B
Verbs in which the irregular form is preferred.
| Present Tense | Past Tense | Perf. Part. | ||
| awake | awoke, awaked | awaked, awoke | ||
| belay | belaid, belayed | belaid, belayed | ||
| bet | bet, betted | bet, betted | ||
| crow | crew, crowed | crowed | ||
| dare | durst, dared | dared | ||
| dig | dug, digged | dug, digged | ||
| dwell | dwelt, dwelled | dwelt, dwelled | ||
| gird | girt, girded | girt, girded | ||
| grave | graved | graven, graved | ||
| hang | hung, hanged[3] | hung, hanged | ||
| kneel | knelt, kneeled | knelt, kneeled | ||
| knit | knit, knitted | knit, knitted | ||
| quit | quit, quitted | quit, quitted | ||
| rap | rapt, rapped | rapt, rapped | ||
| rid | rid, ridded | rid, ridded | ||
| shine | shone (shined) | shone (shined) | ||
| show | showed | shown, showed | ||
| shred | shred, shredded | shred, shredded | ||
| shrive | shrived, shrove | shriven, shrived | ||
| slit | slit, slitted | slit, slitted | ||
| speed | sped, speeded | sped, speeded | ||
| strew | strewed | strewn, strewed | ||
| strow | strowed | strown, strowed | ||
| sweat | sweat, sweated | sweat, sweated | ||
| thrive | throve, thrived | thrived, thriven | ||
| wet | wet (wetted) | wet (wetted) | ||
| wind | wound (winded) | wound (winded) |
The verbs of the following list also are irregular; but as they lack one or more of the principal parts, they are called defective verbs.
Defective Verbs
| Present | Past | Present | Past | |||
| can | could | ought | ..... | |||
| may | might | ..... | quoth | |||
| must | ..... | beware | ..... | |||
| shall | should | methinks | methought | |||
| will | would |
All the participles are wanting in defective verbs.
The verb ought, when used to express past duty or obligation, is followed by what is called the perfect infinitive—a use peculiar to itself because ought has no past form.
Example: I ought to have gone yesterday.
Other verbs expressing past time are used in the past tense followed by the root infinitive.
Example: I intended to go yesterday.
Composition and Rhetoric. By Lockwood and Emerson. Ginn & Co., Boston.
The Art of Writing and Speaking the English Language. By Sherwin Cody. The Old Greek Press, Chicago.
The Writer's Desk Book. By William Dana Orcutt. Frederick Stokes Company, New York.
A Manual for Writers. By John Matthews Manly and John Arthur Powell. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Any good Grammar.
Putnam's Word Book. By Louis A. Flemming. G. P. Putnam's Sons, Chicago. (For reference.)
In addition to the questions here given there should be constant and thorough drill in the use of grammatical forms and the choice of words. Frequent short themes should be required. In these themes attention should be given to grammatical construction, choice of words, spelling, capitalization, punctuation, sentence construction, and paragraphing.
1. Why is the subject important?
2. How many families of words are there, and what are they?
3. What is a noun?
4. What are the three things about a noun which indicates its relation to other words?
5. How many numbers are there, and what do they mean?
6. How do ordinary nouns form their plurals?
7. How do compound nouns form their plurals?
8. What is one very important use of number?
9. What can you say of the use of the verb with collective nouns?
10. What is case?
11. How many cases are there, and what does each indicate?
12. What can you say about the relation of a noun to a preposition?
13. Are prepositions ever omitted, and why?
14. How are the nominative and objective cases distinguished?
15. How is the possessive case formed in the plural?
16. Do possessive pronouns take an apostrophe?
17. What is it's?
18. How are compound nouns, appositives, etc., treated in the possessive?
19. What is an adjective?
20. What do degrees indicate, and how many are there?
21. How are adjectives compared?
22. When should the long form of comparison be used and when the short?
23. What danger attends the use of most?
24. Give two irregular adjectives and compare them.
25. Should the two methods of comparison ever be combined?
26. Why are some adjectives never compared?
27. What is an article?
28. How many articles are there?
29. What kinds of articles are there?
30. When should you use a?
31. When should you use an?
32. What is a verb?
33. Of what three parts does a simple sentence consist?
34. Name them and describe each.
35. What is the relation of the verb to the subject with regard to person and number?
36. What is voice?
37. How many voices are there, what is each called, and what does it indicate?
38. What is tense?
39. How many tenses are there, and what are they called?
40. What is the rule for tense in subordinate clauses?
41. What is the reason for the rule, and how can accuracy be determined?
42. What happens when the statement in the subordinate clause is of universal application?
43. What is mood?
44. How many moods are there, and what are they called?
45. How is the indicative mood used?
46. How is the subjunctive mood used?
47. How is the imperative mood used?
48. What is the potential mood?
49. What is the exact meaning of (a) may, (b) can, (c) must, (d) ought?
50. What is tense?
51. How are shall and will used in direct discourse (a) in simple statements, (b) in questions, (c) in other cases?
52. How are shall and will used in indirect discourse?
53. What are the exceptions in the use of shall and will?
54. What is the general use of should and would?
55. How are should and would used in subordinate clauses, in indirect discourse?
56. What exceptions are there in the use of should and would?
57. Why do we make mistakes in the use of compound tenses?
58. What is the case of the object in participial construction?
59. What should be avoided in the use of prepositions?
60. Do passive verbs ever have objects?
61. What is a pronoun?
62. What common error occurs in the use of plural possessive pronouns?
63. What common error occurs in the use of cases in subordinate clauses?
64. What danger is there in the use of pronouns, and how can it be avoided?
65. What is an adverb?
66. What is the important distinction in the use of adverbs and adjectives?
67. What rule is to be observed in the use of negatives?
68. What is a preposition?
69. Where is it placed in the sentence?
70. What is a conjunction?
71. What is said of and and but?
72. How should we pair either, neither, or, and nor?
73. What is the rule about placing correlatives?
74. What is an interjection?
75. Does it make much difference where words are put in a sentence? Why?
76. What is the general rule for placing words?
77. When may words be omitted?
78. What is the danger in such omission?
79. Mention some objectionable abbreviations of this sort.
80. What is the writer's task?
81. What three abuses are to be avoided?
82. What are Campbell's five canons?
83. What are the rules for the formation of sentences?
84. What are the rules for the formation of paragraphs?
Ambiguity—The possibility of more than one meaning.
Apposition—When the meaning of a noun or pronoun is made clear or emphatic by the use of another noun or pronoun the two are said to be in apposition, e. g., John, the old pressman.
Auxiliary Verb—A verb used to help to express the meaning of another verb by showing its voice, mood or tense.
Clause—A group of words consisting of a subject and predicate with their modifiers and forming a part of a sentence: a sentence within a sentence.
Collective Noun—A noun indicating a collection of units considered as a whole, e. g., crowd.
Compound Words—Words made up of two or more words used together to express one idea.
Context—The entire writing from which a text or passage is taken.
Correlative—A term applied to pairs of conjunctions or other words or phrases which imply or involve each other.
Diction—The choice and use of words.
Grammar—The science that treats of the principles that govern the correct use of language in either spoken or written form; the science of the sentence and its elements.
Heterogeneous Sentences—Sentences containing unrelated ideas or dealing with a variety of separate things.
Hypothesis—A supposition, or imaginary state of things assumed as a basis for reasoning.
Hypothetical Clause—A clause containing a supposition.
Metaphor—A figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another by speaking of it as if it were that other, or calling it that other.
Noun Clause—A clause used as a noun.
Object (of a Verb)—The thing acted on.
Participial Construction—A participle and its modifiers used as the subject or object of a verb.
Phrase—An expression, consisting usually of but a few words, denoting a single idea, or forming a separate part of a sentence.
Predicate (of a Sentence)—That which is said of the subject. See subject.
Principal Verb—The verb in the main statement of a sentence.
Pronominal Adjective—An adjective used as a pronoun.
Rhetoric—The art of perfecting man's power of communicating to others his mental acts or states by means of language: art of discourse.
Subject (of a Sentence)—The thing spoken about in the sentence. See predicate.
Subject (of a Verb)—The thing acting.
Subordinate Clause—A clause explaining or otherwise modifying the main statement of the sentence.
The following list of publications, comprising the Typographic Technical Series for Apprentices, has been prepared under the supervision of the Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of America for use in trade classes, in course of printing instruction, and by individuals.
Each publication has been compiled by a competent author or group of authors, and carefully edited, the purpose being to provide the printers of the United States—employers, journeymen, and apprentices—with a comprehensive series of handy and inexpensive compendiums of reliable, up-to-date information upon the various branches and specialties of the printing craft, all arranged in orderly fashion for progressive study.
The publications of the series are of uniform size, 5 x 8 inches. Their general make-up, in typography, illustrations, etc., has been, as far as practicable, kept in harmony throughout. A brief synopsis of the particular contents and other chief features of each volume will be found under each title in the following list.
Each topic is treated in a concise manner, the aim being to embody in each publication as completely as possible all the rudimentary information and essential facts necessary to an understanding of the subject. Care has been taken to make all statements accurate and clear, with the purpose of bringing essential information within the understanding of beginners in the different fields of study. Wherever practicable, simple and well-defined drawings and illustrations have been used to assist in giving additional clearness to the text.
In order that the pamphlets may be of the greatest possible help for use in trade-school classes and for self-instruction, each title is accompanied by a list of Review Questions covering essential items of the subject matter. A short Glossary of technical terms belonging to the subject or department treated is also added to many of the books.
These are the Official Text-books of the United Typothetae of America.
Address all orders and inquiries to Committee on Education, United Typothetae of America, Chicago, Illinois, U. S. A.
PART I—Types, Tools, Machines, and Materials
| 1. Type: a Primer of Information | By A. A. Stewart |
Relating to the mechanical features of printing types; their sizes, font schemes, etc., with a brief description of their manufacture. 44 pp.; illustrated; 74 review questions; glossary.
| 2. Compositors' Tools and Materials | By A. A. Stewart |
A primer of information about composing sticks, galleys, leads, brass rules, cutting and mitering machines, etc. 47 pp.; illustrated; 50 review questions; glossary.
| 3. Type Cases, Composing Room Furniture | By A. A. Stewart |
A primer of information about type cases, work stands, cabinets, case racks, galley racks, standing galleys, etc. 43 pp.; illustrated; 33 review questions; glossary.
| 4. Imposing Tables and Lock-up Appliances | By A. A. Stewart |
Describing the tools and materials used in locking up forms for the press, including some modern utilities for special purposes. 59 pp.; illustrated; 70 review questions; glossary.
| 5. Proof Presses | By A. A. Stewart |
A primer of information about the customary methods and machines for taking printers' proofs. 40 pp.; illustrated; 41 review questions; glossary.
| 6. Platen Printing Presses | By Daniel Baker |
A primer of information regarding the history and mechanical construction of platen printing presses, from the original hand press to the modern job press, to which is added a chapter on automatic presses of small size. 51 pp.; illustrated; 49 review questions; glossary.
| 7. Cylinder Printing Presses | By Herbert L. Baker |
Being a study of the mechanism and operation of the principal types of cylinder printing machines. 64 pp.; illustrated; 47 review questions; glossary.
| 8. Mechanical Feeders and Folders | By William E. Spurrier |
The history and operation of modern feeding and folding machines; with hints on their care and adjustments. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
| 9. Power for Machinery in Printing Houses | By Carl F. Scott |
A treatise on the methods of applying power to printing presses and allied machinery with particular reference to electric drive. 53 pp.; illustrated; 69 review questions; glossary.
| 10. Paper Cutting Machines | By Niel Gray, Jr. |
A primer of information about paper and card trimmers, hand-lever cutters, power cutters, and other automatic machines for cutting paper. 70 pp.; illustrated; 115 review questions; glossary.
| 11. Printers' Rollers | By A. A. Stewart |
A primer of information about the composition, manufacture, and care of inking rollers. 46 pp.; illustrated; 61 review questions; glossary.
| 12. Printing Inks | By Philip Ruxton |
Their composition, properties and manufacture (reprinted by permission from Circular No. 53, United States Bureau of Standards); together with some helpful suggestions about the everyday use of printing inks by Philip Ruxton. 80 pp.; 100 review questions; glossary.
| 13. How Paper is Made | By William Bond Wheelwright |
A primer of information about the materials and processes of manufacturing paper for printing and writing. 68 pp.; illustrated; 62 review questions; glossary.
| 14. Relief Engravings | By Joseph P. Donovan |
Brief history and non-technical description of modern methods of engraving; woodcut, zinc plate, halftone; kind of copy for reproduction; things to remember when ordering engravings. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
| 15. Electrotyping and Stereotyping | By Harris B. Hatch and A. A. Stewart |
A primer of information about the processes of electrotyping and stereotyping. 94 pp.; illustrated; 129 review questions; glossaries.
PART II—Hand and Machine Composition
| 16. Typesetting | By A. A. Stewart |
A handbook for beginners, giving information about justifying, spacing, correcting, and other matters relating to typesetting. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
| 17. Printers' Proofs | By A. A. Stewart |
The methods by which they are made, marked, and corrected, with observations on proofreading. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
| 18. First Steps in Job Composition | By Camille DeVéze |
Suggestions for the apprentice compositor in setting his first jobs, especially about the important little things which go to make good display in typography. 63 pp.; examples; 55 review questions; glossary.
19. General Job Composition
How the job compositor handles business stationery, programs and miscellaneous work. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
| 20. Book Composition | By J. W. Bothwell |
Chapters from DeVinne's "Modern Methods of Book Composition," revised and arranged for this series of text-books by J. W. Bothwell of The DeVinne Press, New York. Part I: Composition of pages. Part II: Imposition of pages. 229 pp.; illustrated; 525 review questions; glossary.
| 21. Tabular Composition | By Robert Seaver |
A study of the elementary forms of table composition, with examples of more difficult composition. 36 pp.; examples; 45 review questions.
| 22. Applied Arithmetic | By E. E. Sheldon |
Elementary arithmetic applied to problems of the printing trade, calculation of materials, paper weights and sizes, with standard tables and rules for computation, each subject amplified with examples and exercises. 159 pp.
| 23. Typecasting and Composing Machines | A. W. Finlay, Editor |
Section I—The Linotype By L. A. Hornstein
Section II—The Monotype By Joseph Hays
Section III—The Intertype By Henry W. Cozzens
Section IV—Other Typecasting and Typesetting Machines By Frank H. Smith
A brief history of typesetting machines, with descriptions of their mechanical principles and operations. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
PART III—Imposition and Stonework
| 24. Locking Forms for the Job Press | By Frank S. Henry |
Things the apprentice should know about locking up small forms, and about general work on the stone. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
| 25. Preparing Forms for the Cylinder Press | By Frank S. Henry |
Pamphlet and catalog imposition; margins; fold marks, etc. Methods of handling type forms and electrotype forms. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
PART IV—Presswork
| 26. Making Ready on Platen Presses | By T. G. McGrew |
The essential parts of a press and their functions; distinctive features of commonly used machines. Preparing the tympan, regulating the impression, underlaying and overlaying, setting gauges, and other details explained. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
| 27. Cylinder Presswork | By T. G. McGrew |
Preparing the press; adjustment of bed and cylinder, form rollers, ink fountain, grippers and delivery systems. Underlaying and overlaying; modern overlay methods. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
| 28. Pressroom Hints and Helps | By Charles L. Dunton |
Describing some practical methods of pressroom work, with directions and useful information relating to a variety of printing-press problems. 87 pp.; 176 review questions.
| 29. Reproductive Processes of the Graphic Arts | By A. W. Elson |
A primer of information about the distinctive features of the relief, the intaglio, and the planographic processes of printing. 84 pp.; illustrated; 100 review questions; glossary.
PART V—Pamphlet and Book Binding
| 30. Pamphlet Binding | By Bancroft L. Goodwin |
A primer of information about the various operations employed in binding pamphlets and other work in the bindery. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
| 31. Book Binding | By John J. Pleger |
Practical information about the usual operations in binding books; folding; gathering, collating, sewing, forwarding, finishing. Case making and cased-in books. Hand work and machine work. Job and blank-book binding. Illustrated; review questions; glossary.
PART VI—Correct Literary Composition
| 32. Word Study and English Grammar | By F. W. Hamilton |
A primer of information about words, their relations, and their uses. 68 pp.; 84 review questions; glossary.
| 33. Punctuation | By F. W. Hamilton |
A primer of information about the marks of punctuation and their use, both grammatically and typographically. 56 pp.; 59 review questions; glossary.
| 34. Capitals | By F. W. Hamilton |
A primer of information about capitalization, with some practical typographic hints as to the use of capitals. 48 pp.; 92 review questions; glossary.
| 35. Division of Words | By F. W. Hamilton |
Rules for the division of words at the ends of lines, with remarks on spelling, syllabication and pronunciation. 42 pp.; 70 review questions.
| 36. Compound Words | By F. W. Hamilton |
A study of the principles of compounding, the components of compounds, and the use of the hyphen. 34 pp.; 62 review questions.
| 37. Abbreviations and Signs | By F. W. Hamilton |
A primer of information about abbreviations and signs, with classified lists of those in most common use. 58 pp.; 32 review questions.
| 38. The Uses of Italic | By F. W. Hamilton |
A primer of information about the history and uses of italic letters. 31 pp.; 37 review questions.
| 39. Proofreading | By Arnold Levitas |
The technical phases of the proofreader's work; reading, marking, revising, etc.; methods of handling proofs and copy. Illustrated by examples. 59 pp.; 69 review questions; glossary.
| 40. Preparation of Printers' Copy | By F. W. Hamilton |
Suggestions for authors, editors, and all who are engaged in preparing copy for the composing room. 36 pp.; 67 review questions.
| 41. Printers' Manual of Style |
A reference compilation of approved rules, usages, and suggestions relating to uniformity in punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations, numerals, and kindred features of composition.
| 42. The Printer's Dictionary | By A. A. Stewart |
A handbook of definitions and miscellaneous information about various processes of printing, alphabetically arranged. Technical terms explained. Illustrated.
PART VII—Design, Color, and Lettering
| 43. Applied Design for Printers | By Harry L. Gage |
A handbook of the principles of arrangement, with brief comment on the periods of design which have most influenced printing. Treats of harmony, balance, proportion, and rhythm; motion; symmetry and variety; ornament, esthetic and symbolic. 37 illustrations; 46 review questions; glossary; bibliography.
| 44. Elements of Typographic Design | By Harry L. Gage |
Applications of the principles of decorative design. Building material of typography paper, types, ink, decorations and illustrations. Handling of shapes. Design of complete book, treating each part. Design of commercial forms and single units. Illustrations; review questions, glossary; bibliography.
| 45. Rudiments of Color in Printing | By Harry L. Gage |
Use of color: for decoration of black and white, for broad poster effect, in combinations of two, three, or more printings with process engravings. Scientific nature of color, physical and chemical. Terms in which color may be discussed: hue, value, intensity. Diagrams in color, scales and combinations. Color theory of process engraving. Experiments with color. Illustrations in full color, and on various papers. Review questions; glossary; bibliography.
| 46. Lettering in Typography | By Harry L. Gage |
Printer's use of lettering: adaptability and decorative effect. Development of historic writing and lettering and its influence on type design. Classification of general forms in lettering. Application of design to lettering. Drawing for reproduction. Fully illustrated; review questions; glossary; bibliography.
| 47. Typographic Design in Advertising | By Harry L. Gage |
The printer's function in advertising. Precepts upon which advertising is based. Printer's analysis of his copy. Emphasis, legibility, attention, color. Method of studying advertising typography. Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography.
| 48. Making Dummies and Layouts | By Harry L. Gage |
A layout: the architectural plan. A dummy: the imitation of a proposed final effect. Use of dummy in sales work. Use of layout. Function of layout man. Binding schemes for dummies. Dummy envelopes. Illustrations; review questions; glossary; bibliography.
PART VIII—History of Printing
| 49. Books Before Typography | By F. W. Hamilton |
A primer of information about the invention of the alphabet and the history of bookmaking up to the invention of movable types. 62 pp.; illustrated; 64 review questions.
| 50. The Invention of Typography | By F. W. Hamilton |
A brief sketch of the invention of printing and how it came about. 64 pp.; 62 review questions.
| 51. History of Printing—Part I | By F. W. Hamilton |
A primer of information about the beginnings of printing, the development of the book, the development of printers' materials, and the work of the great pioneers. 63 pp.; 55 review questions.
| 52. History of Printing—Part II | By F. W. Hamilton |
A brief sketch of the economic conditions of the printing industry from 1450 to 1789, including government regulations, censorship, internal conditions and industrial relations. 94 pp.; 128 review questions.
| 53. Printing in England | By F. W. Hamilton |
A short history of printing in England from Caxton to the present time. 89 pp.; 65 review questions.
| 54. Printing in America | By F. W. Hamilton |