv., 22, 20. The numbers going the wrong way is only an indication that the letters were wrongly placed by Grævius.

138 Ad Att., lib. xi., 22

139 Oratoriæ Partitiones, xvii., xxiii.

140 De Officiis, lib. i., ca. xxxi.: "Catoni cum incredibilem tribuisset natura gravitatem, eamque ipse perpetua constantia roborasset, semperque in proposito susceptoque consilio permansisset, moriendum potius quam tyranni vultum aspiciendum fuit."

141 This was Lucius Volcatius Tullus.

142 But it is now, I believe, the opinion of scholars that Wolf has been proved to be wrong, and the words to have been the very words of Cicero, by the publication of certain fragments of ancient scholia on the Pro Marcello which have been discovered by Cardinal Mai since the time of the dispute.

143 Ad Div., iv., 11.

144 Pro Marcello, ii.

146 Pro Ligario, iii.

147 Ad Fam., lib. iv., 14.

148 Ad Div., lib. ix., 16.

149 Ad Att., lib. xii., 7.

151 Ad Div., lib. xvi., 21.

152 Pliny, Hist. Nat., lib. xiv., 28.

153 Ad Div., lib. vi., 18.

154 Ad Att., lib. xii., 12.

156 Ad Att., lib. xii., 14.

158 Ad Att., lib. xiii., 28.

159 Suetonius, Julius Cæsar, ca. xxxvii.

160 Ad Att., lib. xiii., 44.

161 Ad Att., lib xiii., 42.

162 Pro Rege Deiotaro, ii.

163 Ibid., ca. xii.: "Solus, inquam, es, C. Cæsar, cujus in victoria cecide it nemo nisi armatus."

164 Cæsar, De Bello Gallico, lib. iii., 16: "Itaque, omni Senatu necato, reliquos sub corona vendidit," he says, and passes on in his serene, majestic manner.

165 Quint., lib. x., vii.: "Nam Ciceronis ad præsens modo tempus aptatos libertus Tiro contraxit."

166 Horace, Epis., lib. i., 1: "Nullus in orbe sinus Baiis prælucet amænis."

167 Ad Att., lib. xiii., 52.

168 Ad Div., lib. vii., 30.

169 Mommsen, book v., xi.

170 He left Brundisium on the last day of the year.

171 Shakspeare, Julius Cæsar, act i., sc. 2.

172 Ad Att., lib. xiv., 9, 15.

173 Quintilian, lib. vii., 4.

174 These words will be found in M. Du Rozoir's summary to the Philippics.

175 Ad Att., lib. xiv., 1.

176 Ibid., 14: "Quam oculis cepi justo interitu tyranni."

177 Morabin, liv. vi., chap. iii., sec. 6.

178 Velleius Paterculus, lib. ii., ca. lviii.

179 Mommsen, book v., xi.

180 Ad Att., lib. xiv., 4.

181 Ibid., lib. xiv., 6.

182 Ibid., lib. xiv., 7.

183 Ad Att., lib. xiv., 9.

184 Ibid., lib. xiv., 11.

185 Ad Att., lib. xiv., 13.

186 Ad Div., lib. xvi., 23.

187 Ad Div., lib. ix., 11.

188 Ad Att., lib. xiv., 21.

189 Ad Att., lib. xv., 21.

190 Ibid., lib. xv., 26.

191 Ad Att., lib. xv., 27.

192 Ibid., lib. xvi., 1.

193 Ibid., lib. xvi., 5.

194 Ibid., lib. xvi., 2.

195 Ad Att., lib. xvi., 7.

196 Phil., i., 5: "Nimis iracunde hoc quidem, et valde intemperanter." "Who," he goes on to say, "has sinned so heavily against the Republic that here, in the Senate, they shall dare to threaten his house by sending the State workmen?"

197 Brutus, Ciceroni, lib. ii., 5: "Jam concedo ut vel Philippici vocentur quod tu quadam epistola jocans scripsisti." I fear, however, that we must acknowledge that this letter cannot be taken as an authority for the early use of the name.

198 Phil., i., ca. vii.

199 Ibid., i., ca. viii.

200 Ibid., i., ca. x.

201 The year of his birth is uncertain. He had been Consul three years back, and must have spoken often.

202 Ad Div., lib. xii., 2.

203 It may here be worth our while to quote the impassioned language which Velleius Paterculus uses when he chronicles the death of Cicero, lib. ii., 66: "Nihil tamen egisti, M. Antoni (cogit enim excedere propositi formam operis, erumpens animo ac pectore indignatio), nihil, inquam, egisti, mercedem cælestissimi oris et clarissimi capitis abscissi numerando, auctoramentoque funebri ad conservatoris quondam reipublicæ tantique consulis irritando necem. Rapuisti tu M. Ciceroni lucem solicitam, et ætatem senilem, et vitam miseriorem, te principe, quam sub te triumviro mortem. Famam vero gloriamque factorum atque dictorum adeo non abstulisti, ut auxeris. Vivit, vivetque per omnium sæculorum memoriam; dumque hoc vel forte, vel providentia, vel utcumque constitutum, rerum naturæ corpus, quod ille pæne solus Romanorum animo vidit, ingenio complexus est, eloquentia illuminavit, manebit incolume, comitem ævi sui laudem Ciceronis trahet, omnisque posteritas illius in te scripta mirabitur, tuum in eum factum execrabitur; citiusque in mundo genus hominum, quam ea, cadet." This was the popular idea of Cicero in the time of Tiberius.

204 Ad Div., lib. xii., 23.

205 Ad Att., lib. xvi., 11.

206 On referring to the Milo, ca. xv., the reader will see the very different tone in which Cicero spoke of this incident when Antony was in favor with him.

207 It was a sign of an excellent character in Rome to have been chosen often as heir in part to a man's property.

208 Horace, Odes, lib. iii., 30.

209 Ad Att., lib. xvi., 14.

210 Philippics, lib. vi., 1.

211 "Populum Romanum servire fas non est, quem dii immortales omnibus gentibus imperare voluerunt."

212 Ad Div., lib. xi., 8.

213 Ad Div., lib. x., 3.

214 Ad Brutum, lib. ii., 6.

215 Appian. De Bell. Civ., lib. iii., ca. 26.

216 Vell. Pat., lib. ii., 62: "Quæ omnia senatus decretis comprensa et comprobata sunt."

217 Ad Div., lib. xii., 7. This is in a letter to Cassius, in which he says, "Promisi enim et prope confirmavi, te non expectasse nec expectaturum decreta nostra, sed te ipsum tuo more rempublicam defensurum."

218 Appian, lib. iii., ca. 50. The historian of the civil wars declares that Piso spoke up for Antony, saying that he should not be damnified by loose statements, but should be openly accused. Feelings ran very high, but Cicero seems to have held his own.

219 Ad Div., lib. x., 27.

220 Suetonius, Augustus, lib. xi.

221 Tacitus, Ann., lib. i., x.: "Cæsis Hirtio et Pansa, sive hostis illos, seu Pansam venenum vulneri affusum, sui milites Hirtium et, machinator doli, Cæsar abstulerat."

222 Philip., xiv., 3: "Omnibus, quanquam ruit ipse suis cladibus, pestem, vastitatem, cruciatum, tormenta denuntiat."

223 Philip., xiv., 12: "O fortunata mors, quæ naturæ debita, pro patria est potissimum reddita."

224 Ad Div., lib. xi., 9.

225 Ibid., lib. xi., 10.

226 Ibid., lib. xi., 11.

227 Ibid., lib. xi., 18.

228 Ad Div., lib. x., 34.

229 Ad Brutum, lib. i., 4.

230 Ad Div., lib. xi., 20: "Ipsum Cæsarem nihil sane de te questum, nisi quod diceret, te dixisse, laudandum adolescentem, ornandum, tollendum."

231 Ad Div., lib. xii., 10.

232 Appian, lib. iii., 92.

233 Dio Cassius, lib. xlvi., 46.

234 Vell. Paterculus, lib. ii., 65.

235 Vell. Paterculus, lib. ii., 66: "Repugnante Cæsare, sed frustra adversus duos, instauratum Sullani exempli malum, proscriptio."

236 Vell. Paterculus, lib. ii., 66: "Nihil tam indignum illo tempore fuit, quam quod aut Cæsar aliquem proscribere coactus est, aut ab ullo Cicero proscriptus est."

237 Suetonius, Augustus, 27: "In quo restitit quidem aliquamdiu collegis, ne qua fieret proscriptio, sed inceptam utroque acerbius exercuit."

238 Phil., iv., ca. xviii.

239 In the following list I have divided the latter, making the Moral Essays separate from the Philosophy.

240 I have given here those treatises which are always printed among the works of Cicero.

241 De Inventione, lib. ii., 4.

242 Quintilian, in his Proæmium or Preface: "Oratorem autem instituimus illum perfectum, qui esse nisi vir bonus non potest." It seems as though there had almost been the question whether the perfect orator could exist, although there was no question he had never done so as yet.

243 Quint., lib. iii., 1: "Præcipuum vero lumen sicut eloquentiæ, ita præceptis quoque ejus, dedit unicum apud nos specimen orandi, docendique oratorias artes, M. Tullius." And in Tacitus, De Oratoribus, xxx.: "Ita ex multa eruditione, ex pluribus artibus," he says, speaking of Cicero, "et omnium rerum scientia exundat, et exuberat illa admirabilis eloquentia; neque oratoris vis et facultas, sicut ceterarum rerum, angustis et brevibus terminis cluditur; sed is est orator, qui de omni quæstione pulchre, et ornate, et ad persuadendum apte dicere, pro dignitate rerum, ad utilitatem temporum, cum voluptate audientium possit." This has not the ring of Tacitus, but it shows equally well the opinion of the day.