558 Sir H. Davy, Consolations in Travel, p. 66.

559 Forsyth's Italy, vol. ii.

560 In 1815, Captain Smyth ascertained, trigonometrically, that the height of Etna was 10,874 feet. The Catanians, disappointed that their mountain had lost nearly 2000 feet of the height assigned to it by Recupero, refused to acquiesce in the decision. Afterwards, in 1824, Sir J. Herschel, not being aware of Captain Smyth's conclusions, determined by careful barometrical measurement that the height was 10,872½ feet. This singular agreement of results so differently obtained was spoken of by Herschel as "a happy accident;" but Dr. Wollaston remarked that "it was one of those accidents which would not have happened to two fools."

561 Book iii. at the end.

562 The hill which I have here introduced was called by my guide Vampolara, but the name given in the text is the nearest to this which I find in Gemmellaro's Catalogue of Minor Cones.

563 Mém. pour servir, &c. tom. iv. p. 116.

564 See Prof. J. D. Forbes, Phil. Trans. 1846, p. 155, on Velocity of Lava.

565 Ferrara, Descriz. dell' Etna, p. 108.

566 Ferrara, Descriz. dell' Etna. Palermo, 1818.

567 This view is taken from a sketch made by Mr. James Bridges, corrected after comparison with several sketches of my own.

568 Scrope on Volcanoes, p. 153.

569 This drawing is part of a panoramic sketch which I made from the summit of the cone, December 1, 1828, when every part of Etna was free from clouds except the Val del Bove. The small cone, and the crater nearest the foreground, were among those formed during the eruptions of 1810 and 1811.

570 Scrope on Volcanoes, p. 102.

571 Ferara, Descriz. dell' Etna, p. 116.

572 Mr. Nasmyth, the inventor of the steam-hammer, has lately illustrated, by a very striking experiment, the non-conductibility of a thin layer of dry sand and clay. Into a caldron of iron one-fourth of an inch thick, lined with sand and clay five-eighths of an inch thick, he poured eight tons of melted iron at a white heat. After the fused metal had been twenty minutes in the caldron the palm of the hand could be applied to the outside without inconvenience, and after forty minutes there was not heat enough to singe writing-paper. This fact may help us to explain how strata in contact with dikes, or beds of fused matter, have sometimes escaped without perceptible alteration by heat.

573 Journ. of Roy. Geograph. Soc. vol. i. p. 64.

574 Hoffman, Geognost. Beobachtungen, p. 701. Berlin, 1839.

575 Mém. pour servir, &c., tom. iv. Paris, 1838.

576 Geognost. Beobachtungen, &c. Berlin, 1839.

577 De Beaumont, Mém. pour servir, &c. tom. iv. pp. 187, 188.

578 Mém. pour servir, tom. iv. p. 149.

579 P. 62, supra.

580 See p. 366.

581 On the Longevity of Trees, Bibliot. Univ., May, 1831.

582 Sedgwick, Anniv. Address to Geol. Soc. p. 35. Feb. 1831.

583 Von Hoff, vol. ii. p. 393.

584 The first narrative of the eruption was drawn up by Stephenson, then Chief Justice in Iceland, appointed Commissioner by the King of Denmark for estimating the damage done to the country, that relief might be afforded to the sufferers. Henderson was enabled to correct some of the measurements given by Stephenson, of the depth, width, and length of the lava currents, by reference to the MS. of Mr. Paulson, who visited the tract in 1794, and examined the lava with attention. (Journal of a Residence in Iceland, &c. p. 229.) Some of the principal facts are also corroborated by Sir William Hooker, in his "Tour in Iceland," vol. ii. p. 128.

585 Henderson's Journal, &c. p. 228.

586 Jameson's Phil. Journ. vol. xxvi. p. 291.

587 Tableau des Terrains qui composent l'Ecorce du Globe, p. 52. Paris, 1829.

588 Daubeny on Volcanoes, p. 337.

589 See Scrope on Volcanoes, p. 267.

590 Leonhard and Bronn's Neues Jahrbuch, 1835, p. 36.

591 Van der Boon Mesch, de Incendiis Montium Javæ, &c. Lugd. Bat. 1826; and Official Report of the President, Baron Van der Capellen; also, Von Buch, Iles Canar. p. 424.

592 Journ. de Géol. tome i.

593 In a former edition, I selected the name of Sciacca out of seven which had been proposed; but the Royal and Geographical Societies have now adopted Graham Island; a name given by Capt. Senhouse, R. N., the first who succeeded in landing on it. The seven rival names are Nerita, Ferdinanda, Hotham, Graham, Corrao, Sciacca, Julia. As the isle was visible for only about three months, this is an instance of a wanton multiplication of synonyms which has scarcely ever been outdone even in the annals of zoology and botany.

594 Phil. Trans. 1832, p. 255.

595 Journ. of Roy. Geograph. Soc. 1830-31.

596 Phil. Trans. part. ii. 1832, reduced from drawings by Capt. Wodehouse, R. N.

597 In the annexed sketch (fig. 60), drawn by M. Joinville, who accompanied M. C. Prevost, the beds seem to slope towards the centre of the crater; but I am informed by M. Prevost that these lines were not intended by the artist to represent the dip of the beds.

598 See Memoir by M. C. Prevost, Ann. des Sci. Nat. tom. xxiv.

599 Geol. of Fife and the Lothians, p. 41. Edin. 1839.

600 Phil. Trans. 1832, p. 243.

601 Ibid. p. 249.

602 Darwin's Volcanic Islands, p. 92.

603 Ibid. p. 6.

604 This account was principally derived by Von Buch from the MS. of Don Andrea Lorenzo Curbeto, curate of Yaira, the point where the eruption began.—Ueber einen vulcanischen Ausbruch auf der Insel Lanzerote.

605 Férussac, Bulletin des Sci. Nat. tome v. p. 45: 1825.

606 Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, Juin, 1846.

607 Virlet, Bull. de la Soc. Géol. de France, tom. iii. p. 103.

608 Phil. Trans. No. 332.

609 E. Forbes, Brit. Association, Report for 1843.

610 See a paper read to the Geographical Society in 1849.

611 Bull. de la Soc. Géol. de France, tome iii.

612 Virlet, Bull. de la Soc. Géol. de France, tome iii. p. 103.

613 Poggendorf's Annalen, 1836, p. 183.

614 See Admiralty Chart, with views and sections, 1842.

615 For height of cone and references, see Buist, Volcanoes of India, Trans. Bombay Geol. Soc. vol. x. p. 143.

616 Humboldt's Cosmos.

617 Daubeny, Volcanoes, p. 267.

618 See Buist, Volcanoes of India, Trans. Bombay Geol. Soc. vol. x. p. 154, and Captain Robertson, Journ. of Roy. Asiat. Soc. 1850.

619 See Glossary.

620 Bunsen, Volcanic Rocks of Iceland.

621 Bulletin de la Soc. Géol. de France, tom. ii. p. 206.

622 Since the publication of the first edition of this work, numerous accounts of recent earthquakes have been published; but as they do not illustrate any new principle, I cannot insert them, as they would enlarge too much the size of my work. The late Von Hoff published from time to time, in Poggendorf's Annalen, lists of earthquakes which happened between 1821 and 1836; and, by consulting these, the reader will perceive that every month is signalized by one or many convulsions in some part of the globe. See also Mallet's Dynamics of Earthquakes, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. 1846; and "Earthquakes," Admiralty Manual, 1849; also Hopkins' Report, Brit. Assoc. 1847-8.

623 Darwin, Geol. Proceedings, vol. ii. p. 658.

624 Dumoulin, Comptes Rendus de l'Acad. des Sci. Oct. 1838, p. 706.

625 Phil. Trans. 1836, p. 21.

626 Phil. Trans. 1826.

627 Darwin's Journ. of Travels in South America, Voyage of Beagle, p. 372.

628 Biblioth. Univ. Oct. 1828, p. 157.

629 Phil. Mag. July 1828, p. 37.

630 Geol. Trans. vol. i. 2d ser., and Journ. of Sci. 1824, vol. xvii. p. 40.

631 Geol. Trans, vol. i. 2d ser. p. 415.

632 Journ. of Sci. vol. xvii. p. 42.

633 Reise um die Erde; and see Dr. Meyen's letter cited Foreign Quart. Rev. No. 33, p. 13, 1836.

634 Geol. Soc. Proceedings, No. xl. p. 179, Feb. 1835.

635 Proceed. Geol. Soc. vol. ii. p. 447.

636 Geol. Trans. vol. i. 2d ser. p. 415.

637 Journal of Science, vol. xvii. pp. 40, 45.

638 See Asiatic Journal, vol. i.

639 Macmurdo Ed. Phil. Journ. iv. 106.

640 I was indebted to my friend the late Sir Alexander Burnes for the accompanying sketch (fig. 72) of the fort of Sindree, as it appeared eleven years before the earthquake.

641 This Memoir is now in the Library of the Royal Asiatic Society of London.

642 Several particulars not given in the earlier edition were afterwards obtained by me from personal communication with Sir A. Burnes in London.

643 Capt. Burnes' Account.

644 Capt. Macmurdo's Memoir, Ed. Phil. Journ. vol. iv. p. 106.

645 Quart. Geol. Journ. vol. ii. p. 103.

646 MS. of J. Crawfurd, Esq.

647 Raffles' Java, vol. i. p. 28.

648 Raffles' Hist, of Java, vol. i. p. 25. Ed. Phil Journ. vol. iii. p. 389.

649 Life and Services of Sir Stamford Raffles, p. 241. London, 1830.

650 Humboldt's Pers. Nar. vol. iv. p. 12; and Ed. Phil. Journ. vol. i. p. 272: 1819.

651 Cramer's Navigator, p. 243. Pittsburgh, 1821.

652 Long's Exped. to the Rocky Mountains, vol. iii. p. 184.

653 Silliman's Journ. Jan. 1829.

654 See Lyell's Second Visit to the United States, ch. xxxiii.

655 Bemerkungen auf einer Reise um die Welt. bd. ii. s. 209.

656 Neue Allgem. Geogr. Ephemer. bd. iii. s. 348.

657 Cavanilles, Journ. de Phys. tome xlix. p. 230. Gilbert's Annalen, bd. vi. Humboldt's Voy. p. 317.

658 Humboldt's Voy., Relat. Hist., part. i. p. 309.

659 Macgregor's Travels in America.

660 Humboldt's Voy., Relat. Hist., part. ii. p. 632.

661 Ferrara, Camp. fl., p. 51.

662 Batav. Trans, vol. viii. p. 141.

663 Istoria de'Tremuoti della Calabria del 1783.

664 Descriz de'Tremuoti Accad. nelle Calabria nel 1783. Napoli, 1784.

665 Istoria de' Fenomeni del Tremoto, &c., nell' An. 1783, posta in luce dalla Real. Accad., &c. di Nap. Napoli, 1783, fol.

666 Dissertation on the Calabrian Earthquake, &c., translated in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, vol. v.

667 Proceed. Roy. Irish Acad. 1846, p. 26.

668 Journal of a Naturalist, p. 376, and ii. ib. 308.

669 Proceedings Roy. Irish Acad. 1846, pp. 14-16.

670 See Mr. Mallet's attempt to controvert this view, p. 32 ibid.

671 Phil. Trans. vol. lxxiii. p. 180.

672 Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, vol. v. as cited above, p. 455, note.

673 Dolomieu, ibid.

674 Sir H. Davy's Consolations in Travel, p. 246.

675 Dr. Horsfield, Batav. Trans. vol. viii. p. 26. Dr. H. informs me that he has seen this truncated mountain; and, though he did not ascend it, he has conversed with those who have examined it. Raffles' account (History of Java, vol. i.) is derived from Horsfield.

676 Essai sur l'Hist. Nat. de l'Isle de St. Domingue. Paris, 1776.

677 Hist. de l'Acad. des Sciences. 1752, Paris.

678 M'Clelland's Report on Min. Resources of India: 1838, Calcutta. For other particulars, see Phil. Trans. vol. liii.

679 Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x. pp. 351, 433.

680 Hist. and Philos. of Earthquakes, p. 317.

681 Cosmos, vol. i.

682 Rev. C. Davy's Letters, vol. ii. Letter ii. p. 12, who was at Lisbon at the time, and ascertained that the boats and vessels said to have been swallowed were missing.

683 On the Formation of the Earth, p. 55.

684 Geol. Soc. Proceedings, No. 60, p. 36. 1838.

685 Michell on Earthquakes, Phil. Trans. vol. li. p. 566. 1760.

686 Michell, Phil. Trans. vol. li. p. 614.

687 Quarterly Review, No. lxxxvi. p. 459.

688 Darwin's Travels in South America, &c., 1832 to 1836. Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle, vol. iii. p. 377.

689 Ann. de Ch. et de Ph., tom. xxii. p. 428.

690 Mallet, Proceed. Roy. Irish Acad. 1846.

691 See Father Acosta's work; and Sir Woodbine Parish, Geol. Soc. Proceedings, vol. ii. p. 215.

692 Molina, Hist. of Chili, vol. ii.

693 Captain Belcher has shown me these shells, and the collection has been examined by Mr. Broderip.

694 Ulloa's Voyage to South America, vol. ii. book viii. ch. vi.

695 Ibid. vol. ii. book vii. ch. vii.

696 Ulloa's Voyage, vol. ii. p. 82.

697 Wafer, cited by Sir W. Parish, Geol. Soc. Proceedings, vol. ii. p. 215.

698 Hist. of America, decad. iii. book xi. ch. i.

699 Darwin's Journal, p. 451.

700 Ibid. p. 413.

701 Misspelt "Sales" in Hooke's Account.

702 Hooke's Posthumous Works, p. 437. 1705.

703 Phil. Trans. 1700.

704 Humboldt, Atl. Pit. p. 106.

705 Phil. Trans. 1693-4.

706 Phil. Trans. 1693.

707 Manual of Geol. p. 133, second edition.

708 Vol. i. p. 235, 8vo ed. 3 vols. 1801.

709 Letter to the Author, May, 1838.

710 Phil. Trans. 1694.

711 This view of the temple (substituted for one by A. de Jorio, given in the earlier editions) has been reduced from part of a beautiful colored drawing taken in 1836, with the aid of the camera lucida, by Mr. l'Anson to illustrate a paper by Mr. Babbage on the temple, read March, 1834, and published in the Quart. Journ. of the Geol. Soc. of London, vol. iii. 1847.

712 Mr. Babbage examined this spot in company with Sir Edmund Head in June, 1828, and has shown me numerous specimens of the shells collected there, and in the Temple of Serapis.

713 This view is taken from Sir W. Hamilton, Campi Phlegræi, plate 26.

714 This spot here indicated on the summit of the cliff is that from which Hamilton's view, plate 26, Campi Phlegræi (reduced in fig. 88, p. 509) is taken, and on which, he says, Cicero's villa, called the Academia, anciently stood.

715 On the authority of Captain W. H. Smyth, R. N.

716 Dissertazione sulla Sagra Archittetura degli Antichi.

717 This appears from the measurement of Captain Basil Hall, R. N., Proceedings of Geol. Soc., No. 38, p. 114; see also Patchwork, by the same author, vol. iii. p. 158. The fact of the three standing columns having been each formed out of a single stone was first pointed out to me by Mr. James Hall, and is important, as helping to explain why they were not shaken down.