The Project Gutenberg eBook of Principles of Geology by Sir Charles Lyell.

719 Serpula contortuplicata, Linn., and Vermilia triquetra, Lam. These species, as well as the Lithodomus, are now inhabitants of the neighboring sea.

720 Brieslak, Voy. dans la Campanie, tom. ii. p. 167.

721 Ed. Journ. of Science, new series, No. II. p. 281.

722 Sul Tempio di Serap. ch. viii.

723 Tavola Metrica Chronologica, &c. Napoli, 1838. Mr. Smith, of Jordan Hill, writing in 1847, estimated the rate of subsidence, at that period, at one inch annually. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. iii. p. 237.

724 Voy. dans la Campanie, tome ii. p. 162.

725 Mr. Forbes, Physical Notices of the Bay of Naples. Ed. Journ. of Sci., No. II., new series, p. 280. October, 1829. When I visited Puzzuoli, and arrived at the above conclusions, I knew nothing of Mr. Forbes's observations, which I first saw on my return to England the year following.

726 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1847, vol. iii. p. 203.

727 Nuove Ricerche sul Temp. di Serap.

728 The Swedish measure scarcely differs from ours; the foot being divided into twelve inches, and being less than ours by three-eighths of an inch only.

729 For a full account of the Celsian controversy, we may refer our readers to Von Hoff, Geschichte, &c. vol. i. p. 439.

730 Piteo, Luleo, and Obo are spelt, in many English maps, Pitea, Lulea, Åbo; the a is not sounded in the Swedish diphthong ao or å.

733 Transl. of his Travels, p. 387.

734 In the earlier editions I expressed many doubts as to the validity of the proofs of a gradual rise of land in Sweden. A detailed statement of the observations which I made in 1834, and which led me to change my opinion, will be found in the Philosophical Transactions for 1835, part i.

735 See Professor Johnston's Paper, Ed. New Phil. Journ. No. 29, July 1833; and my remarks, Phil. Trans. 1835, p. 12.

736 See p. 522; also chap. 15, supra.

737 See a paper by the Author, Phil. Trans. 1835, part i.

738 See my paper before referred to, Phil. Trans. 1885, part i. p. 8, 9. Attempts have been since made to explain away the position of this hut, by conjecturing that a more recent trench had been previously dug here, which had become filled up in time by sand drifted by the wind. The engineers who superintended the works in 1819, and with whom I conversed, had considered every hypothesis of the kind, but could not so explain the facts.

739 Quart. Journ. of Geol. Soc. No. 4, p. 534. M. Bravais' observations were verified in 1849 by Mr. R. Chambers in his "Tracings of N. of Europe," p. 208.

740 See Proceedings of Geol. Soc. No. 42, p. 208. I also conversed with Dr. Pingel on the subject at Copenhagen in 1834.

741 Keilhau, Bulletin de la Soc. Géol de France, tom. vii. p. 18.

742 Illust. of Hutt. Theory, § 435-443.

743 Herschel's Astronomy, chap. iii.

744 See Hennessy, On Changes in Earth's Figure, &c. Journ. Geol. Soc. Dublin, 1849; and Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. vol. iv. p. 337.

745 Young's Lectures, and Mrs. Somerville's Connection of the Physical Sciences, p. 90.

746 Phil. Trans. 1839, and Researches in Physical Geology, 1st, 2d, and 3d series, London, 1839-1842; also on Phenomena and Theory of Volcanoes, Report Brit. Assoc. 1847.

747 Ed. Journ. of Sci. April, 1832.

748 Cordier, Mém. de l'Instit. tom. vii.

749 Pog. Ann. tom. xv. p. 159.

750 See M. Cordier's Memoir on the Temperature of the Interior of the Earth, read to the Academy of Sciences, 4th June, 1827.—Edin. New Phil. Journal, No. viii. p. 273.

751 Cordier, Mém. de l'Instit. tom. vii.

752 Phil. Mag. and Ann. Feb. 1830.

753 The heat was measured in Wedgwood's pyrometer by the contraction of pure clay, which is reduced in volume when heated, first by the loss of its water of combination, and afterwards, on the application of more intense heat, by incipient vitrification. The expansion of platina is the test employed by Mr. Daniell in his pyrometer, and this has been found to yield uniform and constant results, such as are in perfect harmony with conclusions drawn from various other independent sources. The instrument for which the author received the Rumford Medal from the Royal Society, in 1833, is described in the Phil. Trans. 1830, part ii., and 1831, part ii.

754 The above remarks are reprinted verbatim from my third edition, May, 1834. A memoir was afterwards communicated by M. Poisson to the Academy of Sciences, January, 1837, on the solid parts of the globe, containing an epitome of a work entitled "Théorie Mathématique de la Chaleur," published in 1835. In this memoir he controverts the doctrine of the high temperature of a central fluid on similar grounds to those above stated. He imagines, that if the globe ever passed from a liquid to a solid state by radiation of heat, the central nucleus must have begun to cool and consolidate first.

755 Consolations in Travel, p. 271.

756 Phil. Trans. 1830, p. 399.

757 Biblioth. Univers. 1833, Electricité.

758 Phil. Trans. 1832, p. 176; also pp. 172, 173, &c.

759 Hist. Mundi, lib. ii. c. 107.

760 Reduced, by permission, from a figure in plate 40 of Sir H. De la Beche's Geological Sections and Views.

761 Phil. Trans. 1828, p. 250.

762 Geology of American Exploring Expedition, p. 369.

763 Davy, Phil. Trans. 1828, p. 244.

764 Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. tom. iii. p. 181.

765 Phil. Trans. 1832, p. 240.

766 Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. tom. xxii.

767 Quart. Journ. of Sci. 1823, p. 132, note by editor.

768 Phenom. Géol. &c. p. 3.

769 Phil. Trans. 1828.

770 See Daubeny, Encyc. Metrop. part 40.

771 Jam. Ed. New Phil. Journ. No. li. p. 31.

772 See Daubeny's Reply to Bischoff, Jam. Ed. New Phil. Journ. No. lii. p. 291; and note in No. liii. p. 158.

773 Poggend. Ann. 1851 translated, Sci. Mem. 1852.

774 Proceed. Americ. Assoc. 1849.

775 Reduced from a sketch given by Sir W. J. Hooker, in his Tour in Iceland, vol. i. p. 149.

776 Journal of a Residence in Iceland, p. 74.

777 Mackenzie's Iceland.

778 MS. read to Geol. Soc. of London, Feb. 29, 1832.

779 From Sir George Mackenzie's Iceland.

780 See Mr. Horner's Anniversary Address, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1847, liii.

781 Liebig's Annalen der Chimie und Pharmacie, translated in "Reports and Memoirs" of Cavendish Soc. London, 1848.

782 On the Cause and Phenomena of Earthquakes, Phil. Trans. vol. li. sec. 58, 1760.

783 Trans. of Assoc. of American Geol. 1840-1842, p. 520.

785 Scrope on Volcanoes, pp. 58-60.

786 Archiac, Hist, des Progrés de la Géol, 1847, vol. i. pp. 605-610.

787 Silliman's American Journ. vol. xxii. p. 136. The application of these results to the theory of earthquakes was first suggested to me by Mr. Babbage.

788 Bulletin de la Soc. Géol. 2d series, vol. iv. p. 1312.

790 Phil. Zool. tom. i. p. 84.

791 Phil. Zool. tom. i. p. 62.

793 Phil. Zool. tom. i. p. 227.

795 Phil. Zool. tom. i. p. 234.

796 Phil. Zool. p. 64.

797 Animaux sans Vert. tom. i. p. 56, Introduction.

798 Lamarck's Phil. Zool. tom. i. p. 356.

800 Genus omne est naturale, in primordio tale creatum, &c. Phil. Bot. § 159. See also ibid. § 162.

801 Cuvier, Dîscours Prélimin. p. 128.

802 Phil. Zool. tom. i. p. 266.

803 Dureau de la Malle, An. des Sci. Nat. tom. xxi. p. 53. Sept. 1830.

804 Disc. Prél. p. 139. sixth edition.

806 Güldenstädt, cited by Pritchard, Phys. Hist. of Mankind, vol. i. p. 96.

807 History of British Quadrupeds, p. 200. 1837.

808 Ann. du Muséum d'Hist. Nat. tom. i. p. 234. 1802. The reporters were MM. Cuvier, Lacépède, and Lamarck.

809 I by no means wish to express an opinion that seeds cannot retain their vitality after an entombment of 3,000 years; but one of my botanical friends who entertained a philosophical doubt on this subject, being desirous of ascertaining the truth of three or four alleged instances of the germination of "mummy wheat," discovered, on communicating with several Egyptian travellers, that they had procured the grains in question, not directly from the catacombs, but from the Arabs, who are always ready to supply strangers with an article now very frequently in demand. The presence of an occasional grain of Indian corn or maize in several of the parcels of grain shown to my friend as coming from the catacombs confirmed his scepticism.

810 Phil. Zool., tom. i. p. 227.

811 L'Origine et la Patrie des Céréales, &c., Annales des Sciences Natur., tom. ix. p. 61.

812 Smith's Introduction to Botany, p. 138, edit. 1807.

813 See Mr. Knight's Observations, Hort Trans., vol. ii. p. 160.

814 Hort. Trans. vol. iv. p. 19.

815 Loudon's Mag. of Nat. Hist., Sept. 1830, vol. iii. p. 408.

816 Hort. Trans. vol. iii. p. 173.

817 M. Roulin, Ann. des Sci. Nat. tom. xvi. p. 16. 1829.

818 Mem. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat.—Jameson, Ed. New Phil. Journ. Nos. 6, 7, 8.

819 In the New Forest, near Ringwood, Hants, by Mr. Toomer, keeper of Broomy Lodge. I have conversed with witnesses of the fact.

820 Mém. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat.

821 Dureau de la Malle. Ann. des Sci. Nat., tom. xxi. p. 58.

822 Darwin's Journ. in Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, p. 475.

823 Fauna Boreali-Americana, p. 273.

824 Mr. Corse on the Habits, &c. of the Elephant, Phil. Trans., 1799.

825 Linn. Trans. vol. xiii. p. 244.

826 Pers. Narr. of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent in the years 1779-1804.

827 Phil. Trans. 1787. Additional Remarks, Phil. Trans. 1789. See also Essays by the late Dr. Samuel G. Morton, on Prolific Hybrids, &c.; and on Hybridity as a Test of Species.—American Journ. of Science, vol. iii. 1847.

828 Prichard, vol. i. p. 217.

830 See Barton on the Geography of Plants, p. 67.

831 Georg. lib. iii. 273.

832 Hon. and Rev. W. Herbert, Hort. Trans., vol. iv. p. 41.

834 Essai Elémentaire, &c., 3me partie.

835 Intr. to Entom. vol. ii. p. 504. ed. 1817

836 Prichard's Phys. Hist. of Mankind, vol. i. p. 159.

837 Ch. White on the Regular Gradation in Man, &c. 1799.

838 R. G. Latham, The Nat. Hist. of the Varieties of Man, 8vo. London, 1850.

839 Lawrence, Lectures on Phys. Zool. and Nat. Hist. of Man, p. 190. Ed. 1823.

840 E. R. A. Serres, Anatomie comparée du Cerveau, illustrated by numerous plates, tome i. 1824.

841 Barton's Lectures on the Geography of Plants, p. 2. 1827.

842 Pers. Nar., vol. v. p. 180.

844 Essai Elémentaire de Géographie Botanique. Extrait du 18me vol. du Dict. des Sci. Nat.

845 Prichard, vol. i. p. 36. Brown, Appendix to Flinders.

846 Foster, Observations, &c.

847 Humboldt, Pers. Nar., vol. i. p. 270 of the translation. Prichard, Phys. Hist. of Mankind, vol. i. p. 37.

848 Voyage of the Beagle, 2d edition, 1845, p. 377.

849 See a farther subdivision, by which twenty-seven provinces are made, by M. Alph. De Candolle, son of De Candolle. Monogr. des Campanulées. Paris, 1830.

850 De Candolle, Essai Elémen. de Géog. Botan., p. 45.

851 I am indebted for the above sketch of distinct regions of algæ to my friend Dr. Joseph Hooker, who refers the botanical student to the labors of Dr. Harvey, of Trinity College, Dublin.

852 Annuaire du Bureau des Longitudes.

853 Linn., Tour in Lapland, vol. ii. p. 282.

854 Fries, cited by Lindley, Introd. to Nat. Syst. of Botany.

855 System of Physiological Botany, vol. ii. p. 405.

856 Brown, Append. to Tuckey, No. v. p. 481.

857 Phil. Trans. 1696.

858 System of Physiological Botany, vol. ii. p. 403.

859 Greville, Introduction to Algæ Britannicæ, p. 12.

860 Linnæus, Amœn. Acad., vol. ii. p. 409.

861 Amœn. Acad., vol. iv. Essay 75. § 8.

862 Ibid., vol. vi. § 22.

863 Smith's Introd. to Phys. and Syst. Botany, p. 304. 1807.

864 This information was communicated to me by Professor Henslow, of Cambridge.

865 Book iii. ch. iv.

866 De Candolle, Essai Elémen. &c., p. 50.

867 Quarterly Review, vol. xxx. p. 8.

868 Essay on the Habitable Earth, Amœn. Acad., vol. ii. p. 409.

869 Principles of Botany, p. 389.

871 Buffon, vol. v.—On the Virginian Opossum.

872 Prichard's Phys. Hist. of Mankind, vol. i. p. 54.

873 In the above enumeration of the leading zoological provinces of land quadrupeds I have been most kindly assisted by Mr. Waterhouse of the British Museum, author of a most able and comprehensive work on the "Natural History of the Mammalia," now in the course of publication. London, Bailliere, 1846.