393 Hibbert, p. 528.
394 Hibbert, p. 519.
395 Account of Erection of Bell Rock Lighthouse, p. 163.
396 Ed. Phil. Journ. vol. iii. p. 54, 1820.
397 Quart. Journ. of Sci. &c., No. xiii. N. S. March, 1830.
398 Buist, Quart. Journ. of Agricult., No. xlv. p. 34, June, 1839.
399 Phillips's Geology of Yorkshire, p. 61.
400 Rivers, Mountains, and Sea-coast of Yorkshire p. 122, 1853, London.
401 Arctic Zoology, vol. i. p. 10, Introduction.
402 Phillips's Geol. of York. p. 60.
403 Arct. Zool. vol. i. p. 13, Introd.
404 Taylor's Geology of East Norfolk, p. 32.
405 Ibid.
406 De Beaumont, Géologie Pratique, p. 218.
407 Taylor's Geology of East Norfolk, p. 10.
408 From Mr. R. C. Taylor's Mem., see Phil. Mag., Oct. 1827, p. 297.
409 Consequences of the Deluge, Phys. Theol. Discourses.
410 History of British Birds, vol. ii. p. 220 ed. 1821.
411 Tidal Harbor Commissioners' First Report, 1845, p. 176.
412 On authority of Dr. Mitchell, F. G. S.
413 On the authority of W. Gunnell, Esq., and W. Richardson, Esq., F. G. S.
414 Vol. ii. New Ser. 1809, p. 801.
415 Geog. of Herod. vol. ii. p. 326.
416 Dodsley's Ann. Regist. 1772.
417 See J. B. Redman on Changes of S. E. Coast of England, Proceed. Instit. Civil Engin. vol. ii. 1851, 1852.
418 Stevenson, Ed. Phil Journ. No. v. p. 45, and Dr. Fitton, Geol. Trans. 2d series, vol. iv. plate 9.
419 On the authority of Mr. J. Meryon, of Rye.
421 Edin. Journ. of Sci. No. xix. p. 56.
422 Redman as cited, p. 315.
423 Webster, Geol. Trans. vol. ii. p. 192, 1st series.
424 Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 293.
425 See Palmer on Shingle Beaches, Phil. Trans. 1834, p. 568.
426 Groins are formed of piles and wooden planks, or of fagots staked down and are used either to break the force of the waves, or to retain the beach.
427 Redman as cited, p. 315.
428 Rob. A. C. Austen on the Valley of the English Channel, Quart. Journ. G. S. vol. vi. p. 72.
429 See Palmer on Motion of Shingle Beaches, Phil. Trans. 1834, p. 568; and Col. Sir W. Reid, Papers of Royal Engineers, 1838, vol ii. p. 128.
430 De la Beche, Geolog. Manual, p. 82.
431 According to the measurement of Carpenter of Lyme.
432 Rev. W. D. Conybeare, letter dated Axminster, Dec. 31, 1839.
433 London, J. Murray, 1840.
434 Boase, Trans. Royal Geol. Soc. of Cornwall, vol. ii. p. 129.
435 Boase, ibid. vol. ii. p. 135.
436 De la Beche's Report on the Geology of Devon, &c. chap. xiii.
437 Geol. Trans. 1st series, vol. iii. p. 383.
438 Boase, vol. ii. p. 130.
439 Stevenson, Jameson's Ed. New Phil. Journ. No. 8, p. 386.
440 Camden, who cites Gyraldus; also Ray, "On the Deluge," Phys. Theol. p. 228.
441 Meyrick's Cardigan.
442 Von Hoff, Geschichte, &c. vol. i. p. 49.
443 E. de Beaumont, Géologie Pratique, vol. i. p. 316, and ibid. p. 260.
444 Belpaire, Mém. de l'Acad. Roy. de Bruxelles, tom. x. 1837. Dumont, Bulletin of the same Soc. tom. v. p. 643.
445 Von Hoff, vol. i. p. 364.
446 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. iv. p. 32; Memoirs.
447 See examples in Von Hoff; vol. i. p. 73, who cites Pisansky.
448 Book vii. Cimbri.
449 Lib. iii. cap 3.
450 New Monthly Mag. vol. vi. p. 69.
451 Von Hoff, vol. i. p. 96.
452 Phil. Trans. 1833, p. 204.
453 See Lyell's Travels in North America, in 1842, vol. ii. p. 166. London, 1845.
454 Rennell, Phil. Trans. 1781.
455 MS. of Capt. Bayfield, R. N.
456 Silliman's Journ. vol. xxxiv. p. 349.
457 Phil. Trans. 1829, part i. p. 29.
458 Phil. Trans. 1724.
459 Bull. de la Soc. Géol de France,—Résumé, p. 72, 1832.
460 Clarke's Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa, vol. iii. pp. 340 and 363, 4th edition.
461 Nouvelle Chronique de la Ville de Bayonne, pp. 113, 139: 1827.
462 Stevenson on bed of German Ocean, Ed. Phil. Journ. No. v. p. 44: 1820.
463 Stevenson, ibid. p. 47: 1820.
464 Robt. A. C. Austen, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. vi. p. 76.
465 Experiments to determine the Figure of the Earth, &c. p. 445.
466 Lochead on Nat. Hist. of Guiana, Edin. Trans. vol. iv.
467 On the authority of Mr. Faraday.
468 On the authority of Mr. R. Phillips.
469 See Von Buch's Description of Canary Islands (Paris, ed. 1836) for a valuable sketch of the principal volcanoes of the globe.
470 Darwin, Geol. Trans. 2d series, vol. v. p. 612.
471 Ibid. p. 606.
472 Bull. de la Soc. Géol. tom. vi. p. 55.
473 Bull. de la Soc. Géol. de France, tom. vi. p. 56.
474 Caldeleugh, Phil. Trans. 1836, p. 27.
475 Comptes Rendus, 1849, vol. xxix. p. 531.
476 See map of volcanic lines in Von Buch's work on the Canaries.
477 Von Buch, ibid. p. 409.
478 Darwin, Structure and Distrib. of Coral reefs, &c., London, 1842. In the subjoined map, fig. 39, I have copied with permission a small part of the valuable map accompanying this work.
479 Von Buch, Descrip. des Iles Canar. p. 450, who cites Erman and others.
480 Paper read at meeting of Brit. Assoc. Southampton, Sept. 1846.
481 Macclelland, Report on Coal and Min. Resources of India. Calcutta, 1838.
482 Geology of the American Exploring Expedition. See also Lyell's Manual, "Sandwich I. Volcanoes"—Index.
483 Strabo, ed Fal., p. 900.
484 Researches in Asia Minor, vol. ii. p. 39.
485 Virlet, Bulletin de la Soc. Géol. de France, tom. iii. p. 109.
486 Daubeny on Mount Vultur, Ashmolean Memoirs. Oxford, 1835.
487 Book v. ch. xlvi.—See letter of M. Virlet, Bulletin de la Soc. Géol. de France, tom. ii. p. 341.
488 See ch. 32, Cause of Volcanic Eruptions.
489 Verneur, Journal des Voyages, tom. iv. p. 111. Von Hoff, vol. ii. p. 275.
490 Lib. v.
491 Nat. Hist. lib. iii. c. 6.
492 See Poulett Scrope, Geol. Trans. 2d series, vol. ii. pl. 34.
493 De Rerum Nat. vi. 740.—Forbes, on Bay of Naples, Edin. Journ. of Sci. No iii. new series, p. 87. Jan. 1830.
494 Humboldt, Voy. p. 317.
495 Von Buch, Ueber einen vulcanischen Ausbruch auf der Insel Lanzerote.
496 Haustæ aut obrutæ urbes.—Hist. lib. i.
497 Hist. Rom. lib. lxvi.
498 The earliest authority, says Mr. Forbes, given for this fact, appears to be Capaccio, quoted in the Terra Tremante of Bonito.—Edin. Journ. of Sci. &c. No. i. new series, p. 127. July, 1829.
499 Geol. Trans. second series, vol. ii. p. 346.
500 Lib. vi. de Bello Neap. in Grævii Thesaur.
501 Prodig. libel. c. cxiv.
502 This representation of the Phlegræan Fields is reduced from part of Plate xxxi. of Sir William Hamilton's great work "Campi Phlegræi." The faithfulness of his colored delineations of the scenery of that country cannot be too highly praised.
503 Campi Phlegræi, p. 70.
504 Campi Phlegræi, p. 77.
505 P. 347. Paris, 1836.
506 "Magnus terræ tractus, qui inter radices montis, quem Barbarum incolæ appellant, et mare juxta Avernum jacet, sese erigere videbatur, et montis subitò nascentis figuram imitari. Eo ipso die horâ noctis II., iste terræ cumulus, aperto veluti ore, magno cum fremitu, magnos ignes evomuit; pumicesque, et lapides, cineresque."—Porzio, Opera Omnis, Medica, Phil., et Mathemat., in unum collecta, 1736, cited by Dufrénoy, Mém. pour servir à une Description Géologique de la France, tom. iv. p. 274.
507 See Neues Jahr Buch for 1846, and a translation in the Quarterly Journ. of the Geol. Soc. for 1847, vol iii. p. 20, Memoirs.
508 Mem. Roy. Acad. Nap. 1849.
509 "Verum quod omnem superat admirationem, mons circum eam voraginem ex pummicibus et cincere plusquàm mille passuum altitudine unà nocte congestus aspicitur."
510 Mém. de la Soc. Géol. de France, tom. ii. p. 91.
511 Dufrénoy, Mem. pour servir, &c. p. 277.
512 Darwin's Volcanic Islands, 106, note.
513 Geology of the American Exploring Expedition, in 1838-1842, p. 354.
514 Ibid. p. 328.
515 See chap. 29.
516 Hamilton (writing in 1770) says, "the new mountain produces as yet but a very slender vegetation."—Campi Phlegræi, p. 69. This remark was no longer applicable when I saw it, in 1828.
517 Hamilton's Campi Phlegræi, folio, vol. i. p. 62; and Brieslak, Campanie, tome i. p. 186.
518 Account of the Eruption of Vesuvius in October, 1822, by G. P. Scrope, Esq., Journ. of Sci. &c. vol. xv. p. 175.
519 Mr. Forbes, Account of Mount Vesuvius, Edin. Journ. of Sci. No. xviii. p. 195. Oct. 1828.
520 Ibid. p. 194.
521 Monticelli and Covelli, Storia di Fenon. del Vesuv. en 1821-23.
522 Campi Phlegræi.
523 Otter's Life of Dr. Clarke.
524 Phil. Trans. 1846, p. 154.
525 Ibid. p. 148.
526 Ibid. p. 241.
527 Bulletin de la Soc. Géol. de France, tom. vii. p. 43; and Illustrations of Vesuvius and Etna, p. 3.
528 Geognost. Beobachtungen, &c., p. 182. Berlin, 1839.
529 Von Buch, Descrip. Phys. des Iles Canaries, p. 342. Paris, 1836.
530 Vues Illust. de Phénom. Géol. Observ. sur le Vésuve et l'Etna. Berlin, 1837.
531 Ibid. p. 2.
532 2d edit. 1848, p. 216.
533 So called from travellers leaving their horses and mules there when they prepare to ascend the cone on foot.
534 Dufrénoy, Mém. pour servir à une Descrip. Géol. de la France, tom. iv. p. 294.
535 Descrip. Phys. des Iles Canaries, p. 344.
536 See Daubeny's Volcanoes, p. 400.
537 Geol. of American Explor. Exped. p. 359, note. Mr. Dana informed me (Sept. 1852), that an angle of 60° instead of 30°, was given by mistake in his work.
538 Ibid. p. 354.
539 Geol. Trans. 2d series, vol. ii. p. 341.
540 See a paper by the Author on "Craters of Denudation," Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1850.
541 Dufrénoy, Mém. pour servir, &c. tom. iv. p. 285.
542 Journal of Science, vol. xv. p. 177.
543 Voy. dans la Campanie, tome i. p. 201.
544 Mr. Forbes, Edin. Journ. of Sci. No. xviii. Oct. 1828.
545 Daubeny on Volcanoes, p. 169.
546 Scrope, Geol. Trans. second series, vol. ii. p. 346.
547 Monticelli and Covelli, Prodrom. della Mineral. Vesuv.
548 The great eruption, in 1822, caused a covering only a few inches thick on Pompeii. Several feet are mentioned by Prof. J. D. Forbes.—Ed. Journ. of Science, No. xix. p. 181, Jan. 1829. But he must have measured in spots where it had drifted. The dust and ashes were five feet thick at the top of the crater, and decreased gradually to ten inches at Torre del Annunziata. The size and weight of the ejected fragments diminished very regularly in the same continuous stratum, as the distance from the centre of projection was greater.
549 Forbes, Ed. Journ. of Sci. No. xix. p. 130, Jan. 1829.
550 Scrope, Geol. Trans. second series, vol. ii. p. 346.
551 Napoli, 1816.
552 Not a few of the organic bodies, called by Ehrenberg "infusoria," such as Galionella and Bacillaria, have been recently claimed by many botanists as belonging to the vegetable kingdom, and are referred to the classes called Diatomaceæ and Desmidiæ.
553 See Ehrenberg, Proceedings (Berichte) of the Royal Acad. of Sci. Berlin, 1844, 1845, and an excellent abstract of his papers by Mr. Ansted in the Quart. Journ. of the Geol. Soc. London, No. 7, Aug. 1846. In regard to marine infusoria found in volcanic tuff; it is well known that on the shores of the island of Cephalonia in the Mediterranean (Proceedings, Geol. Soc. vol. ii. p. 220), there is a cavity in the rock, into which the sea has been flowing for ages, and many others doubtless exist in the leaky bottom of the ocean. The marine current has been rushing in for many years, and as the infusoria inhabiting the waters of the Mediterranean are exceedingly abundant, a vast store of their cases may accumulate in submarine caverns (the water, perhaps, being converted into steam, and so escaping upwards), and they may then be cast up again to furnish the materials of volcanic tuff, should an eruption occur like that which produced Graham Island, off the coast of Sicily, in 1831.
554 Hamilton, Observ. on Mount Vesuvius, p. 94. London, 1774.
555 Swinburne and Lalande. Paderni, Phil. Trans. 1758, vol. i. p. 619.
556 Prof. J. D. Forbes, Edin. Journ. of Sci. No. xix. p. 130, Jan. 1829.
557 In one of the manuscripts which was in the hands of the interpreters when I visited the museum in 1828, the author indulges in the speculation that all the Homeric personages were allegorical—that Agamemnon was the ether, Achilles the sun, Helen the earth, Paris the air, Hector the moon, &c.