INDEX
-
Acquired experience, 300
-
Adjustments, transitory, of distribution, 275
-
Alarm notes, 119
-
Arrival, advantages and disadvantages of late, 33-44
-
Assemblies in winter, 262, 263
-
Assembly grounds, 173
-
Attainment of reproduction, 171
-
-
Barrington, R. M., on the sex of migrants, 25
-
Battle between two male Cuckoos, 82
-
—— between two Moor-Hens, 86, 92, 93, 94
-
—— —— Pied Wagtails, 86
-
—— —— Raven and Buzzard, 217
-
—— —— Raven and Peregrine, 216
law of, 13,19
-
Behaviour routine, 262
-
—— sexual, 3
-
Bickerings, 96
-
Birthplace, return to, 43, 50
-
Blackbird, 87, 182, 222, 244
-
Blackcap, 81, 156, 224, 230
-
Black Grouse, 63
-
Black-tailed Godwit, 53
-
Boundaries, 1, 5
-
—— conflicts for retention of, 7, 62
-
—— disputes as to, 1
-
Brambling, 124
-
Breeding ground, search for appropriate, 270, 271
-
—— range, extension of, 291-92
-
—— site, acquirement of, 3
-
—— stations, evolution of, 15-19
-
—— —— repeatedly visited long before nesting-time, 64
-
—— territory, 2, 3, 7
-
—— —— evolution of, 18
-
—— —— foundation of, 7
-
—— —— innate capacity to return to former, 279-81
-
Bridled Guillemot, 64
-
Brooding, 180
-
—— impulse, 191
-
Bunting, Cirl, 28, 140
-
—— Corn, 28
-
—— Reed, 28, 68, 69, 85, 104, 132, 158, 160, 244
-
—— Yellow, 28, 30, 47, 64, 140, 159, 162, 183, 187, 188, 189, 235, 236,
286
-
Buzzard, 217
-
-
Capacity, innate, to return to former breeding territory, 279-81
-
Carrion Crow, 226
-
Chaffinch, 28, 31, 32, 33, 45, 87, 103, 156, 159, 235, 236, 244
-
—— Donegal, 160
Change of breeding quarters owing to unsuitableness, 50
-
Chiffchaff, 49, 51, 80, 139, 140, 221, 224, 244
-
Cirl Bunting, 28, 140
-
Clarke, W. Eagle, Studies in Bird Migration, 24
-
Cleanliness of nest, 180
-
Cliff-breeding species, 63
-
Climatic changes, alteration of routine, due to, 284
-
—— changes, food dependent on, 283
-
—— conditions, influence of, 20
-
Communities, 202
-
—— birds after breeding-season remain in, 265-67
-
Competition, female, for males, 13
-
Complexity of strife, 84-85
-
Conflicts between males during the mating period, 74, 86
-
—— between males during the nesting period, 87
-
—— for areas, 10, 11, 13, 62
-
—— of Ruff, 54
-
—— sexual, 10
-
Congenital disposition, 135
-
Contests between males for possession of females, 80
-
Coot, 61
-
Corn-Bunting, 28
-
Corncrake, 39
-
Crow, Carrion, 226, 227
-
Crow, Hooded, 202
-
Cuckoo, 52, 82, 144, 296
-
—— restricted breeding area, 52
-
Curlew, 119, 138, 140, 250, 262, 263, 265, 273
-
-
Danger warnings, 269
-
Darwin, C., Descent of Man, 35
-
—— on the arrival of males before females, 35
-
Defence of territory, 6
-
Development, sexual, 6
-
Disposition, congenital, 135
-
—— functioning of, 74
-
—— inherited, 5
-
—— to defend the territory, 73-118
-
—— to mate, 27
-
—— to remain in a particular place in a particular environment, 6
-
—— to secure a territory, 6, 20-72
-
Distribution, adjustment of, 275
-
Dove, Turtle, 126, 232
-
Dunlin, 250
-
-
Emotional behaviour, 53, 82, 114
-
—— manifestation, 90, 283
-
—— response, 26
-
Enemies, 282
-
Energy, waste of, 219
-
Environment, 6
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—— and food, 56
-
—— changes of, 283
-
—— external, conditions in, 279, 282
-
Equipment, hereditary, 6
-
Evolution of breeding stations or territory, 15, 19
-
—— of the territory, 176
-
—— of the voice, 163
-
Existence, struggle for, 294
-
Experience, acquired, 300
-
Experiments, removal of nests for, 181, 185, 190, 213, 214
-
Exposure, its effect on nestlings, 180
-
External environment, conditions in, 279, 282
-
-
Falcon, 48, 71
-
Feeding grounds, neutral, 125 in communities, 70
Females, fighting amongst, 109-118
-
—— sexual impulse of, 13
-
Fieldfare, 124
-
Fighting instinct, 79, 82
-
Flight, emotional behaviour of Godwit during, 53
-
Flocks, in winter, birds collect together in, 262
-
Flycatcher, 244
-
Food, procuring of, 5
-
—— abundance, or scarcity of, its relation to prosperity of young, 15, 16
-
—— its bearing, on the movement of flocks, 262
-
—— rearing of young dependent on rapid and regular, 179, 195
-
—— supply, proximity to, necessary for rearing young, 179, 195
-
Fortuitous mating, 174
-
Fowler, Ward, on the value of communities, Rooks, 202
-
Fulmar, 121, 247
-
Functional activity, 259
-
—— instinct of Reeve, 173
-
Functioning of the disposition, 275
-
—— of the primary dispositions, 100
-
-
Garden Warbler, 223, 225, 230
-
Gätke, H., Birds of Heligoland, 24
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—— on the absence of song in birds on Heligoland, 124
-
—— on the early arrival of Guillemots on Heligoland, 64
-
Godwit, emotional behaviour of, during flight, 53
-
—— Black-tailed, 53
-
Grasshopper Warbler, 39, 131, 139, 153, 155, 187, 244
-
Greenfinch, 28, 33, 140, 235, 236
-
Gregarious instinct, 20, 61, 141,
265-66, 269, 276, 289, 290, 291, 296, 300
-
Grouse, Black, 63
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Guillemot, Bridled, 64
-
—— Common, 63, 64, 121, 192, 195, 206, 211, 247
-
—— Ringed, 64
-
Gull, Common, 119
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—— Herring, 210, 278
-
-
Habit formation, law of, 8, 62, 65, 66, 67, 205
-
Hawfinch, 28
-
Headquarters, 176, 206, 207, 274
-
—— restricted, 8, 9, 30, 50, 58, 64, 127
-
Hedge-Sparrow, 213, 221, 244
-
Hereditary equipment, 6
-
Herring-Gull, 210, 278
-
Hooded-Crow, 202
-
Hostility and territory, relationship between, 242
-
House-Sparrow, 218
-
-
Imitation, vocal, powers of, 156, 157, 161
-
Impulse, internal, 279
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—— to brood, 191
-
Inherited disposition, 5
-
Instinct, fighting, 79-82
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—— gregarious, 20, 61, 141, 265, 266, 269, 276, 289, 290, 291, 296, 300
-
—— migratory, 37
-
—— of song related to establishment of territory, 125
-
—— sexual, reawakening of, 4, 18
-
Instinctive response, 180
-
Instincts susceptible to stimulation, 259
-
Internal impulse, 279
Internal stimulation, 62, 123
-
Interpretation of battles, 75
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Intolerance of other birds, 218, 219
-
Intrusion resented, 274
-
Isolation, impulse to seek, 288
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—— of male, 12, 62, 65, 73, 81
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—— of male during breeding season, 267, 272, 273, 275, 281
-
-
Jay, 87, 156, 283
-
-
Kestrel, 228
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Kittiwake, 116, 200, 247
-
-
Lapwing, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 84, 103, 104, 126, 189, 190, 220, 251, 284
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Lapwing, life-history of, 58-61
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Late arrival, advantages and disadvantages of, 33-44
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Law of battle, 74, 75, 86
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Lesser Whitethroat, 230, 244
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Linnet, 156
-
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M'Dougall, Dr, Social Psychology, 77
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Magpie, 219, 283
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Males arrive before advent of females, 24
-
Marsh-Warbler, 39, 40, 52, 81, 132, 140, 153, 155, 156, 165, 225
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Martin, 201, 218
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Mating, difficulties of, 172
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—— fortuitous, 174
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Maximum number supportable in a given locality, 49
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Meadow-Pipit, 188
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Meeting places for antics, 54, 63
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Mental Image, 77
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Merlin, 227
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Migration, 3-4
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—— distance no criterion, 279
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—— its relation to territory, 259
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Migration, origin of, 260, 277
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—— phenomenon of, 277
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Migratory instinct, 37
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—— species more highly specialised than resident species, 56
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Missel-Thrush, 21
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Mobility of the land and stability of the water, 260
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Moor-hen, 61, 85, 103, 218, 250, 251
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Morgan, Professor Lloyd, on instinctive behaviour, 74
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—— on emotional behaviour, 114
-
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Nest, cleaning of, 180
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—— construction of, 3
-
Nests, removal of, for experiments, 181, 185, 190, 213, 214
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Neutral feeding grounds, 62, 125
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—— ground, 98
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Newton, E., on the arrival at breeding stations of males before female, 24, 35
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Nightingale, 39, 156
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Notes of alarm, 119
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—— of anger, 119
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—— of recognition, 139
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—— of warning, 119, 139, 141, 145, 151, 153
-
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Offspring, rearing of, 3, 4
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Organic change, sexual, 92, 123
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—— changes, 65
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—— condition of Reeve, 173
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Owl, Wood, 156
-
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Paired for life, 55-56
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Parental instinctive response, failure of, 185
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Partridge, 87, 218
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Persecution, Carrion Crow and Magpie, 226
Persecution, Carrion Crow and Rook, 227
-
—— House Sparrow and Martin, 218
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—— Lapwing and Snipe, 220
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—— Raven and Buzzard, 217
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—— —— and Peregrine, 216
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—— Starling and Woodpecker, 218, 237
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Persistency to remain in territory, 68
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Pied-Wagtail, 86, 155
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Pigeon, Wood, 219
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Pipit, Meadow, 188
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—— Tree, 51, 188, 189, 222, 244, 278
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Polyandrous females, 144
-
Predatory species, 268
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Promiscuous pairing of Ruffs, 172
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Proximity to food-supply necessary for rearing young, 179, 195
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Psychology, Manual of, 1
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Puffin, 63, 116, 200
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Pugnacious instinct, 87-109
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Pugnacity, 11, 62
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—— of females to obtain mates, 109-118
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—— of males, prior to mating-season, 77-81
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—— of Moor-Hen, 218
-
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Racial preparation, 41, 43, 46, 67, 205, 206, 266
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Rail, Water, 218
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Raven, 48, 202, 216
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Razor-bill, 63, 64, 200, 247
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Readjustment of territory, 146
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Rearing of offspring, 3, 4
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Red-backed Shrike, 39, 50, 51, 156
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Redbreast, 47
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Redshank, 139
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Redwing, 124
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Redstart, 230, 244
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Reed-Bunting, 28, 68, 69, 85, 104, 132, 156, 158, 160, 244, 246, 273
-
Reed-Warbler, 49, 51, 68, 81, 132, 140, 152, 153, 211, 225
-
Reeve, 171
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Relation of song to the territory, 119-68
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—— of territory to migration, 259
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—— of territory to the system of reproduction, 169-214
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Relationship to a territory, 169
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Reproduction, 14, 15
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—— and territory, 169-214
-
—— attainment of, 2, 6, 37
-
—— goal of, 6
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Ringed Guillemot, 64
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Robbery of territory, 104-107
-
Rock-formation, suitability for Guillemots nesting on, 196
-
Rook, 202, 227
-
Routine behaviour, 262
-
Ruff, 54, 63, 172
-
—— meeting places for conflicts, 54
-
Ruffs, promiscuous pairing of, 172
-
-
Savi's Warbler, 139
-
Sedge-Warbler, 25, 44, 152, 226, 244
-
Selous, E., on the life-history of Ruffs and Reeves, 172
-
—— on meeting places for conflicts and antics, 54
-
—— on the meeting places of Black Grouse, 63
-
Service, Robert, on flocks of unmated Sedge-Warblers, 44, 45
-
Sexual behaviour, 3
-
—— conflicts, 10
-
—— development, 6
-
—— function, discharge of, 2, 3, 26
-
—— impulse of females, 13
Sexual instinct in the migratory male, 26
-
—— of Reeve, 173
-
—— —— reawakening of, 4, 18
-
—— life of birds, 1
-
—— maturity, males arrive at, before females, 36
-
—— organic change, 92, 123
-
—— selection, 166
-
Shag, 121
-
Shrike, Red-backed, 39, 50, 51, 156
-
Skylark, 188, 236, 244
-
Snipe, 153, 156, 219, 220
-
Sociability when not paired, 125, 126
-
Song, as an aid in searching for a mate, 12
-
—— its influence on mating, 167
-
—— origin of, 138
-
—— relation to reproduction, 123
-
—— relation to territory, 119-168
-
—— volume of, influenced by age, seasonal sexual development, or isolation, 166
-
Song-Thrush, 222, 244
-
Sparrow, House, 218
-
Sparrow-Hawk, 269
-
Spring, at approach of, birds lose their shyness, 138
-
Stability of the water and mobility of the land, 260
-
Starling, 217, 218, 237, 251
-
Stimulation, internal, 62, 123
-
—— question of, 284
-
Stonechat, 87 187, 188, 189, 222, 233, 234
-
Stout, Dr, Manual of Psychology, 1, 77
-
Struggle for existence, 294
-
Susceptibility to position, 96
-
Swallow, 21, 156, 278
-
-
Territory, 1, 5
-
—— adjustment of, 10
-
Territory and reproduction, 169-214
-
—— breeding, 2, 3, 7
-
—— dates of acquisition of, 33
-
—— defence of, 6
-
—— desertion of, after rearing young, 276
-
—— disposition to defend, 73-118
-
—— disposition to secure, 6, 20-72
-
—— establishment of, 74, 285
-
—— evolution of, 176
-
—— failure to secure, 286
-
—— fights for, 10, 11, 13, 62
-
—— ownership of, 189
-
—— possession of, a stimulus to song, 136
-
—— its relation to migration, 259
-
—— its relation to reproduction, 169-214
-
—— readjustment of, 147
-
—— restriction of, advantageous for mating, 172
-
—— restricted, 8, 9, 30, 50, 58, 64
-
—— separate for male and female Cuckoo, 144
-
—— song, its relation to the, 119-68
-
—— temporary desertion of, 28, 35, 58, 59
-
—— and hostility, relationship between, 242
-
Thrush, Song, 222, 244
-
Tit, Blue, 221, 226
-
—— Great, 221
-
—— Long-tailed, 226
-
Tradition, 300
-
Tree-Pipit, 51, 188, 189, 222, 232, 244, 278
-
Turtle-Dove, 126, 232
-
-
Union of sexes, 12
-
Ussher, H. B., on the hostility between Choughs and Hooded Crows and Choughs and Ravens, 227
-
-
Vocal Imitation, 156, 157, 161
-
Voice calls of Curlew, 263
-
-
Wagtail, Pied, 86, 155
-
—— Yellow, 278
-
Wanderings from land, Guillemots, 193
-
Warbler, Garden, 223, 225, 230
-
—— Grasshopper, 39, 131, 139, 155, 187, 244
-
—— Marsh, 39, 40, 52, 81, 132, 140, 155, 156, 225
-
—— Reed, 49, 51, 68, 81, 132, 140, 152, 153, 211, 225
-
—— Savi's, 139
-
—— Sedge, 25, 44, 152, 226, 244
-
—— Willow, 25, 47, 50, 51, 80, 91, 140, 187, 211, 232, 244, 273
-
—— Wood, 50, 51, 132, 221
-
Warfare between different species and its relation to the territory, 215-58
-
Warning notes, 119
-
—— of danger, 269
-
Water Rail, 218
-
Wheatear, 25, 51
-
Whimbrel, 140
-
Whinchat, 39, 50, 51, 81, 222, 232, 233, 234, 244
-
Whitethroat, 25, 50, 68, 69, 124, 140, 182, 187, 189, 190, 213, 230, 244
-
—— Lesser, 230, 244
-
Wild Duck, 250
-
Will, the, to fight, 102
-
Willow-Warbler, 25, 47, 50, 51, 80, 91, 140, 187, 211, 232, 244, 273
-
Winter assemblies, 262-63
-
Witherby, H. F., in British Birds, on the return to former breeding-ground, 281
-
Wood-Owl, 156
-
Wood-Pigeon, 219
-
Wood-Warbler, 50, 51, 132, 221
-
Woodpecker, Lesser Spotted, 237
-
—— Great Spotted, 237, 238
-
—— Green, 20, 71, 156, 208, 218, 237
-
Wren, 244
-
-
Yellow Bunting, 28, 30, 47, 64, 140, 159, 162, 183, 187, 188, 189, 235, 236, 286
-
Young die in nest from exposure, 184, 185