| Twelfth Parts of a Line. | Decimal Fractions. | Lines. | Decimal Fractions. |
| 1 | 0.00694 | 1 | 0.08333 |
| 2 | 0.01389 | 2 | 0.16667 |
| 3 | 0.02083 | 3 | 0.25000 |
| 4 | 0.02778 | 4 | 0.33333 |
| 5 | 0.03472 | 5 | 0.41667 |
| 6 | 0.04167 | 6 | 0.50000 |
| 7 | 0.04861 | 7 | 0.58333 |
| 8 | 0.05556 | 8 | 0.66667 |
| 9 | 0.06250 | 9 | 0.75000 |
| 10 | 0.06944 | 10 | 0.83333 |
| 11 | 0.07639 | 11 | 0.91667 |
| 12 | 0.08333 | 12 | 1.00000 |
No. II.
Table for Converting the Observed Heighths of Water in the Jars of the
Pneumato-Chemical Apparatus, expressed in Inches and Decimals, into
Corresponding Heighths of Mercury.
| Water. | Mercury. | Water. | Mercury. |
| .1 | .00737 | 4. | .29480 |
| .2 | .01474 | 5. | .36851 |
| .3 | .02201 | 6. | .44221 |
| .4 | .02948 | 7. | .51591 |
| .5 | .03685 | 8. | .58961 |
| .6 | .04422 | 9. | .66332 |
| .7 | .05159 | 10. | .73702 |
| .8 | .05896 | 11. | .81072 |
| .9 | .06633 | 12. | .88442 |
| 1. | .07370 | 13. | .96812 |
| 2. | .14740 | 14. | 1.04182 |
| 3. | .22010 | 15. | 1.11525 |
No. III.
Table for Converting the Ounce Measures used by Dr Priestly into French
and English Cubical Inches.
| Ounce measures. | French cubical inches. | English cubical inches. |
| 1 | 1.567 | 1.898 |
| 2 | 3.134 | 3.796 |
| 3 | 4.701 | 5.694 |
| 4 | 6.268 | 7.592 |
| 5 | 7.835 | 9.490 |
| 6 | 9.402 | 11.388 |
| 7 | 10.969 | 13.286 |
| 8 | 12.536 | 15.184 |
| 9 | 14.103 | 17.082 |
| 10 | 15.670 | 18.980 |
| 20 | 31.340 | 37.960 |
| 30 | 47.010 | 56.940 |
| 40 | 62.680 | 75.920 |
| 50 | 78.350 | 94.900 |
| 60 | 94.020 | 113.880 |
| 70 | 109.690 | 132.860 |
| 80 | 125.360 | 151.840 |
| 90 | 141.030 | 170.820 |
| 100 | 156.700 | 189.800 |
| 1000 | 1567.000 | 1898.000 |
No. IV. Additional.
Table for Reducing the Degrees of Reaumeur's Thermometer into its
corresponding Degrees of Fahrenheit's Scale.
| R. | | F. | R. | | F. | R. | | F. | R. | | F. |
| 0 | = | 32 | 21 | = | 79.25 | 41 | = | 124.25 | 61 | = | 169.25 |
| 1 | = | 34.25 | 22 | = | 81.5 | 42 | = | 126.5 | 62 | = | 171.5 |
| 2 | = | 36.5 | 23 | = | 83.75 | 43 | = | 128.75 | 63 | = | 173.75 |
| 3 | = | 38.75 | 24 | = | 86 | 44 | = | 131 | 64 | = | 176. |
| 4 | = | 41 | 25 | = | 88.25 | 45 | = | 133.25 | 65 | = | 178.25 |
| 5 | = | 43.25 | 26 | = | 90.5 | 46 | = | 135.5 | 66 | = | 180.5 |
| 6 | = | 45.5 | 27 | = | 92.75 | 47 | = | 137.75 | 67 | = | 182.75 |
| 7 | = | 47.75 | 28 | = | 95 | 48 | = | 140 | 68 | = | 185 |
| 8 | = | 50 | 29 | = | 97.25 | 49 | = | 142.25 | 69 | = | 187.25 |
| 9 | = | 52.25 | 30 | = | 99.5 | 50 | = | 144.5 | 70 | = | 189.5 |
| 10 | = | 54.5 | 31 | = | 101.75 | 51 | = | 146.75 | 71 | = | 191.75 |
| 11 | = | 56.75 | 32 | = | 104 | 52 | = | 149 | 72 | = | 194. |
| 12 | = | 59 | 33 | = | 106.25 | 53 | = | 151.25 | 73 | = | 196.25 |
| 13 | = | 61.25 | 34 | = | 108.5 | 54 | = | 153.5 | 74 | = | 198.5 |
| 14 | = | 63.5 | 35 | = | 110.75 | 55 | = | 155.75 | 75 | = | 200.75 |
| 15 | = | 65.75 | 36 | = | 113 | 56 | = | 158 | 76 | = | 203 |
| 16 | = | 68 | 37 | = | 115.25 | 57 | = | 160.25 | 77 | = | 205.25 |
| 17 | = | 70.25 | 38 | = | 117.5 | 58 | = | 162.5 | 78 | = | 207.5 |
| 18 | = | 72.5 | 39 | = | 119.75 | 59 | = | 164.75 | 79 | = | 209.75 |
| 19 | = | 74.75 | 40 | = | 122 | 60 | = | 167 | 80 | = | 212 |
| 20 | = | 77 |
Note—Any degree, either higher or lower, than what is contained in
the above Table, may be at any time converted, by remembering that one
degree of Reaumeur's scale is equal to 2.25° of Fahrenheit; or it may be
done without the Table by the following formula, R × 9 / 4 + 32 = F;
that is, multiply the degree of Reaumeur by 9, divide the product by 4,
to the quotient add 32, and the sum is the degree of Fahrenheit.—E.
No. V. Additional.
Rules for converting French Weights and Measures into correspondent
English Denominations[62].
§ 1. Weights.
The Paris pound, poids de mark of Charlemagne, contains 9216 Paris
grains; it is divided into 16 ounces, each ounce into 8 gros, and each
gros into 72 grains. It is equal to 7561 English Troy grains.
The English Troy pound of 12 ounces contains 5760 English Troy grains,
and is equal to 7021 Paris grains.
The English averdupois pound of 16 ounces contains 7000 English Troy
grains, and is equal to 8538 Paris grains.
| To reduce Paris grs. to English Troy grs. divide by | 1.2189 |
| To reduce English Troy grs. to Paris grs. multiply by |
| |
| To reduce Paris ounces to English Troy, divide by | 1.015734 |
| To reduce English Troy ounces to Paris, multiply by |
Or the conversion may be made by means of the following Tables.
I. To reduce French to English Troy Weight.
| The Paris pound | = | 7561 | } |
| The ounce | = | 472.5625 | }English. |
| The gros | = | 59.0703 | }Troy. |
| The grain | = | .8194 | }Grains. |
II. To Reduce English Troy to Paris Weight.
| The English Troy pound of 12 ounces | = | 7021. | } |
| The Troy ounce | = | 585.0830 | } |
| The dram of 60 grs. | = | 73.1353 | }Paris |
| The penny weight, or denier, of 24 grs. | = | 29.2540 | }grains. |
| The scruple, of 20 grs. | = | 24.3784 | } |
III. To Reduce English Averdupois to Paris Weight.
| The averdupois pound of 16 ounces, or 7000 Troy grains. | = | 8538. | } Paris grains. |
| The ounce | = | 533.6250 |
§ 2. Long and Cubical Measures.
| To reduce Paris feet or inches into English, multiply by | 1.065977 |
| English feet or inches into Paris, divide by |
| |
| To reduce Paris cubic feet or inches to English, multiply by | 1.211278 |
| English cubic feet or inches to Paris, divide by |
Or by means of the following tables:
IV. To Reduce Paris Long Measure to English.
| The Paris royal foot of 12 inches | = | 12.7977 | }English |
| The inch | = | 1.0659 | } |
| The line, or 1/12 of an inch | = | .0888 | }inches. |
| The 1/12 of a line | = | .0074 | } |
V. To Reduce English Long Measure to French.
| The English foot | = | 11.2596 | } |
| The inch | = | .9383 | } |
| The 1/8 of an inch | = | .1173 | }Paris inches. |
| The 1/10 | = | .0938 | } |
| The line, or 1/12 | = | .0782 | } |
VI. To Reduce French Cube Measure to English.
| The Paris cube foot | = | 1.211278 | } | English cubical feet, or | {2093.088384 | } | inches. |
| The cubic inch | = | .000700 | } | {1.211278 | } |
VII. To Reduce English Cube Measure to French.
| The English cube foot, or 1728 cubical inches | = | 1427.4864 | }French |
| The cubical inch | = | .8260 | }cubical |
| The cube tenth | = | .0008 | }inches. |
§ 3. Measure of Capacity.
The Paris pint contains 58.145[63] English cubical inches, and the
English wine pint contains 28.85 cubical inches; or, the Paris pint
contains 2.01508 English pints, and the English pint contains .49617
Paris pints; hence,
| To reduce the Paris pint to the English, multiply by | 2.01508. |
| To reduce the English pint to the Paris, divide by |
No. VI.
Table of the Weights of the different Gasses, at 28 French inches, or
29.84 English inches barometrical pressure, and at 10° (54.5°) of
temperature, expressed in English measure and English Troy weight.
| Names of the Gasses. | Weight of a cubical inch. | Weight of a cubical foot. |
| (A) | qrs. | oz. | dr. | qrs. |
| Atmospheric air | .32112 | 1 | 1 | 15 |
| Azotic gas | .30064 | 1 | 0 | 39.5 |
| Oxygen gas | .34211 | 1 | 1 | 51 |
| Hydrogen gas | .02394 | 0 | 0 | 41.26 |
| Carbonic acid gas | .44108 | 1 | 4 | 41 |
| (B) |
| Nitrous gas | .37000 | 1 | 2 | 39 |
| Ammoniacal gas | .18515 | 0 | 5 | 19.73 |
| Sulphurous acid gas | .71580 | 2 | 4 | 38 |
[Note A: These five were ascertained by Mr Lavoisier himself.—E.]
[Note B: The last three are inserted by Mr Lavoisier upon the authority
of Mr Kirwan.—E.]
No. VII.
Tables of the Specific Gravities of different bodies.
§ 1. Metallic Substances.
GOLD.
| Pure gold of 24 carats melted but not hammered | 19.2581 |
| The same hammered | 19.3617 |
| Gold of the Parisian standard, 22 carats fine, not hammered(A) | 17.4863 |
| The same hammered | 17.5894 |
| Gold of the standard of French coin, 21-22/32 carats fine, not hammered | 17.4022 |
| The same coined | 17.6474 |
| Gold of the French trinket standard, 20 carats fine, not hammered | 15.7090 |
| The same hammered | 15.7746 |
[Note A: The same with Sterling.]
SILVER.
| Pure or virgin silver, 24 deniers, not hammered | 10.4743 |
| The same hammered | 10.5107 |
| Silver of the Paris standard, 11 deniers 10 grains fine, not hammered(B) | 10.1752 |
| The same hammered | 10.3765 |
|
| Silver, standard of French coin, 10 deniers 21 grains fine, not hammered | 10.0476 |
| The same coined | 10.4077 |
[Note B: This is 10 grs. finer than Sterling.]
PLATINA.
| Crude platina in grains | 15.6017 |
| The same, after being treated with muriatic acid | 16.7521 |
| Purified platina, not hammered | 19.5000 |
| The same hammered | 20.3366 |
| The same drawn into wire | 21.0417 |
| The same passed through rollers | 22.0690 |
COPPER AND BRASS.
| Copper, not hammered | 7.7880 |
| The same wire drawn | 8.8785 |
| Brass, not hammered | 8.3958 |
| The same wire drawn | 8.5441 |
IRON AND STEEL.
| Cast iron | 7.2070 |
| Bar iron, either screwed or not | 7.7880 |
| Steel neither tempered nor screwed | 7.8331 |
| Steel screwed but not tempered | 7.8404 |
| Steel tempered and screwed | 7.8180 |
| Steel tempered and not screwed | 7.8163 |
|
TIN.
| Pure tin from Cornwall melted and not screwed | 7.2914 |
| The same screwed | 7.2994 |
| Malacca tin, not screwed | 7.2963 |
| The same screwed | 7.3065 |
| Molten lead | 11.3523 |
| Molten zinc | 7.1908 |
| Molten bismuth | 9.8227 |
| Molten cobalt | 7.8119 |
| Molten arsenic | 5.7633 |
| Molten nickel | 7.8070 |
| Molten antimony | 6.7021 |
| Crude antimony | 4.0643 |
| Glass of antimony | 4.9464 |
| Molybdena | 4.7385 |
| Tungstein | 6.0665 |
| Mercury | 13.5681 |
§ 2. Precious Stones.
| White Oriental diamond | 3.5212 |
| Rose-coloured Oriental ditto | 3.5310 |
| Oriental ruby | 4.2833 |
| Spinell ditto | 3.7600 |
| Ballas ditto | 3.6458 |
| Brasillian ditto | 3.5311 |
| Oriental topas | 4.0106 |
|
| Ditto Pistachio ditto | 4.0615 |
| Brasillian ditto | 3.5365 |
| Saxon topas | 3.5640 |
| Ditto white ditto | 3.5535 |
| Oriental saphir | 3.9941 |
| Ditto white ditto | 3.9911 |
| Saphir of Puy | 4.0769 |
| Ditto of Brasil | 3.1307 |
| Girasol | 4.0000 |
| Ceylon jargon | 4.4161 |
| Hyacinth | 3.6873 |
| Vermillion | 4.2299 |
| Bohemian garnet | 4.1888 |
| Dodecahedral ditto | 4.0627 |
| Syrian ditto | 4.0000 |
| Volcanic ditto, with 24 sides | 2.4684 |
| Peruvian emerald | 2.7755 |
| Crysolite of the jewellers | 2.7821 |
| Ditto of Brasil | 2.6923 |
| Beryl, or Oriental aqua marine | 3.5489 |
| Occidental aqua marine | 2.7227 |
§ 3. Silicious Stones.
| Pure rock cristal of Madagascar | 2.6530 |
| Ditto of Brasil | 2.6526 |
| Ditto of Europe, or gelatinous | 2.6548 |
| Cristallized quartz | 2.6546 |
| Amorphous ditto | 2.6471 |
|
| Oriental agate | 2.5901 |
| Agate onyx | 2.6375 |
| Transparent calcedony | 2.6640 |
| Carnelian | 2.6137 |
| Sardonyx | 2.6025 |
| Prase | 2.5805 |
| Onyx pebble | 2.6644 |
| Pebble of Rennes | 2.6538 |
| White jade | 2.9502 |
| Green jade | 2.9660 |
| Red jasper | 2.6612 |
| Brown ditto | 2.6911 |
| Yellow ditto | 2.7101 |
| Violet ditto | 2.7111 |
| Gray ditto | 2.7640 |
| Jasponyx | 2.8160 |
| Black prismatic hexahedral schorl | 3.3852 |
| Black spary ditto | 3.3852 |
| Black amorphous schorl, called antique basaltes | 2.9225 |
| Paving stone | 2.4158 |
| Grind stone | 2.1429 |
| Cutler's stone | 2.1113 |
| Fountainbleau stone | 2.5616 |
| Scyth stone of Auvergne | 2.5638 |
| Ditto of Lorrain | 2.5298 |
| Mill stone | 2.4835 |
| White flint | 2.5941 |
| Blackish ditto | 2.5817 |
|
§ 4. Various Stones, &c.
| Opake green Italian serpentine, or gabro of the Florentines | | 2.4295 |
| Coarse Briancon chalk | | 2.7274 |
| Spanish chalk | | 2.7902 |
| Foliated lapis ollaris of Dauphiny | | 2.7687 |
| Ditto ditto from Sweden | | 2.8531 |
| Muscovy talc | | 2.7917 |
| Black mica | | 2.9004 |
| Common schistus or slate | | 2.6718 |
| New slate | | 2.8535 |
| White rasor hone | | 2.8763 |
| Black and white hone | | 3.1311 |
| Rhombic or Iceland cristal | | 2.7151 |
| Pyramidal calcareous spar | | 2.7141 |
| Oriental or white antique alabaster | | 2.7302 |
| Green Campan marble | | 2.7417 |
| Red Campan marble | | 2.7242 |
| White Carara marble | | 2.7168 |
| White Parian marble | | 2.8376 |
| Various kinds of calcareous stones | }from | 1.3864 |
| used in France for building. | }to | 2.3902 |
| Heavy spar | | 4.4300 |
| White fluor | | 3.1555 |
| Red ditto | | 3.1911 |
| Green ditto | | 3.1817 |
| Blue ditto | | 3.1688 |
| Violet ditto | | 3.1757 |
|
| Red scintilant zeolite from Edelfors | | 2.4868 |
| White scintilant zeolite | | 2.0739 |
| Cristallized zeolite | | 2.0833 |
| Black pitch stone | | 2.0499 |
| Yellow pitch stone | | 2.0860 |
| Red ditto | | 2.6695 |
| Blackish ditto | | 2.3191 |
| Red porphyry | | 2.7651 |
| Ditto of Dauphiny | | 2.7033 |
| Green serpentine | | 2.8960 |
| Black ditto of Dauphiny, called variolite | | 2.9339 |
| Green ditto from Dauphiny | | 2.9883 |
| Ophites | | 2.9722 |
| Granitello | | 3.0626 |
| Red Egyptian granite | | 2.6541 |
| Beautiful red granite | | 2.7609 |
| Granite of Girardmas | | 2.7163 |
| Pumice stone | | .9145 |
| Lapis obsidianus | | 2.3480 |
| Pierre de Volvic | | 2.3205 |
| Touch stone | | 2.4153 |
| Basaltes from Giants Causeway | | 2.8642 |
| Ditto prismatic from Auvergne | | 2.4153 |
| Glass gall | | 2.8548 |
| Bottle glass | | 2.7325 |
| Green glass | | 2.6423 |
| White glass | | 2.8922 |
| St Gobin cristal | | 2.4882 |
| Flint glass | | 3.3293 |
| Borax glass | | 2.6070 |
|
| Seves porcelain | | 2.1457 |
| Limoges ditto | | 2.3410 |
| China ditto | | 2.3847 |
| Native sulphur | | 2.0332 |
| Melted sulphur | | 1.9907 |
| Hard peat | | 1.3290 |
| Ambergrease | | .9263 |
| Yellow transparent amber | | 1.0780 |
§ 5. Liquids.
| Distilled water | | | | 1.0000 |
| Rain water | | | | 1.0000 |
| Filtered water of the Seine | | | | 1.00015 |
| Arcueil water | | | | 1.00046 |
| Avray water | | | | 1.00043 |
| Sea water | | | | 1.0263 |
| Water of the Dead Sea | | | | 1.2403 |
| Burgundy wine | | | | .9915 |
| Bourdeaux ditto | | | | .9939 |
| Malmsey Madeira | | | | 1.0382 |
| Red beer | | | | 1.0338 |
| White ditto | | | | 1.0231 |
| Cyder | | | | 1.0181 |
| Highly rectified alkohol | | | | .8293 |
| Common spirits of wine | | | | .8371 |
|
| Alkohol | 15 pts. | water | 1 part. | .8527 |
| 14 | | 2 | .8674 |
| 13 | | 3 | .8815 |
| 12 | | 4 | .8947 |
| 11 | | 5 | .9075 |
| 10 | | 6 | .9199 |
| 9 | | 7 | .9317 |
| 8 | | 8 | .9427 |
| 7 | | 9 | .9519 |
| 6 | | 10 | .9594 |
| 5 | | 11 | .9674 |
| 4 | | 12 | .9733 |
| 3 | | 13 | .9791 |
| 2 | | 14 | .9852 |
| 1 | | 15 | .9919 |
| Sulphuric ether | | | | .7394 |
| Nitric ether | | | | .9088 |
| Muriatic ether | | | | .7298 |
| Acetic ether | | | | .8664 |
| Sulphuric acid | | | | 1.8409 |
| Nitric ditto | | | | 1.2715 |
| Muriatic ditto | | | | 1.1940 |
| Red acetous ditto | | | | 1.0251 |
| White acetous ditto | | | | 1.0135 |
| Distilled ditto ditto | | | | 1.0095 |
| Acetic ditto | | | | 1.0626 |
| Formic ditto | | | | .9942 |
| Solution of caustic ammoniac, | or volatil alkali fluor | | | .8970 |
|
| Essential or volatile oil | of turpentine | | | .8697 |
| Liquid turpentine | | | | .9910 |
| Volatile oil of lavender | | | | .8938 |
| Volatile oil of cloves | | | | 1.0363 |
| Volatile oil of cinnamon | | | | 1.0439 |
| Oil of olives | | | | .9153 |
| Oil of sweet almonds | | | | .9170 |
| Lintseed oil | | | | .9403 |
| Oil of poppy seed | | | | .9288 |
| Oil of beech mast | | | | .9176 |
| Whale oil | | | | .9233 |
| Womans milk | | | | 1.0203 |
| Mares milk | | | | 1.0346 |
| Ass milk | | | | 1.0355 |
| Goats milk | | | | 1.0341 |
| Ewe milk | | | | 1.0409 |
| Cows milk | | | | 1.0324 |
| Cow whey | | | | 1.0193 |
| Human urine | | | | 1.0106 |
§ 6. Resins and Gums